Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in a child with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella enteritidis</Emphasis> gastroenteritis

We report on an 11-year-old boy who developed rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure following Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis. Rhabdomyolysis should be considered as a potentially fatal complication in patients with Salmonella gastroenteritis.     

Acute renal failure after treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to have adverse effects on kidney function. Situations with a stimulated renin-angiotensin system such as volume depletion or pre-existing chronic renal failure predispose to acute renal failure (ARF) via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by NSAIDs. To date, NSAIDs are frequently used as antipyretic drugs even in situations predisposing to ARF. Within 20 months, seven children presenting with diarrhoea and/or vomiting and fever were treated with therapeutic doses (11.5–32 mg/kg per day) of ibuprofen for 1 to 3 days before developing ARF. Maximum plasma creatinine levels were 180–650 µmol/l. One patient required emergency dialysis for hyperkalaemia, uraemia, and hyperphosphataemia. After cessation of NSAID treatment and rehydration, all patients recovered completely with a normalised creatinine level after 3 to 9 days. Once the acute phase is controlled, long-term outcome is excellent. Interstitial nephritis, another possible adverse effect of NSAIDs, might require steroid treatment and is the major differential diagnosis. Only histological examination can confirm the exact pathomechanism of ARF after NSAID exposure. If immunological events are responsible for the ARF, the recovery period is usually longer. Conclusion: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are potentially dangerous in situations with even moderate volume depletion.Abbreviations AIN acute interstitial nephritis - ARF acute renal failure - COX cyclo-oxigenase - NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs - PG prostaglandin - RAS renin-angiotensin system     

Acute renal failure in children: prognostic features after treatment with acute dialysis

A 12-year review (1972–1983) is presented of 76 children who were dialysed because of acute renal failure. The causes of acute renal failure were mainly the haemolyticuraemic syndrome (53%), trauma (16%) and operation (13%).Fifty-eight children (76%) survived, 18 children (24%) died. Fifty-two children, the majority suffering from haemolytic-uraemic syndrome, regained complete or partial renal function after a period of dialysis lasting between 1 and 57 days. One to 7.7 years after dialysis, clearance studies with inulin (C_In), p-aminohippuric acid (C_PAH) and phosphate (T_p/C_In) for staging renal function were carried out. The results of this investigation show a significant inverse correlation between the glomerular function regained and the duration of intermittent dialysis.Abbreviations C_In clearance of inulin - C_PAH clearance of p-aminohippuric acid - FF filtration fraction - T_p/C_In fractional phosphate reabsorption - HUS haemolytic-uraemic syndrome - ARF acute renal failure - SCR serum creatinine - GFR glomerular filtration rate - CRF chronic renal failure - a.t. antihypertensive treatment     

Acute renal failure in neonatal sepsis

Objective To evaluate the occurrence of acute renalfailure (ARF) and the factors associated with it in cases of neonatal sepsis. Methods The case control study was conducted in the referral neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital. 200 out born neonates with sepsis admitted to the nursery from January to July 2003 were evaluated for presence of ARF (cases) or not (controls). Sepsis was diagnosed on the basis of either a positive sepsis screen (immature: total (I:T) neutrophil ratio >0.2, μ-ESR> age in days + 2mm or>15 mm, CRP>6mg/dl, TLC<5000 cells/mm³; 2 or more positive) or a positive blood culture in symptomatic neonates. ARF was defined as blood urea nitrogen (BUN) >20mg/dl on two separate occasions at least 24 hours apart. Oliguria was defined as urine output <1ml/Kg/hr. Results 52 out of 200 (26%) neonates with sepsis had ARF; only 15% of ARF was oliguric. The mean gestation of neonates with ARF was similar to those without ARF (36.1±4.1 wks vs. 36.6±3.5 wk; p=0.41). A significantly higher number of babies with ARF weighed less than 2500 gm as compared to those without ARF (86.5%vs 67.6%; p=0.008). The association of meningitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and shock was also significantly higher in neonates with ARF (46.8%vs 26.2%, p=0.01; 65.4%vs 20.3%, p<0.001; 71.2%vs 27.0%, p<0.001 respectively). Mortality in neonates who developed ARF was significantly higher (70.2%vs 25%, p<0.001). Factors including gestational age, weight, onset of sepsis, culture positivity, associated meningitis, asphyxia, shock, prior administration of nephrotoxic drugs were subjected to univariate analysis for prediction of fatality in neonates with sepsis and ARF; only shock was found to be a significant predictor of fatality (p<0.001). ARF had recovered in 22 out of 49 neonates in whom data was available; three patients had left against medical advice. The mean duration of recovery in these 22 neonates was 5.5 days (range 1–14 days). Presence of co-existing morbidities (perinatal asphyxia/congestive heart failure (CHF)/necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) or nephrotoxic drugs did not alter the frequency of recovery of ARF in septic neonates (45.5%vs 44.4%, p=0.944; 41%vs 52%, p=0.308 respectively). Conclusion Renal failure occurred in 26% neonates with sepsis. Although ARF in neonates has been reported to be predominantly oliguric, it was observed that ARF secondary to neonatal sepsis was predominantly non oliguric. Low birth weight was an important risk factor for the development of ARF. The mortality being three times higher in neonates with ARF demands a greater awareness of this entity among practitioners and better management of this condition.     

Acute renal failure complicating diabetic ketoacidosis

Two previously healthy children, aged 13 and 14 years, respectively, presented with diabetic ketoacidosis. Both children developed acute renal failure, a rare complication of diabetic ketoacidosis and required dialysis.     

Acute renal failure in neonates

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common condition seen in neonatal intensive care units. It is broadly classified into prerenal, intrinsic renal and post renal failure. There is no consensus on the definition of neonatal ARF. Of utmost importance is to differentiate prerenal from intrinsic renal failure. The most common causes of neonatal ARF are hypovolemia, hypotension and, hypoxia. Among several indices that are available for differentiating prerenal failure from intrinsic renal failure, fractional excretion of sodium is the preferred index. Diagnostic fluid challenge with or without frusemide is a bed side method for differentiating prerenal failure from intrinsic renal failure. Babies with ARF have to be monitored for several metabolic derangements like hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, and acidosis and have to be managed accordingly. Fluid balance should be precise in order to avoid fluid overload. It is difficult to provide adequate calories due to fluid restriction. Dialysis has to be instituted to preempt complications. Peritoneal dialysis is the easiest and safest modality. These babies need long term follow up as they are prone for long term complications.     

Acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis in a child with McArdle disease

Rhabdomyolysis induced acute renal failure (ARF) is relatively rare in children. We report an 8-year-old boy with McArdle disease and rhabdomyolysis induced ARF after heavy muscle work. Physical examination revealed generalized tenderness on his extremities. Laboratory examinations showed acute renal failure due to myoglobinuria and revealed alanine transaminase 428 U/l, aspartate transaminase 1,400 U/l, blood urea nitrogen 119 mg/dl, creatinin 3.6 mg/dl, uric acid 13 mg/dl, and serum creatinine kinase (CK) 33,766 U/l. Hemodialysis was carried out for ARF. His clinical and laboratory findings improved and became normal in 2 weeks. Enzymatic analysis of the muscle biopsy showed a phosphorylase A level of 129 nmol/s/mg protein (normal: 200-600) and a phosphorylase A+B level of 385 nmol/s/mg protein (normal: 500-1500), which was compatible with glycogenosis type V. As McArdle disease rarely becomes symptomatic and ARF secondary to this condition is very rare, our case represents a rare clinical presentation.     

儿童急性肾衰竭透析疗法比较

目的　为探讨儿童急性肾衰竭透析疗法效果 ,对我院腹膜透析和血液透析情况进行比较。方法　总结 1994年至 2 0 0 2年在我院行PD或HD的急性肾衰竭患儿的临床资料。结果　PD与HD改善肾功能、电解质紊乱和酸中毒的近期效果无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但HD组的肾功能、电解质和HCO3 -复常时间短于PD组 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　HD奏效快 ,ARF患儿病情紧急或合并多脏器衰竭时选用HD较适合 ,小年龄儿童HD治疗亦有可行性。但PD与HD对于改善肾功能、电解质紊乱和酸中毒同样有效 ,且适合基层医院开展     

Acute renal failure after exercise in a child with renal hypouricemia

We describe a 15 year old boy with renal hypouricemia who developed acute renal failure after a school athletics meeting, accompanied by appendicitis. During acute renal failure, the highest level of uric acid was 5.0 mg/dL, creatinine 7.9 mg/dL and urea nitrogen 58.6 mg/dL. After recovery, the serum uric acid fell to 0.9 mg/dL and the fractional excretion of uric acid (FEu_A) exceeded the normal range. The probenecid and pyrazinamide tests showed that the patient had a total defect of uric acid reabsorption. This case suggested that strenuous exercise could be responsible for acute renal failure in patients with renal hypouricemia.     

Acute heart failure and acute renal failure in Kawasaki disease

Acute renal failure and acute heart failure are rare in Kawasaki disease. We experienced two patients with Kawasaki disease who presented acute renal failure and acute heart failure. These two patients gave us an important insight into the understanding of water balance and fluid therapy in Kawasaki disease. One patient showed acute prerenal failure due to fluid exudation from the intravascular to the extravascular space, and subsequent acute heart failure. The other patient showed acute heart failure caused by fluid infusion for the treatment of dehydration. It is suggested that acute renal failure could be caused by a fluid shift from the intravascular to the extravascular space in Kawasaki disease. It is also demonstrated that the reserve of cardiac function could be decreased in patients with Kawasaki disease due to myocarditis even with normal echocardiography and chest X-rays.     

血液透析治疗小儿急性肾功能衰竭61例次报告

目的　 研究血液透析 (HD)治疗小儿急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)的特点及其方法。 方法 　对 2 2例患儿 61次HD的策略、HD前后血尿素氮、肌酐、电解质水平监测 ,HD的并发症及处理、抗凝及血管通道建立等进行观察和分析。 结果 　HD疗效满意。痊愈 17例 ,好转 5例。HD的主要并发症为低血压 ( 2 0 2 % )。 结论 　HD能减少ARF并发症的发生 ,促使肾功能较快恢复 ,降低病死率。掌握小儿HD的特点及方法是透析成功的关键。     

Acute hepatic failure after open-heart surgery in children

Summary Acute hepatic failure (AHF) combined with acute renal failure (ARF) is a well-known complication of open-heart surgery in adults. The occurrence of this complication in two children after open-heart surgery for correction of congenital heart disease is reported. Hypotension occurred during the operation and was treated by catecholamine vasopressors. AHF set in during the postoperative course; it was manifested by impaired consciousness, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperammonemia, elevated liver enzymes and prolongation of the prothrombin time with failure of hemostasis. ARF also developed in both children. One of the patients survived the acute episode of hepatic failure. The importance of early diagnosis, routine close monitoring, and appropriate selection of vasopressors is emphasized.     

Acute renal failure in Congolese children: a tertiary institution experience

Aim: Published data on acute renal failure in children from the Democratic Republic of Congo are rare. The objective of this study was to review clinical manifestations, aetiologies and outcome in hospitalized children with acute renal failure. Methods: A retrospective study at Pediatric Nephrology Unit of University Hospital of Kinshasa was carried out. Results: Fifty‐six children with acute renal failure were eligible. There were 31 boys (55.4%) and 25 girls (44.6%) with a sex ratio of 1.24. The median age was 6.7 years (range 1–13 years). Fever (80.3%), oligo‐anuria (73.2%), jaundice (67.9%) were the common clinical presentation. Blackwater fever (42.8%) was the leading cause of Acute Renal Failure. The incidence of severe dehydration because of gastroenteritis was low (5.3%). Around 12.5% of patients’ misused herbal plants. Acute Peritoneal Dialysis was indicated in 15/56 children and only performed in four patients. Fourteen children (25%) died. Conclusion: A wide spectrum of features was seen in hospitalized Acute Renal Failure children and limited access to Acute Peritoneal Dialysis remained an important mortality risk factor.     

新生儿急性肾功能衰竭血和尿表皮生长因子的动态变化和意义

目的　探讨新生儿急性肾功能衰竭 (ARF)过程中血、尿表皮生长因子 (EGF)的变化及其意义。方法　采用放射免疫分析法 ,测定 17例对照组新生儿和 31例ARF新生儿少尿期、多尿期和恢复期血清和尿EGF水平。结果　肾衰组在少尿期和多尿期血清和尿EGF均显著下降 ,恢复期血清和尿EGF水平恢复至正常。肾衰组少尿期和恢复期尿EGF与同期尿素氮 (BUN)、血肌酐 (SCr)水平呈显著负相关。结论　在新生儿ARF过程中血、尿EGF呈先下降后上升变化趋势 ,反映了肾脏的损害及修复过程     

Management of acute renal failure in the newborn

Acute renal failure is common in the neonatal period. It is usually manifest by abnormal biochemistry and decreased urine output (<1 ml/kg/h), but non-oliguric renal failure is also common. A detailed understanding of the common pathophysiological mechanisms is rarely needed but an understanding of the common aetiologies (pre-renal, renal and post-renal) will enable the clinician to approach the problem in a logical manner. A standard approach to fluid and electrolyte management is described, along with a practical approach to the investigation and management of renal failure. A working understanding of the principles of peritoneal dialysis is important and a brief overview of the role of haemodialysis in neonatal renal failure is provided.     

Renal blood flow velocity in acute renal failure following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

Diminished renal perfusion is believed to be the main factor precipitating acute renal failure (ARF) following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB). We aimed to assess renal perfusion in patients following CPB surgery using Doppler ultrasound measurements. The Pulsatility index (PI) of the renal and intrarenal arteries was calculated as an index of renal perfusion. Two groups of patients were studied. Group 1 consisted of children with complex cardiac malformations who developed ARF following CPB. Group 2 consisted of children with atrial septal defects who were studied before and after CPB, but who did not develop ARF. In group 1, there were significant correlations between PI of the renal artery and standard deviation score of systolic blood pressure (SDS) (correlation coefficient =– 0:588, p < 0:0001), and PI and urine output (UOP) (correlation coefficient =– 0:46, p = 0:001). In the survivors, PI of the renal artery dropped significantly at the onset of recovery from ARF (6.27–2.15, p = 0:007). In group 2, PI of renal and intrarenal arteries remained unchanged on day 1 and day 4 post-CPB surgery in comparison with preoperative values. PI of the renal artery may aid the prediction of onset and recovery from ARF following CPB surgery, and help modify treatment in these critically ill patients.     

Acute renal failure following wasp sting in children

The medical records of patients admitted between 1985 and 2007 with wasp stings were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 45 children, seven developed acute renal failure. Classical clinical and laboratory data pointed to hemolysis and rhabdomyolysis as the underlying pathophysiology. All patients had hyponatremia and hyperkalemia as well as metabolic acidosis. Six patients had anemia. Five patients were oliguric for 9 to 15 days. Maximum serum creatinine was 4.0 to 11.9 mg/dl. Peritoneal dialysis was performed for 3 to 15 days. One patient died due to hyperkalemia, the remaining ones recovered completely. This paper wants to remind pediatricians to watch for acute renal failure in children with wasp stings.     

Acute sodium valproate intoxication: Occurrence of renal failure and treatment with haemoperfusion-haemodialysis

In a child who probably received an overdose of sodium valproate, progressive coma, intermittent tonic-clonic seizures and anuria developed. Laboratory investigations revealed coagulopathy, anaemia and mildly disturbed liver function. Progressive renal insufficiency, probably due to rhabdomyolysis and myoglobulinuria, occurred later. Treatment consisted of supportive measures, combined haemoperfusion and haemodialysis and IV thiopentone. Clinical and biochemical normalisation was observed after 11 days.