Substance Use Associated with Unintended Pregnancy Outcomes in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth

Abortion is known to be associated with higher rates of substance abuse, but no studies have compared substance use rates associated with abortion compared to delivery of an unintended pregnancy. This study examines data for women in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth whose first pregnancy was unintended. Women with no pregnancies were also used as a control group. Use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and behaviors suggestive of alcohol abuse were examined an average of four years after the target pregnancy among women with prior histories of delivering an unintended pregnancy (n = 535), abortion (n = 213), or those who reported no pregnancies (n = 1144). Controls were instituted for age, race, marital status, income, education, and prepregnancy self‐esteem and locus of control. Compared to women who carried an unintended first pregnancy to term, those who aborted were significantly more likely to report use of marijuana (odds ratio: 2.0), with the difference in these two groups approaching significance relative to the use of cocaine (odds ratio: 2.49). Women with a history of abortion also reported more frequent drinking than those with a history of unintended birth. With the exception of less frequent drinking, the unintended birth group was not significantly different from the no pregnancy group. Resolution of an unintended pregnancy by abortion was associated with significantly higher rates of subsequent substance use compared to delivering an unintended pregnancy. A history of abortion may be a useful marker for identifying women in need of counseling for substance use.     

Home-Time After Discharge Among Patients Hospitalized With Heart Failure

Background

Surveys of patients with cardiovascular disease have suggested that "home-time"—being alive and out of any health care institution—is a prioritized outcome. This novel measure has not been studied among patients with heart failure (HF).

National Patterns of Heart Failure Hospitalizations and Mortality by Sex and Age

BackgroundEarlier work has demonstrated significant sex and age disparities in ischemic heart disease. However, it remains unclear if an age or sex gap exists for heart failure (HF) patients.Methods and ResultsUsing data from the 2007–2008 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, we constructed hierarchic regression models to examine sex differences and age-sex interactions in HF hospitalizations and in-hospital mortality. Among 430,665 HF discharges, 51% were women and 0.3%, 27%, and 73% were aged <25, 25–64, and >64 years respectively. There were significant sex differences among HF risk factors, with a higher prevalence of coronary disease among men. Men had higher hospitalization rates for HF and in-hospital mortality across virtually all ages. The relationship between age and HF mortality appeared U-shaped; mortality rates for ages <25, 25–64, and >64 years were 2.9%, 1.4%, and 3.8%, respectively. No age-sex interaction was found for in-hospital mortality for adults >25 years old.ConclusionsUsing a large nationally representative administrative dataset we found age and sex disparities in HF outcomes. In general, men fared worse than women regardless of age. Furthermore, we found a U-shaped relationship between age and in-hospital mortality during an HF hospitalization, such that young adults have similar mortality rates to older adults. Additional studies are warranted to elucidate the patient-specific and treatment characteristics that result in these patterns.     

心脏康复对慢性心衰患者心率变异性的影响

目的：观察在标准抗心衰药物治疗的基础上联合心脏康复对慢性力衰竭（CHF）患者心率变异性的影响.方法：本院68例心力衰竭住院患者随机分为对照组34例和治疗组34例,对照组采用标准的抗心衰治疗方案;治疗组采用标准抗心衰治疗＋心脏康复;两组均规范用药6个月.所有患者治疗前后进行24h动态心电图检查心率变异性（HRV）.结果：治疗后,治疗组R-R间期的标准差（SDNN）、每5min窦性R-R平均值的标准差（SDANN）、R-R间期差值的均方根（rMSSD）、相邻两正常窦性R-R间期差值＞50ms的个数所占的百分率（PNN50）较对照组显著增加（P＜0.05）.结论：在标准抗心衰药物治疗的基础上联合心脏康复治疗,可降低交感神经过度激活,增加迷走神经的功能,显著改善HRV,从而改善患者的预后.     

Epilogue to Special Issue on Tobacco and Other Substance Use Disorders: Links and Implications

ABSTRACT

This paper summarizes The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse special issue and offers suggestions for future steps. People who use alcohol or other addictive substances are much more likely to use tobacco. Yet, clinicians and scientists have long regarded these addiction categories as separate and unrelated. The resultant benign neglect of tobacco use has had disastrous consequences on patients. This special issue is an important step toward remedying that situation. It has reviewed what is known and what more needs to be discovered regarding the co-occurrence of tobacco use disorder (TUD) and other substance use disorders (SUDs). The timing of this special issue occurs at a moment when smoking rates among both adults and youth are at a modern low. But not all segments of the population have benefited from this improvement. In particular, those with a SUD smoke two to four times the rate of the general population and thus suffer disproportionately from the myriad tobacco-induced diseases. The multi-disciplinary contributors to this special issue have reviewed various aspects of the co-occurring disorders. What emerges is a complex portrait. In some categories, the facts are stark, such as the strong association between SUDs and tobacco use and the toll they both extract. In others, such as the emerging new electronic nicotine delivery devices, there are intriguing associations that warrant further investigation. What is clear is that the historic schism between smoking and other addictions needs to be breached in order to improve the health of the public. This special issue should be viewed as a call to action for breaching that schism.     

比索洛尔对慢性心力衰竭室性心律失常和心率变异性的影响

目的 :观察比索洛尔对慢性心力衰竭患者的室性心律失常和心率变异性的影响。方法 :86例慢性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者在常规抗心衰药物治疗的基础上 ,随机分成两组 ,比索洛尔组每日口服比索洛尔 1.2 5～ 10mg ,对照组口服安慰剂 ,疗程 12个月 ,观察治疗前后心率、室性心律失常和心率变异性的变化。结果 :比索洛尔组室性心律失常明显减少 ,心率变异性参数显著改善。结论 :长期使用比索洛尔可降低CHF恶性室性心律失常的发生 ,改善心率变异性     

Heart Failure Risk Distribution and Trends in the United States Population,NHANES 1999-2016

BackgroundImplementation of effective preventive interventions requires identification of high-risk individuals. We sought to define the distribution and trends of heart failure risk in the US population.MethodsWe calculated 10-year predicted heart failure risk among a representative sample of US adults aged 30-79 years, without baseline cardiovascular disease, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 1999-2016. We used the published Pooled Cohort Equations to Prevent Heart Failure (PCP-HF) model, which integrates demographic and risk factor data, to estimate 10-year heart failure risk. Participants were stratified by NHANES cycle, sex, age, and race/ethnicity and by 10-year heart failure risk, defined as low (<1%), intermediate (1% to <5%), and high (≥5%).ResultsFrom 1999-2000 to 2015-2016, mean predicted 10-year heart failure risk increased significantly from 2.0% to 3.0% (P < .05) in the population, most notably among non-Hispanic black (2.1% to 3.7%) and non-Hispanic white (2.4% to 3.6%) men. In 2013-2016, 17.6% of the studied population was at high predicted 10-year heart failure risk. The prevalence of high predicted heart failure risk was highest among non-Hispanic black men (23.1%), followed by non-Hispanic white men (19.2%) and non-Hispanic white women (17.9%).DiscussionMean population risk of heart failure increased significantly from 1999-2016. A substantial proportion of US adults are at high 10-year heart failure risk (≥5%), particularly non-Hispanic black men. These data underscore the importance of identifiying individuals at increased heart failure risk for targeted prevention measures to reduce the future burden of heart failure.     

不同程度慢性心力衰竭患者心律失常及其心率变异性的临床研究

目的探讨不同程度慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者心律失常及其心率变异性(HRV)的变化和临床意义。方法采用24h动态心电图监测67例不同程度慢性心力衰竭患者(CHF组)和30例健康者(对照组),对心律失常及HRV的时域和频域指标进行对比分析。结果 CHF组各级心功能均以室性期前收缩发生最高,时域和频域指标均低于对照组(P<0.05),随着心功能下降,室性期前收缩发生率越高,HRV值越低,自主神经功能受损越明显,与心功能损害程度一致。结论不同程度CHF患者以室性期前收缩为主,HRV各项指标能反映患者自主神经功能状态,联合检测有助于判断CHF患者病情严重程度、预后和早期干预治疗。     

充血性心力衰竭病人猝死的预防对策

本文对我院近３年来收治的１８８例重度充血性心力衰竭（ＣＨＦ）患者（甲组）的临床资料，与１９８６年元月～１９８８年１２月收治１５０例重度ＣＨＦ患者（乙组）的临床资料进行对比分析。结果：甲组低钠血症、低钾血症和洋地黄中毒发生率、以及心衰病死率和猝死率均显著低于乙组。提示应用小剂量地高辛和开博通，有效间断的利尿并补充钠钾镁，加用小剂量β受体阻滞剂，短程静滴多巴酚丁胺或氨力农度过心衰危重期等综合措施治疗ＣＨＦ，有助于提高ＣＨＦ患者的生存率，预防心衰猝死。     

应用心率变异三角指数和平均心率评价心力衰竭患者心功能的研究

探讨心率变异 (HRV)三角指数和平均心率 (mHR)评价慢性心力衰竭 (简称心衰 )患者心功能状态的价值。应用动态心电图分析系统和彩色超声心动图对慢性心衰患者 (36例 )及健康对照组 (36例 )进行左室射血分数(LVEF)、左室舒张末内径 (LVd)、2 4hHRV三角指数和mHR等参数测量。结果 :①心衰组与对照组比较 ,mHR ,三角指数 ,LVd ,LVEF均有显著统计学差异 ,P <0 .0 1。②心衰组中三角指数和mHR与LVEF具有相关性 (r分别为- 0 .743,- 0 .6 35 ,P <0 .0 5及 0 .0 1)。③三角指数与mHR在心衰组中具有相关性 (r=0 .2 9,P =0 .0 0 8) ,在对照组中不具有相关性 (r=0 .33,P =0 .38)。结论 :在慢性心衰患者中 ,三角指数和mHR对于评价心衰患者心功能具有一定意义