Conservative interdisciplinary treatment of a case with multiple facial and condyle fractures

The purpose of this case report is to describe an interdisciplinary approach for a 51‐year‐old male who underwent multiple facial fractures including bilateral condyle fractures. The patient underwent emergency surgery, which included open reduction of the maxilla and mandibular symphysis and closed reduction of the bilateral condyle fractures. Although the patient recovered a comfortable range of mouth opening and alleviation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) symptoms after surgery, he suffered from a large anterior–posterior discrepancy due to less stability on the condyle‐fossa relationships and from open bite with contacts only on both second molars and right second premolars. In this case, first, to increase the occlusal contact, comprehensive orthodontic treatment was completed. Second, occlusal equilibration was selectively performed to relieve the interferences and establish a stable range of mandibular movement without any changes in the vertical dimension. Third, both the upper central incisors and left lateral incisor were minimally restored with splinted and single zirconia crowns, which had modified lingual contours to provide adequate anterior guidance permitting the anterior–posterior discrepancy of the posterior teeth during protrusion. This conservative interdisciplinary treatment, including open and closed reduction, orthodontic treatment, occlusal adjustment, and minimal prosthetic restorations, resulted in a stable mandibular position and recovery of mastication function.     

Bilateral bifid mandibular condyle: a case report

Bilateral bifid mandibular condyle is a rarely seen malformation. The aetiology of bifid condyle is not completely understood, although developmental anomaly, traumas, condylar fracture, teratogenic embryopathy and surgical condylectomy may all be causative factors. Although a few studies on human dried skulls tried to shed light on this entity it remains obscure. As most bifid condyle subjects have no complaint related to temporamandibular joint(TMJ), the cases are generally diagnosed through incidental radiographic findings. The case of a 54-year-old female is presented. In a panoramic radiograph obtained after a clinical examination, bilateral bifid mandibular condyle was observed. The open-closed lateral radiograph of the TMJ (obtained using the TMJ-specific program of the panoramic device) demonstrated duplication of the right and left condyles. In order to better evaluate the TMJ morphology and to eliminate pathologies such as fractures that might be missed with conventional radiographs, a computed tomography scan was also obtained. The joint head orientation was observed in the mediolateral direction. The case is discussed in the context of the relevant literature. Until large population-based studies are undertaken and further experimental studies are performed, bifid condyle will remain an incidental finding of anatomic variation rather than a clinically informative observation.     

髁突骨折的不同影像学诊断对比研究

目的对比研究常规X线片、二维及三维CT图像临床诊治髁突骨折的价值。方法回顾2007年9月至2008年3月间在中山大学附属口腔医院治疗的17例髁突骨折病例的临床资料,比较常规X线片、二维及三维CT图像对髁突骨折术前诊断的正确率。结果17例患者确诊共有24侧髁突骨折,高、中、低位髁突骨折分别为8、10、6侧。术前诊断：常规X线片显示高、中、低位髁突骨折处数目分别为1（12．5％）、7（70％）、5（83．3％）侧;二维CT显示为6（75％）、9（90％）、5（83．3％）侧：三维CT显示为8（100％）、10（100％）、6（100％）侧。3种影像诊断的正确率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论CT应作为临床上诊治髁突骨折的必要辅助检查,尤其对髁突高位骨折,建议行常规三维CT检查。     

The value of coronal computer tomograms in fractures of the mandibular condylar process.

OBJECTIVE: A prospective investigation designed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of conventional panoramic and posteroanterior mandibular radiographs with that of coronal computed tomography scans in cases of fracture of the mandibular condylar process was conducted. STUDY DESIGN: In all, 182 patients with a total of 249 fractures (some unilateral and some bilateral) of the mandibular condyle received conventional radiographs and coronal computed tomography scans as diagnostic procedures. The ability of these procedures to detect and correctly classify these fractures was determined, and their importance for therapeutic decision-making is described. RESULTS: All clinically identified fractures were detected by means of both conventional and computed tomography imaging. However, only computed tomography scanning could correctly classify high condylar neck fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Especially in cases of high condylar neck fracture, coronal computed tomography scans were more useful than conventional radiographs in the determination of type of condylar fracture so that a correct treatment decision could be made.     

锥形束CT与曲面断层在诊断下颌骨骨折中的比较研究

目的对比研究锥形束CT与曲面断层对下颌骨骨折的诊断特点及差异。方法收集2010年4月至2010年10月共27例因颌面部外伤行锥形束CT和曲面断层检查的患者的临床资料,比较两种方法对下颌骨不同部位骨折的诊断率。结果锥形束CT在下颌骨各部位的骨折诊断中均能明确观察骨折线及断端移位情况,而曲面断层存在漏诊现象,漏诊率为27.5%（11/40）,特别是髁突及颏部骨折,漏诊率分别为35.3%和27.3%。结论曲面断层检查存在漏诊的可能,特别是髁突或颏部骨折时,漏诊率更高。建议对下颌骨骨折应结合锥形束CT检查,以避免漏诊。同时,锥形束CT三维重建在帮助医生制定手术计划方面有很大优势和广泛应用前景。     

成人下颌骨髁突骨折的手术治疗

对成人髁突骨折采用手术与非手术治疗,学术界一直存在着不同程度的分歧。随着各种小型接骨板、坚强内固定技术的成熟应用,许多学者主张对成人双侧髁突颈部以下脱位性骨折,双侧髁突矢状外脱位性骨折,单侧髁突颈部以下脱位性、移位性骨折行积极外科手术治疗。对髁突骨折患者行外科手术、坚强内固定治疗,可以保证骨折固定具备坚固性和稳定性,并尽早行使功能。本文对髁突骨折外科手术治疗的固定方式、手术入路(耳前入路、下颌下入路、颌后入路、除皱手术入路和近年来报道增多的内窥镜辅助下口内入路)的选择进行了阐述。     

口内途径坚强内固定术治疗下颌骨骨折29例报告

目的 :评价口内途径坚强内固定术及术中暂时性小环结扎治疗下颌骨骨折的效果。方法 :对 2 9例 47处下颌骨体部骨折先作两侧磨牙区和切牙区三点式颌间小环结扎 ,骨折线两侧作牙间结扎 ,初步恢复下颌骨的弓形和咬合关系后 ,自下颌前庭沟作切口 ,显露骨折处并复位后进行小型钛板坚强内固定术。术毕拆除颌间结扎 ,恢复下颌运动。分别于术后第 1d和 90d进行临床和X线检查 ,评价其咬合关系、骨折复位及愈合情况。结果 :2 9例47处下颌骨体部骨折均获得良好的复位和骨性愈合 ,咬合关系良好 ,无并发症。结论 :口内途径小型钛板坚强内固定术可对下颌骨体部骨折进行良好的固定 ,获得满意的咬合关系。     

Early Treatment of Angle Class II, Division 2 in Combination with Functional Therapy of TMJ Fracture

Children who have sustained condylar fractures are treated with functional appliances because surgical repositioning of the condyle is more resource-intensive without producing better results. In cases with additional malocclusions it is practicable to combine the functional therapy of the fracture with skeletal Class II therapy. A 10-year-old boy suffering from a left condylar fracture and showing Class II, Division 2 malocclusion was treated with a skeletal functional appliance in combination with a utility arch for uprighting of the incisors. A modified transpalatal bar was then used to retain the incisor position. The remodeling process of the mandibular condyle following its fracture with dislocation signifies a high adaptability of the affected tissues. This reaction can be used simultaneously for effective sagittal repositioning of the mandible in certain cases of Class II malocclusion.     

Change in condylar and mandibular morphology in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Cone Beam volumetric imaging

AIM: The aim of this study was to show the importance of Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (CBCT) to volumetrically quantify temporomandibular joint (TMJ) damage in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), measuring condylar and mandibular real volumes. Methods. Thirty-four children with temporomandibular involvement by JIA were observed by CBCT. Four were excluded because of several imaging noises. The mandible was isolated from others craniofacial structures; the whole mandibular volume and its components' volumes (condyle, ramus, emibody, emisymphysis on right side and on left side) has been calculated by a 3D volume rendering technique. Results. The results show a highly significant statistical difference between affected side volumetric values versus normal side volumetric values, above all on condyle region (P<0.01), while there was no statistical difference between right versus left side. Conclusion. The CBCT represents a huge improvement in understanding of the condyle and mandibular morphological changes, even in the early stages of the JIA. In children the JIA can lead to TMJ damage with facial development and growth alterations.     

Fractures of the mandibular condyle. Part 1: patterns of distribution of types and causes of fractures in 348 patients

This prospective study was designed to record relevant characteristics of mandibular condyle fractures and to evaluate the relationship between these. Data were recorded on sex, age, cause of trauma, level of fracture, dislocation of the mandibular head, dental state and associated fractures of all patients diagnosed in our hospital during the period 1984-1996 with mandibular condyle fractures. Data were analysed in our Computer Department.The sample comprised 348 patients with 444 fractures, and a male:female ratio of 2:1. Traffic accidents were the most common cause: 103 (41%) of the unilateral and 54 (56%) of the bilateral fractures, followed by alleged assault and falls. Low fractures were the most common -n = 314 of 444 (71%).The causes that involved considerable force (traffic accidents and falls) resulted in more dislocations of the mandibular head, more bilateral fractures, a tendency to fractures higher on the condyle and significantly more intracapsular fractures. Absence of molar occlusion also gave more high and fewer low fractures, but played no part in dislocation of the mandibular head from the glenoid fossa.     

Superolateral dislocation of the intact mandibular condyle associated with panfacial fracture: a case report and literature review

Abstract – Superolateral dislocation of the intact mandibular condyle (SDIMC) is rare. This case report focuses on a 15‐year‐old teenager who was involved in a motor vehicle accident as well a literature review regarding the SDIMC. Clinical examination demonstrated a diffuse edema in the midfacial area and a left lateral deflection of the mandible, including an open bite and a crepitation in the symphyseal region. Three‐dimensional computed tomography scans were taken, which presented a superolateral dislocation of the left mandibular condyle as well as panfacial fracture. The patient was set in intermaxillary fixation for 2 weeks and underwent subsequent active jaw physiotherapy, the evaluation of which presented satisfactory results. This case study also presents a literature review, which demonstrated 21 well‐documented cases of SDIMC. The patients’ mean age was of 29 years. The male gender proved to be more prevalent, with road traffic collisions representing the most common form of accident. Type II, with unilateral dislocation, proved to be the most common. The mean reduction time was 7 days. The open methods were the most commonly used reduction methods. Mandible fracture was associated with dislocation in 82% of the cases, with other facial fractures appearing in only 23% of the cases. Patient follow up presented satisfactory results in 59% of the cases.     

常规X线、二维和三维CT诊断髁突骨折的对比研究

目的 :探索常规X线、二维和三维CT成像 3种影像学检查在下颌骨髁突骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法 :对 2 7例 38侧不同类型的髁突骨折的常规X线、二维和三维CT显示情况进行对比分析 ,并与手术结果相对照。结果 :常规X线对各种类型的髁突骨折均有显示不准确现象 ,横断位的二维CT对 3例髁突横行骨折有不准确显示 ,三维CT可清楚地显示各种类型的髁突骨折。结论 :常规X线对髁突各种类型骨折均有误诊 ,三维CT图像结合二维图像可准确显示各种类型的髁突骨折及移位情况     

Relationship between fracture of mandibular condyle and absence of unerupted mandibular third molar—a retrospective study

Purpose

The purpose of the present study was to find, if there exists, a co-relation between presence of unerupted mandibular third molar and fracture of mandibular condyle.

Methods

A retrospective, multicenter study was done collecting the data of all mandibular condyle fractures treated from November 2006 till August 2015. Data was collected from the patient’s records and radiographs for the following information: age, sex, etiology of fracture, presence and state of lower third molars, and associated fracture. The results were subjected to statistical analysis.

Results

Out of 180 patients of condylar fracture, unerupted third molars were present in 35 (19.44 %) cases compared to 145 (80.55 %) cases of condylar fracture where the unerupted third molars were not present. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the unerupted third molar present group, isolated bilateral condylar fracture was seen in 4 (11.4 %) cases, bilateral condylar fracture associated with other mandibular fractures in 9 (25.7 %) cases, isolated unilateral condylar fracture in 0 (0.0 %) cases, and unilateral condylar fracture associated with other mandibular fractures in 17 (48.5 %) cases and condylar fracture associated with mid face fractures in 5 (14.2 %) cases. In the unerupted third molar absent group, isolated bilateral condylar fracture was seen in 5 (3.4 %) cases, bilateral condylar fracture associated with other mandibular fractures in 30 (20.6 %) cases, isolated unilateral condylar fracture in 24 (16.5 %) cases, unilateral condylar fracture associated with other mandibular fractures in 73 (50.34 %) cases, and condylar fracture associated with mid face fractures in 13(8.96 %) cases. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = 0.032).

Conclusion

This study suggests that the fractures of mandibular condylar region have a significantly higher incidence in patients without an unerupted mandibular third molar.

     

克氏针治疗下颌骨髁突矢状骨折13例回顾性分析

目的探讨克氏针内固定方式在下颌髁突矢状骨折治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾分析2019年1月至2020年1月在广州中医药大学附属佛山市中医院口腔医疗中心就诊的下颌骨髁突矢状骨折复位后采用克氏针内固定治疗的患者,共13例19侧。治疗过程包括常规手术切开、暴露并复位游离的下颌骨髁突后,根据下颌骨髁突骨质断端情况利用2~4根克氏针固定,伴发其他部位骨折时同期手术治疗。术后1周通过CBCT评估游离的下颌骨髁突复位精准度及稳固性,通过临床检查评价咬合关系、开口度、开口型。结果所有患者骨折断端对位良好,克氏针无扭曲、折断和松脱;术后咬合关系、开口度、开口型恢复良好。结论克氏针治疗下颌骨髁突矢状骨折效果确切,有临床应用价值。     

Condylar fractures of the mandible. I. Classification and relation to age, occlusion, and concomitant injuries of teeth and teeth-supporting structures, and fractures of the mandibular body.

In 123 individuals, 138 fractures of the mandibular condyle were classified with respect to fracture level, dislocation at the fracture level, and condylar head relation to the articular fossa. The age of the patient and the location of the most distal occlusal contact were recorded as well as teeth injuries and concomitant fractures of the mandibular body. The position of the most distal occlusal contact did not influence the dislocation of the condylar fragment. Teeth injuries such as fractures and luxation were found to be associated with condylar head or neck fractures, whereas the concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were mostly seen with the subcondylar fractures. Teeth injuries as well as concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were found more frequently in patients with bilateral than unilateral condylar fractures. Fractures of teeth in the molar and bicuspid regions were most frequent on the condylar fracture side, while the concomitant fractures of the mandibular body were located to the contralateral side. Medial angulation of the condylar fragment with lateral override at the fracture level was the typical fracture in adults, and angulation without override the characteristic fracture in growing individuals. Medical override occurred both in children and in adults and seemed to be the result of more severe trauma to the chin.     

Fractured condyle artifact

A patient treated for routine dental care had a medical history of temporoman-dibular joint trauma. A pretreatment panoramic radiograph showed evidence of a fractured condyle; however, further radiographic testing showed no fracture and that the original fracture seen was an artifact. This artifact may have been caused by superimposition of ear cartilage over the mandibular condyle during radiography. By coincidence, the patient was injured in an area that fit the original radiographic observation of a condylar fracture. However, it would be rare to find a condyle with the distal portion fractured at the angle indicated on the radiograph, and unusual for such a condition to remain undetected for 9 years. Remodeling of the bone would have been expected, and this would affect the appearance of the supposed fracture.     

Interdisciplinary treatment including forced extrusion and reintrusion of a traumatized mandibular incisor for a patient with Class II Division 1 skeletal open bite.

A woman with Class II Division 1 long-face syndrome characteristics had a history of facial trauma, dentoalveolar fracture of her mandibular anterior teeth, and temporomandibular joint pain. The pretreatment apical radiograph showed a large area of external root resorption of the mesial surface of the mandibular left central incisor. To arrest the external root resorption, the mandibular left central incisor was extruded. During extrusion, sequential apical radiographs were taken. As the tooth moved away from the site of osteoclastic activity, resorption ceased, and repair took place on the root surface. At this time, the mandibular left central incisor was intruded, the mesial defect self-repaired, the tooth remained vital, and the periodontial ligament was intact. The biologic bases for this cessation of resorption and the repair of the tooth's surface are presented.     

下颌正中前移的方法探究

目的探讨判断下颌正中前移的方法。方法48例鼾症及阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者使用口腔矫治器治疗,采用双侧后牙前移相同距离及前移前后上下前牙区中线不变的方法来判断下颌正中前移后,摄双侧颞下颌关节薛氏位X线片检查髁突前移情况。结果2例双侧髁突前移距离不同,其余46例相同。结论下颌前移前后,上下前牙区中线一致及双侧后牙前移距离相同,并不表示髁突前移距离亦相同,但前者是后者的重要评判指标。     

Light-force technique for the early treatment of an ectopic tooth

Free crown tipping can be useful when teeth do not erupt in their physiologic sequence and a real intraosseous migration and eruption of a single tooth into a distant ectopic position can be observed. This article presents a case of an ectopic mandibular lateral incisor treated early, with the light-force technique and uncontrolled forces, and finished with the bidimensional edgewise appliance. A Caucasian female patient, 10 years 10 months of age, had a mandibular left lateral incisor displacement, with the lateral incisor crown positioned mesial to left second primary molar. An early treatment was planned to correct the mandibular left lateral incisor displacement and to allow proper eruption of the mandibular left canine and first premolar. A second phase of treatment, in permanent dentition, was planned for the dental Class II subdivision on the right and deep bite correction. Phase 1 treatment was completed after 10 months; phase 2 treatment was initiated in the permanent dentition and lasted 18 months. Treatment achieved the following outcomes: (1) mandibular lateral incisor in corrected position; (2) full canine and molar Class I relationship; (3) overjet and overbite within the normal limits; (4) symmetric arches; and (5) a balanced profile. The radiograph evaluation revealed good root parallelism and mandibular left lateral incisor light root resorption. The light-force technique is not only a possible alternative but the ideal appliance for treatment in the mixed dentition, when the permanent teeth should be controlled.     

Rare case of superolateral dislocation of the condyle

Background

Dislocation of the mandibular condyle occurs most commonly in the anterior direction. When there is an intracranial displacement of the condyle, it is often associated with CSF leak. Superolateral dislocation of the condyle from the glenoid fossa is a rare condition which commonly occurs following traumatic insult to the mandible. When there is a superlolateral displacement, the condyle is often lodged in the temporal fossa.

Case report

We report an unusual case of a 50-year-old male with a superolateral dislocation of the left mandibular condyle into the zygomatic arch along with a fracture of the right mandible following road traffic accident. Manual reduction of the condyle was first attempted under general anaesthesia which was futile, following which the displaced condyle was reduced by a combination of open traction and manual reduction using Keen’s approach in left maxillary vestibule. After reduction of the condyle, intermaxillary fixation (IMF) was done and X plate was used to fix the mandible fracture on the right body. Postoperatively, patient was placed on IMF for a period of 2 weeks.

Discussion

Superolateral dislocations of the condyle can be unilateral or bilateral. These types of dislocations generally occur following traumatic injury to the mandible when the mouth is open. Early diagnosis and reduction of the condyle is required to achieve satisfactory occlusion which should be followed by physiotherapy to prevent ankylosis.