超声造影在肝细胞肝癌射频治疗中的应用

目的探讨超声造影（CEUS）在肝细胞肝癌（HCC）射频消融（RFA）治疗中的应用价值。方法对接受RFA治疗的84例HCC患者共105个病灶,于治疗前、后行CEUS检查,与常规超声、增强CT比较,分析CEUS在治疗前、治疗后、随访中的作用。结果 RFA治疗前：CEUS清晰显示95.24%（100/105）病灶的边界,优于常规超声[47.62%（50/105）];CEUS测量病灶平均最大直径、面积较常规超声测值大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;CEUS对荷瘤动脉血管的显示率为60.95%（64/105）,高于彩色多普勒（25.71%）和增强CT（42.86%）。RFA治疗后：CEUS与增强CT评价疗效符合率为96.15%;3个病灶CEUS发现残留,CEUS引导下完成补充治疗。随访：CEUS评价RFA治疗后病灶残留或复发的敏感度、特异度和准确率分别为84.62%、95.40%和94.00%,与同期增强CT比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 RFA治疗HCC中,CEUS可有效辅助,具有重要价值。     

超声引导下射频消融治疗肝转移瘤的疗效观察

目的评价超声引导下射频消融（RFA）治疗结直肠癌肝转移瘤（MLC）的疗效。方法采用超声引导下RFA治疗结直肠癌MLC患者60例134个病灶,其中91个病灶≤3.0 cm,43个〉3.0 cm。术前39例血清癌胚抗原（CEA）增高,21例正常。采用CEUS检查结合增强CT、穿刺活检及CEA值的动态变化综合评价肿瘤治疗效果。结果术后3个月复查CEA,37例增高,23例正常。术后30 min CEUS检查显示127个射频消融病灶呈无灌注区,近期有效率达94.78%（127/134）。术后1个月CEUS检查显示8个病灶局部增强,考虑复发,经超声引导下穿刺活检及细胞学检查证实而行第2次治疗。术后1个月增强CT复查显示126个（126/134,94.03%）射频消融病灶呈无灌注区,为完全坏死的转移病灶;部分坏死病灶为8个,与CEUS结果一致。结论超声引导下RFA是治疗MLC的一种安全有效的局部微创治疗方法。     

超声造影量化分析评估肝细胞性肝癌TACE疗效的应用价值

目的观察肝细胞性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)施行经皮肝动脉栓塞化疗(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)治疗后的超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound,CEUS)表现,并探讨超声造影定量分析评价肝细胞性肝癌施行治疗后残留/复发灶的临床应用价值。方法对42例HCC患者共47个病灶行TACE治疗,在低机械指数状态下进行实时CEUS,并进行评价疗效;采用时间-强度量化分析软件检测治疗后残留病灶内血流灌注的信息。结果 HCC病人施行TACE治疗后,超声造影显示,8个病灶三期无增强,39个病灶局部有增强。以同期DSA结果为对照标准,超声造影诊断TACE治疗后残留/复发的灵敏度为97.4%,特异度为87.5%,准确度为95.7%。CEUS时间-强度量化分析表明,38个残留、复发灶治疗前后,增强强度与达峰时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 CEUS可以作为HCC病人TACE治疗的疗效评估的可靠方法,时间-强度量化分析有助于客观评价残留/复发灶的血供。     

超声造影对小肝癌多电极冷循环射频消融的近期疗效评估

目的探讨应用CEUS评估多电极冷循环射频消融(RFA)治疗小肝癌后肿瘤灭活程度的价值。方法对49例小肝癌患者(63处病灶)RFA治疗前后分别进行常规超声、CEUS检查及增强CT检查,评估病灶完全消融及局部残留情况。结果 RFA治疗前,CEUS测量病灶最大径为(2.47±0.53)cm,常规超声测值为(2.12±0.57)cm,二者差异有统计学意义(t=-4.907,P0.05)。CEUS测量病灶面积为(6.50±1.26)cm2,常规超声测值为(5.43±1.06)cm2,差异有统计学意义(t=-6.867,P0.05)。CEUS与增强CT对病灶检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.25,P0.05)。RFA治疗后,CEUS判断肿瘤完全灭活与局部残留情况与增强CT差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.50,P0.05)。结论 CEUS可用于评估小肝癌RFA治疗效果。     

超声造影量化分析评价经非手术联合介入治疗后原发性肝癌的残存血供

目的探讨CEUS量化分析评价肝细胞癌（HCC）非手术联合介入治疗后残存血供的应用价值。方法对30例HCC患者共33个病灶进行TACE及超声引导下无水乙醇消融（PEI）治疗;在低机械指数状态下进行实时CEUS,评价疗效;采用时间-强度量化分析软件检测治疗后残留灶内血流灌注信息。结果 CEUS时间-强度量化分析表明3个病灶治疗彻底,病灶直径均〈3 cm;30个残留灶增强时间和增强强度无明显变化（P〉0.05）,而治疗前后曲线下面积差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。随访期间CEUS时间-强度量化分析参数差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 CEUS量化分析不仅能够准确显示HCC经TACE/PEI治疗后的坏死范围,且有助于客观评价残留肿瘤的血供。     

CEUS评价大鼠肝泡状棘球蚴病灶血流灌注的动态演变

目的探讨CEUS评价不同时期大鼠肝泡状棘球蚴病(HAE)血流灌注的价值。方法采用CEUS观察70只成功感染HAE的大鼠在接种后不同时期(9、28、50周)的血流灌注特征,并与病理结果对照。结果接种9周时55个(55/70,78.57%)病灶表现为高回声,15个(15/70,21.43%)病灶表现为混合性回声,病理表现为乳白色单/多囊泡样结构。随接种时间的延长(28、50周),病灶最大径逐渐增大,病灶内部实性成分及钙化灶逐渐增多,部分病灶可出现液化坏死。镜下病灶周边纤维组织逐渐增厚,周边见微血管聚集区。接种9周时CEUS显示病灶呈环状强化及分隔样强化,28周及50周时呈环状强化或伴细线样强化及无强化。CEUS后病灶边缘增强带最大宽度与病灶最大径比值随接种时间延长而逐渐减小(P=0.02)。结论接种后不同时期大鼠HAE病灶的超声征象渐趋复杂,坏死区及钙化灶增加,CEUS可显示不同时期病灶周边及内部的血流灌注特征。     

超声造影在肝癌射频消融治疗中的作用

目的：探讨超声造影（CEUS）在肝癌冷循环射频消融（RFA）治疗中的应用价值。方法：选取肝癌患者20例25个病灶为观察对象,RFA治疗前行CEUS确定肿瘤的性质、数目和大小,治疗后1个月内和随访10个月后行CEUS与增强CT对比疗效评价。结果：治疗后1个月内CEUS复查,20个消融病灶各期均无异常增强区,提示肿瘤完全灭活;4个边缘局部有早期增强,提示肿瘤残留,增强区经增强CT及穿刺活组织检查证实为肿瘤残留,当即补充RFA治疗;1个CEUS图像模糊,未能作出诊断。随访10个月,1个消融病灶有残留复发,4例患者行CEUS发现新生病灶11个,直径0.6-3.8 cm,其中2例4个直径〈1.0 cm的病灶增强CT未能发现。结论：CEUS可以在RFA治疗前为治疗方案提供依据,在治疗后判断RFA疗效,是一种有效方法,并有助于发现微小新病灶。     

超声造影检查在肾肿瘤射频消融术后疗效评估中的应用价值

目的 探讨实时超声造影(CEUS)检查在肾肿瘤射频消融(RFA)术后疗效评估中的作用.方法 对47例肾肿瘤患者(肾癌40例,肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤7例)49个病灶行RFA治疗,其中经腹腔镜下RFA 30例,开放手术RFA 17例.术后1周行常规超声及CEUS检查,观察造影剂在动脉相与实质相的灌注情况,评价病灶消融范围,并与增强CT结果比较.影像学上病灶无增强被认为是消融完全. 结果 49个病灶完全消融47个(95.9%).CEUS显示肾消融灶最大径为2.4～10.0 cm,平均(4.6±1.5)cm,其中消融灶大于原病灶者45个、与原病灶相同者3个、小于原病灶者1个.CEUS提示RFA术后原病灶有局部强化6例,其中2例经增强CT证实.以增强CT结果作为诊断标准,CEUS对RFA术后残留灶诊断的敏感性为100.0%,特异性为91.8%.术后平均随访11(4～21)个月,患者均存活. 结论 CEUS检查与CT结合对评价肾肿瘤RFA术后疗效具有实用价值.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the utility of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in the assessment of treatment efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with renal tumors.Methods Forty-seven patients (40 renal cell carcinomas and 7 angiomyolipomas of kidney) with 49 renal tumors were treated with RFA. Tumors were ablated by laparoscopy-assisted (n= 30) and open surgical (n= 17) RFA. The CEUS and contrast-enhanced CT were performed 1 week after treatment to assess the necrotic area. Technical success was defined as elimination of areas that enhanced at imaging within the entire tumor. Results Forty-seven (95. 9%) of 49 tumors were successfully ablated. The mean length of the major axis at the maximal necrotic area was 4. 6 cm. Compared with the lesions before RFA, the necrotic areas were bigger in 45 patients, identical in 3 patients, and smaller in 1 patient. Six lesions showed a residual enhancement at the portion adjacent to the normal renal parenchyma on follow-up CEUS, while 2 were confirmed by CT scans. The sensitivity and specificity of CEUS for detection of residual tumors were 100. 0% and 91.8%, respectively. All patients survived in the follow-up period ranging from 4 to 21 months. Conclusion CEUS combined with CT could be useful for evaluating treatment efficacy of RFA for renal tumors.     

肝脏恶性肿瘤射频消融术后即刻超声造影的临床价值

目的:探讨肝脏恶性肿瘤射频消融(RFA)后即刻超声造影(CEUS)的临床价值。方法:将中南大学湘雅医院收治的60例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者(76个病灶)随机分为试验组与对照组,每组30例(试验组41个病灶,对照组35个病灶)。两组均采用超声实时引导下经皮RFA治疗,试验组于RFA后即刻(5~10 min内)行CEUS,若发现肿瘤残存则行补充消融治疗,至造影检查无肿瘤残存时结束;对照组RFA后不做即刻CEUS。试验组患者术后36~48 h复查CEUS,所有患者术后1个月复查CEUS及增强CT或增强MRI、肝功能及肿瘤标志物。结果:试验组患者RFA术后即刻CEUS发现5例患者共5处病灶有残存,对残存肿瘤行补充治疗。两组患者1个月后复查,试验组发现1处病灶残存(1/41),对照组发现7处病灶残存(7/35),试验组与对照组的完全消融率差异有统计学意义(96.7%vs.80.0%,P0.05)。试验组患者RFA后即刻及36~48 h CEUS动脉期所测射频灶周围充血水肿带的宽度分别为(6.89±2.73)mm、(4.68±2.05)mm,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:肝脏恶性肿瘤RFA治疗后即刻CEUS能及时发现残存肿瘤并指导补充治疗,有效提高完全消融率。     

超声造影辅助射频消融在肝癌治疗中的应用现状及进展

射频消融（radiofrequencyablation,RFA）作为肝细胞癌微创治疗的重要手段,具有安全、损伤小、疗效确切等优点,逐渐得到广泛接受。超声造影技术（contrast—enhancedultrasound,CEUS）是近年超声领域的重大突破,可有效显示肝肿瘤血管、血流的灌注情况,对肝肿瘤定性诊断及评估肝肿瘤RFA疗效具有较高的应用价值。本文现就CEUS辅助RFA在肝癌治疗中的应用现状及进展作一综述。     

超声造影评价射频治疗肝细胞癌疗效

目的探讨超声造影在肝细胞癌射频治疗术后疗效评估中的临床应用价值。方法对21例因单发病灶肝细胞癌接受射频治疗后患者，应用超声对比剂SonoVue与低机械指数实时造影技术进行超声造影成像，观察病灶坏死范围，并结合增强CT、MRI与血清甲胎蛋白水平评定有无肿瘤复发或局部残留。结果21个病灶超声造影后，毁损灶最大平均直径约（4．7±0．3）cm。17例毁损灶较原病灶增大；8例原病灶旁或病灶周边有动脉期强化灶，提示肿瘤局部复发，1例复发灶位于肝脏膈顶部而未发现。结论超声造影可显示射频治疗后毁损灶的范围，对术后肿瘤消融不全或局部复发的诊断具有较高敏感性。     

TACE联合射频消融治疗累及第二肝门区肝细胞癌的效果

目的观察TACE联合射频消融(RFA)治疗累及第二肝门区肝细胞癌(HCC)的效果。方法收集41例HCC患者,共44个肿瘤累及第二肝门区,于TACE后行RFA治疗。采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,统计患者中位总生存期(OS)及中位无进展生存期(PFS)。结果第二肝门区HCC完全消融率为81.82%(36/44)。消融后17例出现疼痛、10例一过性肝功能损伤、9例发热、2例气胸、1例胸腔积液、1例出血,均经对症处理后痊愈;无死亡病例。41例患者术后中位OS为28个月,中位PFS为10个月。结论 TACE联合RFA可有效治疗累及第二肝门区的HCC,且并发症少,患者预后较好。     

不同组织病理学类型肝细胞癌超声造影定量血流灌注参数的差异

目的探讨不同组织病理学类型肝细胞癌（HCC）CEUS定量血流灌注参数的差异。方法选择36例经手术治疗并有病理结果的HCC患者。术前利用CEUS软件绘制病灶区时间-强度曲线,分析不同组织病理学类型HCC造影时间-强度曲线各参数的差异。结果 36例中,小梁状型14例,假腺样型9例,实性型11例,硬化型2例。小梁状型HCC的曲线峰值降半时间、下降斜率与假腺样型及实性型比较差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。结论不同组织学结构类型HCC之间CEUS曲线参数存在差异;CEUS曲线参数对于判断HCC分化程度及组织学类型具有一定价值。     

Impact of an ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation training program on the outcomes in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

PurposeThe aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the impact of a training program on the safety and efficacy of percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Materials and methodsA total of 227 patients with 296 HCC nodules who underwent percutaneous RFA with or without transcatheter arterial chemoembolization at our institution were included. There were 163 men and 64 women with a mean age of 74.2 ± 8.3 (SD) years (range: 41–89 years). Percutaneous ultrasound-guided RFA was performed by three trainees (205 HCC nodules in 157 patients) or a mentor (91 HCC nodules in 70 patients) after preprocedural preparation including planning ultrasonography. We compared background-related, tumor-related, and treatment-related factors, and local recurrence and complication rates between the trainee group and the mentor group. Similarly, we compared these variables among the years 2015, 2016, and 2017 for trainee group.ResultsThe proportion of easy-to-treat tumors in the trainee group (109/205; 53.2%) was greater than that in the mentor group (33/91; 36.3%) (P = 0.020). No significant differences were observed in procedure difficulty among the years 2015, 2016, and 2017 for trainee group (easy-to-treat HCC nodules: 25/47; 53.2% vs. 39/79; 49.4% vs. 45/79; 57.0%. P = 0.775). The local recurrence rate in the trainee group was 8.8% (18/205 HCC nodules) which was equivalent to 7.7% in the mentor group (7/91 HCC nodules). No significant differences were observed in local recurrence rate (8.8% vs. 7.7%, respectively; P = 0.621) and major complication rate (1.3% vs. 1.4%, respectively; P = 0.999) between the trainee group and the mentor group. No significant differences were observed in local recurrence rates ([5/47; 10.6%] vs. [11/79; 13.9%] vs. [2/79; 2.5%]) (P = 0.109) and major complication rates ([1/36; 2.8%] vs. [1/62; 1.6%] vs. [0/59; 0%]) (P = 0.701) between the years 2015, 2016, and 2017 for trainee group.ConclusionA well supervised training program that includes planning ultrasonography fosters the efficacy and treatment quality of RFA for HCC.     

弥散加权成像联合动态增强MRI预测肝细胞癌经TACE联合射频消融治疗后复发

目的 观察弥散加权成像（DWI）联合动态增强MRI预测肝细胞癌（HCC）经TACE联合射频消融治疗后复发的价值。方法 回顾性分析80例接受TACE联合射频消融治疗的HCC患者,均于治疗前10天和治疗后20、60及90天接受腹部DWI及动态增强MR检查;计算DWI联合动态增强MRI预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天HCC复发的敏感度、特异度及准确率;绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,评估以表观弥散系数（ADC）值预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天HCC复发的效能。结果 参照改良实体瘤疗效评价标准,将47例HCC患者纳入稳定组、33例归为进展组。TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天,稳定组HCC病灶DWI多呈不均匀信号、ADC图呈高信号、增强扫描未见强化,进展组病灶多呈DWI高信号、ADC图低信号、增强扫描轻度强化。DWI联合动态增强MRI预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天HCC复发的敏感度、特异度及准确率分别为97.75%（87/89）、92.31%（24/26）及96.52%（111/115）。以ADC值预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后20天HCC复发的曲线下面积为0.82;以ADC=1.42×10^-3 mm²/s为截断值,预测的敏感度及特异度分别为72.13%及82.25%。结论 DWI联合动态增强MRI用于预测TACE联合射频消融治疗后HCC复发具有一定价值;ADC值可作为有效预测指标。     

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation between enhancement pattern and cellular differentiation on histopathlogy

The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate the enhancement pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and tumour cellular differentiation on histopathology. Patients underwent hepatic CEUS, performed with SonoVue and contrast pulse sequencing. The correlation between enhancement time and enhancement level of the lesions in different vascular phases and tumour cellular differentiation was determined. The tumours were graded according to the Edmondson grading system. Then, diagnosis was obtained by histopathological examination following surgery or percutaneous ultrasound-guided biopsy. 189 patients with HCC were examined with CEUS and histopathological examination between 2003 and 2009: 159 had a solitary lesion (85?%), 24 had 2 lesions (12?%) and 6 had multiple lesions (3?%). The final histological grading of the tumours was as follows: 22, 114, 49, 4 grade I?CIV, respectively. Significant differences were shown between the time that HCC become hypoenhancing or remained echogenic in late phase and tumour cellular differentiation (p?=?0.006, p?=?0.036). The timing of HCC becoming hypoenhancing was correlated with tumour cellular differentiation, with better differentiated HCCs washing out more slowly than poorly differentiated ones (p?=?0.164, p?=?0.113; p?=?0.186, p?=?0.070). The enhancement pattern of HCC by CEUS correlates with the cellular differentiation. In late phases, hyperechoic lesions are likely to be better differentiated, whereas hypoechoic lesion is more likely to be poorly differentiated.