单操作孔完全胸腔镜非小细胞肺癌根治术

目的总结单操作孔完全胸腔镜手术行非小细胞肺癌根治术中的经验。方法行单操作孔全胸腔镜下肺癌根治术60例,右上肺叶切除19例,右肺中叶切除4例,右下肺叶切除20例。左上肺叶切除12例,左肺下叶切除5例。胸腔镜观察孔取腋中线第7肋间,做2 cm左右切口,操作孔根据病灶部位选择第4或5肋间取腋前线至腋中线间,切口长约4~5 cm,经单操作孔完成肺癌根治术。结果全组患者手术顺利,无围手术期死亡患者,无严重术后并发症。清扫淋巴结平均(12.5±2.1)枚。平均手术时间(185.2±10.4)分钟。术中出血平均(150.5±30.6)ml。胸腔引流管拔除时间平均(3.5±1.5)天。术后住院时间平均(5.5±1.2)天。结论和传统腔镜手术比较,单操作孔减少了背部伤口,进一步减小创伤。单操作孔完全胸腔镜手术常规胸腔镜器械可完成,不需增加特殊器械。患者选择恰当并且按正确顺序操作,是单操作孔胸腔镜手术成功的重要保证。     

Surgery for intrathoracic recurrence of non-small cell lung cancer

In this study, we defined a solitary lung nodle in the same histology which could be traced its' origin from carcinoma in situ or was found over than two years' follow up as a second primary lung cancer. These cases were excluded. Eighteen cases underwent second surgery for intrathoracic recurrence. Fourteen cases were male and four cases were female. Their ages ranged from 23 to 75 (average 59.6) years. The histology were adenocarcinoma in 9 cases, squamouscarcinoma in 7, adenosquamous carcinoma in 1, large cell carcinoma in 1. The initial surgical procedures were lobectomy in 17, partial resection in 1. The initial stage were I in 13, II in 2, IIIA in 1. Pulmonary recurrence were found in 10, bronchial stump recurrence were found in 4, pulmonary hilus lymph node recurrence were found in 2, mediastinal lymph node recurrence were found in 2, pulmonary stump recurrence was found in 1. The second surgical procedures were completion pneumonectomy in 7, completion lobectomy in 1, lobectomy with segmentectomy in 1, segmentectomy or partial resection in 7, mediastinal dissection in 2. The overall 5-year survival rate of the patients with recurrence after reoperation was 31.8%. An aggressive surgical approach for recurrent lung cancer should be recommended.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer

Since 1990s, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy has become a standard procedure for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. However, VATS lobectomies are less common, and no randomized controlled trial of VATS versus conventional open lobectomy for early-stage lung cancer has been performed in Japan. Furthermore, VATS lobectomy procedures are not standardized in Japan, and may vary by institution or by practitioner, which complicates their evaluation. Although VATS procedures (such as pneumonectomy, bronchoplasty, and chest wall resection) have been reportedly performed for patients with advanced disease, whether VATS could be a standard modality for advanced lung cancer is unclear from an oncological perspective. Until recently, VATS lobectomies commonly used three or four ports to conduct systemic lymph node dissection; however, VATS lobectomies with reduced port have been recently reported. This article reviews current trends in VATS lobectomy procedures.     

Assessment of surgery for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer

We assessed the survival of surgery for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Forty-two patients were operated on lung cancer for stage IV from 1986 to 2005. Overall median survival time (MST) was 12.3 months and 5-year survival rate was 9.8%. There was significant difference in survival between pulmonary metastasis (pm2) and other sites metastasis (p<0.05). In pm2 patients there was significant difference between ipsilateral metastasis and contralateral metastasis (MST 21.9 months, 2-year survival rate 48.6%, 5-year survival rate 21.6% and MST 12.3 months, 2-year survival rate 0%) [p<0.05], and between complete resection and incomplete resection (MST 36 months, 2-year survival rate 64.8%, 5-year survival rate 28.8% and MST 12.3 months, 2-year survival rate 0%) [p<0.01]. In patients with brain metastasis, surgery of brain metastasis was better prognosis than radiation therapy (MST 12.5 months, 3-year survival rate 33.3% and MST 8.3 months, 2-year survival rate 0%) [NS].     

胸腔镜下肺切除治疗老年非小细胞肺癌临床疗效观察

目的 回顾性分析胸腔镜下肺叶切除肺癌根治术治疗老年非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的临床疗效.方法 183例NSCLC患者采用全胸腔镜肺癌根治术(video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery,VATS)76例(VATS组),传统开胸(open thoracotomy,OT)肺癌根治术107例(OT组).对两组手术时间、术中出血量、胸液引流量、拔管时间、淋巴结清扫以及围手术期并发症发生情况进行比较.结果 VATS组和OT组手术时间分别为(142.7±27.5)min和(117.2±42.1)min(P＜0.05);术中出血量分别为(307±42)ml和(543±19)ml(P＜0.05),术后胸液引流量分别为(414±13.8)ml和(472±24.3)ml(P＜0.05),胸引管拔管时间分别为(3.2±0.9)d和(3.8±0.3)d.VATS组和OT组平均每例患者清扫淋巴结数目分别为17.8枚和17.2枚(P＞0.05).VATS组和OT组围术期肺部感染发生率分别为15.8%和25.2%(P＜0.05),肺栓塞发生率分别为1.3%和2.8%(P＜0.05),死亡率分别为1.3%和5.6%(P＜0.05).结论 随着胸外科医生VATS的操作技巧日益娴熟、腔镜设备的不断完善,全胸腔镜有可能在肺癌手术中得到更广泛地应用.     

快速康复外科在非小细胞肺癌患者围术期中的应用

目的探讨快速康复外科（fast—track surgery,FTS）在非小细胞肺癌（nonsmall—cell lung cancer,NSCLC）患者围术期中的应用。方法2007年9月至2010年5月对40例NSCLC患者围术期采用FTS模式（PTS组）;同期40例按传统手术外科（conservative treatment surgery,CTS）围术期处理的同种手术患者（CTS组）作对照。比较两组患者术后肺部并发症（肺部感染、肺不张、持续漏气大于7d）的发生率;同时分析两组的心血管事件、外科技术并发症、术后辅助通气时间、手术结束时体温、ICU停留时间（length of stay,LOS）及住院天数等。结果两组患者的年龄、性别、术前肺功能（forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1 ）以及美国麻醉学会（ American Society of Anethesiologists, ASA）评分等差异无统计学意义。FTS组术后早期肺功能（FEV1）恢复较CTS组快（P〈0．05）,术后肺部并发症的发生率显著减少（34．21％比8．33％,P〈0．05）。两组LOS的中位数相差1d;FTS组住院天数明显低于CTS组,差异有统计学意义[（11．1±3．6）d比（16．6±5．7）d,P〈0．05]。结论FTS模式对NSCLC患者进行围术期处置,可减少术后肺部并发症等的发生率,促进患者早期康复。     

Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer based on the T factor

We review the indications of surgery in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on the T factor, focusing on peripheral small tumors, invasion to other organs, and the presence of malignant pleural effusion or intrapulmonary metastasis. While limited surgery in patients with peripheral, small-sized NSCLC preserves postoperative pulmonary function, the prospects for long-term survival are reduced due to the likelihood of recurrence, Novel prospective studies are being conducted to determine the indications for limited surgery in such patients which focus on histology, tumor size, and pulmonary function. In some patients with locally advanced disease, especially with invasion of the chest wall (T3), pericardium (T3), left atrium (T4), great vessel (T4), and carina (T4) and with malignant pleural effusion found intraoperatively and ipsilateral intrapulmonary metastasis, complete resection results in long-term survival. Thus surgery should be considered in patients without N2 disease.     

手术切除T4期肺癌的疗效分析

目的 探讨外科手术切除侵犯心脏、大血管和气管隆凸的T4期肺癌的预后和手术适应证。方法回顾性总结1988至2000年手术切除的151例T4期肺癌（心脏大血管成形术130例，隆凸成形术21例）病人资料，对可能影响其生存率的各种临床、病理、治疗等因素进行分析，并与同期112例手术切除的T3N1M0肺癌病人进行预后比较。结果全组无手术死亡病例，术后并发症发生率为43％。术后中位生存时间26．1个月，1年、3年、5年生存率分别为73．5％、33．1％和16．6％。单因素分析表明，病人预后与年龄、肺切除范围、有无淋巴结转移、是否根治性切除及是否行新辅助化疗有关（P〈0．05）。多因素分析结果表明，肺切除范围、有无淋巴结转移、是否根治性切除是影响总生存率的独立预后因素（P〈0．05）。T4N0M0与同期T3N1M0病人5年生存率分别为38．6％、16．1％，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．0383），而术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对于侵犯心脏、大血管和隆凸的T4期肺癌，正确选择病例和良好的手术技术确保完整切除局部肿瘤，也能取得较满意的临床疗效。尤其是对以局部浸润为主而无淋巴结转移的T4期肺癌，手术疗效优于有淋巴结转移的，13期肺癌。新辅助化疗有助于延长术后生存期。     

Surgery in the treatment of metachronous homolateral non-small cell lung cancer

The authors describe their experience with the surgical treatment of metachronous homolateral lung cancer by completion pneumonectomy. In the Department of Thoracic Surgery of the National Cancer Institute of Milan, over a period ranging from 1982 to 1996, 30 completion pneumonectomies were performed for local relapses or second primary tumors. The patients submitted to this intervention had a lobectomy as their first operation in 23 cases (77%), a bilobectomy in 4 (13%) and a typical segmentectomy in 3 (10%). Associated with these interventions we performed 2 en bloc chest wall resections and a contralateral wedge resection. Two subjects received neoadjuvant chemo-therapy. Histology revealed squamous carcinoma in 14 cases (47%) and adenocarcinoma in 16 (53%). Seventeen patients (57%) were classified as stage I, 8 as stage II (26%), 4 as stage III (13%) and 1 as stage IV (4%). Four patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Lung cancer relapse occurred as a single lesion in 27 cases (90%) and as multiple lesions in 3 (10%). We performed 18 right (60%) and 12 left (40%) completion pneumonectomies. In 1 case (4%) a sleeve pneumonectomy was necessary. Associated with these interventions we performed 5 en bloc chest wall resections. The perioperative mortality was 10% and the postoperative morbidity 40%. Histological tests showed 12 squamous carcinomas (40%) and 18 adenocarcinomas (60%). Two patients (7%) had a different histology. Disease was classified as stage I in 13 cases (44%), as stage II in 9 (30%) and as stage III in 8 (26%). Four patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Two subjects developed a metachronous contralateral tumor (7%). The disease-free interval was 22.70 +/- 14.69 months, with a median value of 17 months (range: 7-53 months). Mean survival after completion pneumonectomy was 49.77 +/- 49.29 months, with a median value of 26.5 months (range: 4-190 months). The 5-year actuarial survival rate, calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, was 30%. Completion pneumonectomy is a technically very demanding intervention carrying a high risk of morbidity. On the basis of the analysis of our data, we can affirm that mean postoperative survival seems to be satisfactory and to justify this aggressive attitude towards recurrent tumor. We should stress the importance of careful evaluation of indications and precise selection of patients.     

Open lobectomy for patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer

Until additional multi-institutional, randomized, controlled trials provide evidence to the contrary, open lobectomy with mediastinal lymphadenectomy should be considered the gold standard for treating patients with stage I NSCLC with sufficient cardiopulmonary reserve, including older patients. It is the operation with which alternative pulmonary resections, including video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy and sublobar resection, should be compared. In treating stage I NSCLC patients, sublobar resection should be reserved for patients with inadequate physiologic reserve to tolerate lobectomy and for those enrolled in clinical trials.     

Prognosis associated with surgery for non-small cell lung cancer and synchronous brain metastasis

Purpose

Several reports have described extended survival after aggressive surgical treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and synchronous brain metastasis. This retrospective analysis assesses the prognostic factors in this population.

Methods

We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of 29 patients with synchronous brain metastasis from NSCLC, who underwent surgical treatment in our institution between 1980 and 2008. All patients underwent chest surgery to remove the primary lesion. The impact of several variables on survival was assessed.

Results

The median follow-up period was 9.6 months and the 5-year survival rate from the time of lung cancer resection was 20.6 %. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, primary tumor size, and the presence of lymph node involvement were predictive of overall survival (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis also identified those factors to be independent favorable prognostic factors.

Conclusions

Although the survival of patients with brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer remains poor, surgical resection may benefit a select group of patients, particularly those with a normal CEA level, small tumor size, and node-negative status.     

非小细胞肺癌术后随访中国胸外科专家共识

外科手术是非小细胞肺癌的重要治疗手段,其术后定期随访是早期发现和治疗肿瘤复发转移或第二原发肿瘤的有效方法,可提高患者的生活质量,改善预后.本共识旨在完善我国非小细胞肺癌患者术后随访方案,为负责非小细胞肺癌患者术后随访的同道提供参考,进一步提高我国肺癌规范化诊疗水平.     

The natural history of recurrence after bronchoplastic procedures for non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The natural course of recurrence after bronchoplastic procedures for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been described. METHODS: Sex, age, tnm-stage, histology, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, disease-free interval (months), exact localisation of tumour recurrence, time between first and second recurrence (months), survival after first and second recurrence (months), causes of death were retrospectively recorded in 83 patients operated between December 1993 and July 2001. RESULTS: One patient was lost to follow-up, five resections were nonradical. Survivors' follow-up lasted 5 to 100.7 months (mean 43.3). Fourteen patients (14.4%) died tumor free. Eleven (13.2%) distant recurrences were diagnosed 1 to 42 months (mean 10.6) postoperatively, eight (9.6%) died 0 to 17 months (mean 7.55) after diagnosis. Nine local recurrences (10.8%)-5 unifocal, 4 multifocal-occurred 2 to 35 months (mean 17.3) postoperatively, eight died 0 to 8 months (mean 2.13) after diagnosis. Nine mixed recurrences (10.8%)-1 synchronous, 8 metachronous-were found (14.8%) 2 to 21 months postoperatively (mean 8.3). All died 4 to 41 months (mean 17.83) after diagnosis. Fourteen mediastinal lymph node recurrences occurred, ten as a primary recurrence and four as secondary. Lymph nodes were involved in all multifocal recurrences. Intrabronchial recurrence was observed in five patients and was always a result of progressive regional lymph node recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern and natural history of recurrence cannot be sufficiently explained by stage and surgical radicality and suggest different genetic characteristics of the primary tumor. In case of reoperation due to intrabronchial recurrence adjuvant mediastinal irradiation should be considered.     

Treatment strategy for patients, with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer

A total of 89 patients with locally advanced lung cancer (pT3-4N0-1) underwent pulmonary resection from April 1994 to April 2003 at our institutions. The overall 5-year survival rate of the 89 patients was 35.5%. No significant difference in the 5-year survival rate was found according to the following variables: histologic type, type of operation, number of resected organs, performance of adjuvant therapy and pulmonary function. In patients with pN1 disease, when patients with nodal metastasis were divided into patients with hilar (# 10) or lobar (# 11 approximately 13) metastasis, the survival rate of lobar metastasis group was superior to those of hilar metastasis group, but not significantly. In patients with pN1 disease, 5 patients were survived for more than 1,000 days. The histology was squamous cell carcinoma in 4 cases. According to the characteristics of pN1 involvement, all cases was involved only a single station.     

Pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer

Purpose

To assess the mortality, complications and major morbidity of pneumonectomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to establish the importance of various prognostic factors.

Methods

We reviewed retrospectively the hospital records of 71 consecutive patients who underwent pneumonectomy for NSCLC between 1992 and 2007 to evaluate the significance of risk factors for an adverse outcome. Patients were divided into two period groups according to the period when they were treated: early (1992–1999; n?=?47) and late (2000–2007; n?=?24).

Results

Both the 30-day and the in-hospital mortality rates were 4.2?% (3/71). Complications developed in 31.3?% (22/71) and overall 5-year survival was 23.1?%. Pathological stage III or more, T3 or more, and N2 or more were risk factors of an adverse outcome. Survival was not significantly influenced by histological type, the side of surgery, or curability. The 5-year survival rates for the early and late periods were 19.6 and 32.9?%, respectively. There were more patients with clinical N2 or 3 disease in the early period than in the late period (66.0 vs. 33.3?%).

Conclusions

Pneumonectomy is associated with acceptable overall morbidity and mortality; however, patients with pathological stage III or more, T3 or more, and N2 or more disease require special consideration. Pneumonectomy should be performed only in selected patients.     

Preoperative chemotherapy for cStage III-pN0 patients with non-small cell lung cancer

Objectives: Survival benefits with preoperative chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain controversial. Preoperative chemotherapy may act on micrometastasis but not lymph node metastasis. To clarify the role of induction chemotherapy for control of micrometastasis, we reviewed and compared 5-year follow-ups of clinical stage III but pathologically-proven node-negative NSCLC patients after complete resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy. Methods: We reviewed 148 consecutive patients who underwent anatomical lung resection and mediastinal nodal dissection for pathologically-proven node-negative NSCLC at our hospital between 1994 and 1999. Fifty-six patients were preoperatively diagnosed as stage III: 26 received platinum-based chemotherapy prior to surgery (PCT group) and 30 underwent surgery without any prior chemotherapy (PRS group). Results: The 5-year survival rate for clinical stage I/II and pathological node-negative patients was 74.9%; for clinical stage III, but for pathological node-negative patients it was 92.3% in the PCT and 63.3% in the PRS groups. The survival benefit of preoperative chemotherapy was significant for clinical stage III patients without node involvement. Conclusion: Preoperative chemotherapy may provide survival benefits for node-negative NSCLC patients.     

Postrecurrence survival in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer

Objective: Postoperative recurrence is a major obstacle to achieving a cure and long-term survival in patients with non-small lung cancer. However, prognostic factors and the efficacy of therapy after recurrence remain controversial. We evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients with resected lung cancer for postrecurrence prognostic factors. Methods: Patients who underwent complete resection with systematic lymph node dissection for stage I non-small cell lung cancer were selected. Cases of low-grade malignancy, preoperative therapy, history of previous malignancy or death within 30 days of operation were excluded. A total of 397 patients were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Out of 87 patients who had recurrence after surgery, 45 had symptoms at the initial recurrence. The initial recurrent site was local in 30 patients and distant in 57. Single-site recurrence was detected in 48 patients and multiple-site recurrence was seen in 39. The recurrent site was the ipsilateral thorax in 49 patients, the contralateral thorax in 32, the cervico-mediastinum in 15, brain in 12 and bone in 11. Surgery was performed in 20 patients, whereas non-surgical therapy was performed in 55 (chemotherapy, 16; radiation therapy, 33; chemo-radiation therapy, 6). Prognostic analysis of factors related to recurrent status demonstrated that symptoms at the initial recurrence, cervico-mediastinal metastasis, liver metastasis and postrecurrence therapy were significant prognostic factors in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Symptoms at the initial recurrence, cervico-mediastinal metastasis and liver metastasis were worse prognostic factors after recurrence. Postrecurrence therapy for the initial recurrence may prolong survival after recurrence.     

Mediastinoscopy in patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of mediastinoscopy for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: We reviewed 291 patients who underwent mediastinoscopy from January 1995 to December 2001 for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer. The patients who presented tumor-negative lymph nodes on mediastinoscopy underwent thoracotomy for pulmonary resection and mediastinal lymph node dissection in the same operative session. Mediastinoscopy-positive patients were referred for neoadjuvant therapy. RESULTS: Of the 291 patients, 20 patients (6.9%) were found with N2 or N3 disease on mediastinoscopy. Among 271 mediastinoscopy-negative patients, thoracotomy-proven N0 was found in 201 patients (74.2%), N1 in 44 patients (16.2%), and N2 in 25 patients (9.2%). Seventeen of 25 patients with unforeseen N2 disease had positive lymph nodes in the station that could be approached by mediastinoscopy only. The positive rate of mediastinoscopy was significantly higher in the patients with nonbronchioloalveolar-type adenocarcinoma than in squamous cell carcinoma (11.5% vs 3.3%, p = 0.013). However, there was no difference in the mediastinoscopy-positive rate between clinical T1 and T2 status. CONCLUSIONS: Though there are still controversies about routine mediastinoscopy in patients without mediastinal nodal enlargement on chest computed tomography scan, this study demonstrates that routine mediastinoscopy is necessary, especially for nonbronchioloalveolar-type adenocarcinoma patients.