1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 acts via transforming growth factor‐β to up‐regulate expression of immunosuppressive CD73 on human CD4+ Foxp3– T cells

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with increased incidence and severity of various immune‐mediated diseases. Active vitamin D (1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3; 1,25(OH)₂D3) up‐regulates CD4⁺ T‐cell expression of the purine ectonucleotidase CD39, a molecule that is associated with the generation of anti‐inflammatory adenosine. Here we aimed to investigate the direct impact of 1,25(OH)₂D3 on expression of the downstream ecto‐5′‐nucleotidase CD73 by human CD4 T cells, and components of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) pathway, which have been implicated in the modulation of CD73 by murine T cells. At 10^?8 to 10^?7 m , 1,25(OH)₂D3 significantly increased expression of CD73 on peripheral human CD4⁺ T cells. Although 1,25(OH)₂D3 did not affect the mRNA expression of latent TGF‐β₁, 1,25(OH)₂D3 did up‐regulate expression of TGF‐β‐associated molecules [latency‐associated peptide (LAP), glycophorin A repetitions predominant (GARP), GP96, neuropilin‐1, thrombospondin‐1 and α_v integrin] which is likely to have contributed to the observed enhancement in TGF‐β bioactivity. CD73 was highly co‐expressed with LAP and GARP following 1,25(OH)₂D3 treatment, but unexpectedly, each of these cell surface molecules was expressed primarily on CD4⁺ Foxp3^– T cells, rather than CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ T cells. Notably, neutralization of TGF‐β significantly impaired 1,25(OH)₂D3‐mediated induction of CD73. Collectively, we show that 1,25(OH)₂D3 enhances expression of CD73 on CD4⁺ Foxp3^– T cells in a process that is at least partially TGF‐β‐dependent. These data reveal an additional contributing mechanism by which vitamin D may be protective in immune‐mediated disease.     

Control of Schistosoma mansoni egg‐induced inflammation by IL‐4‐responsive CD4+CD25−CD103+Foxp3− cells is IL‐10‐dependent

Host protection to helminth infection requires IL‐4 receptor α chain (IL‐4Rα) signalling and the establishment of finely regulated Th2 responses. In the current study, the role of IL‐4Rα‐responsive T cells in Schistosoma mansoni egg‐induced inflammation was investigated. Egg‐induced inflammation in IL‐4Rα‐responsive BALB/c mice was accompanied with Th2‐biased responses, whereas T‐cell‐specific IL‐4Rα‐deficient BALB/c mice (iLck^creIl4ra^?/lox) developed Th1‐biased responses with heightened inflammation. The proportion of Foxp3⁺ Treg in the draining LN of control mice did not correlate with the control of inflammation and was reduced in comparison to T‐cell‐specific IL‐4Rα‐deficient mice. This was due to IL‐4‐mediated inhibition of CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg conversion, demonstrated in adoptively transferred Rag2^?/? mice. Interestingly, reduced footpad swelling in Il4ra^?/lox mice was associated with the induction of IL‐4 and IL‐10‐secreting CD4⁺CD25^?CD103⁺Foxp3^? cells, confirmed in S. mansoni infection studies. Transfer of IL‐4Rα‐responsive CD4⁺CD25^?CD103⁺ cells, but not CD4⁺CD25^high or CD4⁺CD25^?CD103^? cells, controlled inflammation in iLck^creIl4ra^?/lox mice. The control of inflammation depended on IL‐10, as transferred CD4⁺CD25^?CD103⁺ cells from IL‐10‐deficient mice were not able to effectively downregulate inflammation. Together, these results demonstrate that IL‐4 signalling in T cells inhibits Foxp3⁺ Treg in vivo and promotes CD4⁺CD25^?CD103⁺Foxp3^? cells that control S. mansoni egg‐induced inflammation via IL‐10.     

Foxp3在CD25＋CD4＋调节性T细胞发育和功能中作用的研究进展

CD25＋CD4＋调节性T细胞（Treg）是显性耐受的重要调节细胞,在免疫病理、自身免疫耐受的维持、针对病原体和肿瘤的免疫反应调节过程中发挥着关键的作用。Foxp3作为X染色体编码的叉头蛋白转录因子家族的一员,是Treg发育、分化和功能发挥所必不可少的。研究Foxp3调控机制及其在Treg生物功能中的作用对于Treg和显性耐受的研究具有极其重要的意义。     

CD8+ Foxp3+ T cells share developmental and phenotypic features with classical CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells but lack potent suppressive activity

"Suppressor T cells" were historically defined within the CD8(+) T-cell compartment and recent studies have highlighted several naturally occurring CD8(+) Foxp3(-) Treg populations. However, the relevance of CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells, which represent a minor population in both thymi and secondary lymphoid organs of nonmanipulated mice, remains unclear. We here demonstrate that de novo Foxp3 induction in peripheral CD8(+) Foxp3(-) T cells is counter-regulated by DC-mediated co-stimulation via CD80/CD86. CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells fail to develop in TCR-transgenic mice with Rag1(-/-) background, similar to classical CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs. Notably, both naturally occurring and induced CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells express bona fide Treg markers including CD25, GITR, CTLA4 and CD103, and show defective IFN-γ production upon restimulation when compared with their CD8(+) Foxp3(-) counterparts. However, utilizing DEREG transgenic mice for the isolation of Foxp3(+) cells by eGFP reporter expression, we demonstrate that induced CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells similar to activated CD8(+) Foxp3(-) T cells only mildly suppress T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. We therefore categorize CD8(+) Foxp3(+) T cells as a tightly controlled population sharing certain developmental and phenotypic properties with classical CD4(+) Foxp3(+) Tregs, but lacking potent suppressive activity.     

罗格列酮上调成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病患者CD4+T细胞Foxp3 mRNA的表达

目的 观察罗格列酮对成人隐匿性自身免疫糖尿病(LADA)患者CD4+调节性T细胞的影响,旨在探讨罗格列酮的免疫调节机制.方法 采用磁珠分离LADA患者CD4+T细胞,1、10和100 μmol/L罗格列酮干预CIM+T细胞.MTT法检测细胞活性,3H-TdR掺人法检测增殖抑制率.流式细胞术检测CD4+CD25+T细胞比值.RT-PCR检测过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体-γ(PPARγ)mRNA、TGF-β1 mRNA表达,实时荧光定量PCR检测Foxp3 mRNA表达.结果 CD4+T细胞表达PPARγmRNA.罗格列酮抑制植物凝集素(PHA)刺激的CD4+T细胞增殖.1μmol/L和10μmol/L组罗格列酮作用的CD4+CD25+T细胞比例无明显变化,100 μmol/L组CD4+CD25+T细胞比例降低.10μmol/L罗格列酮上调CD4+T细胞的Foxp3 mRNA表达,但TGF-β1 mRNA表达无显著变化.小剂量IL-2参与下,1μmol/L罗格列酮(药理浓度范围内)升高CD4+T细胞Foxp3mRNA表达.结论 罗格列酮上调LADA患者CD4+T细胞Foxp3 mRNA表达,改善自身免疫耐受缺陷.     

Immunochemiluminescent detection of galectin-3 in tumoral tissue from prostate

This work proposes a chemiluminescent quantitative method for galectin-3 (Gal3) detection in prostate tissues. Monoclonal antibody anti-Gal3 was conjugated to acridinium ester (AE) and the complex formed with Gal3 in the prostate tissue was chemiluminescently detected. The light emission (expressed in Relative Light Unit-RLU) showed mean values higher for benign prostatic hyperplasia than normal tissues and adenocarcinoma. These differences showed to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was a linear relationship between RLU and tissue area. Furthermore, these values were dramatically reduced when the tissue samples were previously incubated with non labeled anti-Gal3. Finally, the anti-Gal3-AE solution in buffer stored at 4°C and the treated samples showed to be stable during a year and at least 72 h, respectively. Gal3 content in prostate tissue was higher in benign prostatic hyperplasia than normal tissues and much lower in adenocarcinoma. This quantitative, specific and sensitive method based on labeling antibody to acridinium ester can be applied to detect antigen in tissue.     

SLE患者外周血中Foxp3+CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞的分析

目的分析SLE患者外周血中Foxp3 CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞和T细胞亚群上GITR的表达,以初步阐述其在SLE患者免疫稳态调节中的作用和意义。方法以流式细胞术检测SLE患者外周血中Foxp3 CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞和T细胞亚群上GITR的表达。结果稳定期及活动期SLE患者外周血中Foxp3 CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞比例显著低于健康对照(P<0.05),且活动期SLE患者Foxp3 CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞比例高于稳定期SLE患者(P>0.05)。SLE患者外周血CD3 CD4 T细胞和CD3 CD8 T细胞上GITR表达显著增加(P<0.05);随着疾病活动性增加,CD3 CD4 T细胞上GITR表达降低(P>0.05),CD3 CD8 T细胞上GITR表达增加(P>0.05)。结论SLE患者外周血中Foxp3 CD4 CD25 调节性T细胞表达降低,而患者T细胞亚群上GITR表达增加,其共同作用在诱导SLE患者外周耐受障碍中具有重要意义。     

再生障碍性贫血患者外周血CD4~＋CD25~＋调节性T细胞及Foxp3的变化及临床意义

目的:探讨再生障碍性贫血(AA)患者外周血中CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(Tress)及Foxp3的表达及临床意义.方法:25例AA病人,其中含非重型再障(nSAA)18例、重型再障(SAA)7例,采用四色流式细胞检测技术分析从患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中CD4+T细胞、CD4+CD25+/CD4+、CD4+CD25high/CD4+T细胞百分比及绝对计数,并进一步分析AA患者PBMC的CD4++CD25+、CD4+CD25low及CD4+CD25highT细胞中Foxp3+T细胞的百分比,同时利用RT-PCR方法检测PBMC中Foxp3mRNA表达水平,并与29例正常对照组的上述指标进行比较.结果:与正常对照组相比,SAA患者及nSAA患者PBMC中CDM+T细胞、CD4+CD25+/CD4+、CD4+CD25high/CD4+百分比及绝对计数减低(P<0.05),并且SAA组明显低于nSAA组(P<0.001);从患者CD+CD25+、CD4+CD25low及CD4+CD25highT细胞中Foxp3的表达较正常对照组减低(P<0.05);AA患者PBMC中Foxp3 mRNA表达水平与正常对照组没有明显差别(P>0.05).结论:CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞减低可能与从的发病有关,SAA的Treg表达低于nSAA,为其作为从病情变化的判断指标提供进一步的依据.     

中孕期小鼠CD4~+Foxp~(3+)调节性T细胞的比例变化

本实验通过检测中孕期小鼠全身及局部CD4+Foxp3+调节性T细胞的比例变化,探讨妊娠状态下CD4+Foxp3+调节性T细胞与异基因胎儿抗原刺激之间的相互关系。将成熟B ALB/c雌鼠与BALB/c雄鼠或C57BL/6雄鼠交配作为实验组,选取未孕BALB/c雌鼠为对照组。受孕10~12 d后分离小鼠的外周血、脾脏、淋巴结、胎盘,分别用流式细胞学、免疫组化、RT-PCR法检测相关组织中的CD4+Foxp3+调节性T细胞的变化。结果:(1)流式检测实验组中同基因孕鼠和异基因孕鼠脾脏的CD4+Foxp3+T细胞占CD4+T细胞的比例较对照组明显增高(P<0.01);但是同基因和异基因孕鼠之间这类细胞比例的变化并无明显差异(P>0.05)。同样,在淋巴结和外周血中也取得类似结果;(2)免疫组化S-P法显示对照组和实验组均可在脾脏、髂淋巴结组织中表达Foxp3,但是对照组Foxp3+调节性细胞的数目显著低于实验组(P<0.01),但是同基因和异基因妊娠组间无明显差异(P>0.05);(3)RT-PCR法从同基因孕鼠和异基因孕鼠的胎盘局部检出Foxp3 mR-NA的表达。中孕期小鼠全身相关组织中CD4+Foxp3+调节性T细胞的比例显著增高,其扩增并非由于父系来源的MHC抗原所致,而是由妊娠本身所介导。另外,在胎盘局部有Foxp3 mRNA的高表达,由此推测CD4+Foxp3+调节性T细胞可能在母胎界面的局部发挥作用,抑制针对胎儿的免疫排斥。     

Beta2‐adrenergic receptor signaling in CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells enhances their suppressive function in a PKA‐dependent manner

Beta2‐adrenergic receptor (B2AR) signaling is known to impair Th1‐cell differentiation and function in a cAMP‐dependent way, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation and decreased production of IL‐2 and IFN‐γ. CD4⁺ Foxp3⁺ Treg cells play a key role in the regulation of immune responses and are essential for maintenance of self‐tolerance. Nevertheless, very little is known about adrenergic receptor expression in Treg cells or the influence of noradrenaline on their function. Here we show that Foxp3⁺ Treg cells express functional B2AR. B2AR activation in Treg cells leads to increased intracellular cAMP levels and to protein kinase A (PKA)‐dependent CREB phosphorylation. We also found that signaling via B2AR enhances the in vitro suppressive activity of Treg cells. B2AR‐mediated increase in Treg‐cell suppressive function was associated with decreased IL‐2 mRNA levels in responder CD4⁺ T cells and improved Treg‐cell‐induced conversion of CD4⁺ Foxp3^? cells into Foxp3⁺ induced Treg cells. Moreover, B2AR signaling increased CTLA‐4 expression in Treg cells in a PKA‐dependent way. Finally, we found that PKA inhibition totally prevented the B2AR‐mediated increase in Treg‐cell suppressive function. Our data suggest that sympathetic fibers are able to regulate Treg‐cell suppressive activity in a positive manner through B2AR signaling.     

Foxp3在CD25+CD4+调节性T细胞发育和功能中作用的研究进展

CD25+CD4+调节性T细胞(Treg)是显性耐受的重要调节细胞,在免疫病理、自身免疫耐受的维持、针对病原体和肿瘤的免疫反应调节过程中发挥着关键的作用.Foxp3作为X染色体编码的叉头蛋白转录因子家族的一员,是Treg发育、分化和功能发挥所必不可少的.研究Foxp3调控机制及其在Treg生物功能中的作用对于Treg和显性耐受的研究具有极其重要的意义.     

Foxp3在CD25+CD4+调节性T细胞发育和功能中作用的研究进展

CD25+CD4+调节性T细胞(Treg)是显性耐受的重要调节细胞,在免疫病理、自身免疫耐受的维持、针对病原体和肿瘤的免疫反应调节过程中发挥着关键的作用.Foxp3作为X染色体编码的叉头蛋白转录因子家族的一员,是Treg发育、分化和功能发挥所必不可少的.研究Foxp3调控机制及其在Treg生物功能中的作用对于Treg和显性耐受的研究具有极其重要的意义.     

Formalin fixation and immunoreactivity in prostate cancer and benign prostatic tissues

Jaraj SJ, Egevad L. Formalin fixation and immunoreactivity in prostate cancer and benign prostatic tissue. APMIS 2010; 118: 383–8. For better fixation, formalin injection of radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens has been suggested. We aimed to assess its effect on immunoreactivity using immunohistochemistry (IHC). A tissue microarray of cancer and benign tissues from 42 RP specimens was constructed. Twenty‐one of the prostates had been injected with formalin prior to formalin immersion. IHC staining was performed using 15 antibodies, including nuclear and cytoplasmic markers known to be positive in prostate tissue: pan cytokeratin, P504S, high molecular weight (HMW) keratin, PSA, vimentin, actin HHF35, thioredoxin‐1, peroxiredoxin‐2, PDX‐1, BAX, p27, androgen receptor (AR) and heat shock proteins (HSP) 27, 60 and 70. Differences in staining intensity in cancer and benign tissues were compared separately except for HMW keratin. Only 7 of 29 analyses showed significant differences between groups, including 5 of 15 antibodies. The expression of AR and HSP 27 was stronger in formalin‐injected tissue, while the opposite was true for HSP 60, HSP 70 and peroxiredoxin‐2. For most antibodies, formalin injection does not significantly affect immunoreactivity in prostate tissue. The staining variability caused by inter‐ and intratumoral heterogeneity may be greater than that caused by the fixation method.     

不同结核病患者CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞表达的变化

目的分析不同结核病患者体内CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋调节性T细胞（Tr）表达的变化,探讨其在结核病免疫中的作用。方法对33例结核病患者以及同期30例健康体检者运用流式细胞术检测其外周血CD4^＋CD25“。“和CIM^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr表达情况。结果结核组CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果分别为（8．84±2．55）％、（6．30±1．38）％,高于对照组（7．09±1．09）％、（5．22±0．64）％,差别有统计学意义（t=3．57,4．01,P〈0．01）;痰涂阳患者CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果分别为（10．52±3．27）％、（7．18±1．77）％,高于痰涂阴患者（8．21±1．94）％、（5．97±1．06）％,两组问差别均具有统计学意义（t=2．51,2．42,P〈0．05）;初治患者和复治患者间CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋检测结果无统计学意义（t=0．03,0．02,P〉0．05）。结论结核病患者体内CD4^＋CD25^high和CD4^＋CD25^＋Foxp3^＋Tr检测结果高于健康人群,提示患者体内存在免疫系统抑制状态。     

CD4~+CD25~(high) Foxp3~+调节性T细胞在新生儿脐血及成人外周血的比较

目的:检测新生儿脐血及成人外周血中CD4+CD25~(high) Foxp3+调节性T细胞(Treg)的比例,探讨Treg在新生儿脐血中的临床意义.方法:采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测30例新生儿脐血单个核细胞中CD4+T细胞、CD4+CD25+/CD4~+、CD4~+CD25~(high) /CD4~+T细胞百分比以及绝对计数,进一步分析CD4~+CD25~+及CD4~+CD25~(high) T细胞中Foxp3~+的百分比,以及利用RT-PCR方法检测Foxp3 mRNA表达水平,并与27例成人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中的上述指标进行比较.结果:与成人PBMC比较,新生儿脐血单个核细胞中CD4~+T细胞百分比及绝对计数均增高(P＜0.01＝;CD4~+CD25~+/CD4~+及CD4~+CD25~(high) /CD4~+百分比减低(P＜0.05＝,但绝对计数增高(P＜0.01＝;新生儿脐血CD4~+CD25~+ 及CD4~+CD25~(high) T细胞中Foxp3~+表达较成人外周血减低(P＜0.01＝;新生儿脐血Foxp3 mRNA表达水平亦较成人外周血减低(P＜0.05＝.结论:新生儿脐血中存在单纯且数量较多的CD4~+CD25~(high) 调节性T细胞,但Foxp3的表达水平低于成人外周血,它们可能具有独特的免疫调节作用,但功能尚未成熟.     

Foxp3转染对大鼠CD4~+T淋巴细胞体外增殖能力的影响

目的 探讨Foxp3基凶转染对大鼠CD4+CD25-T淋巴细胞体外增殖能力的影响.方法 以逆转录病毒载体介导roxp3基凶进入大鼠CD4+CD25-T淋巴细胞,以TGFβ诱导Foxp3基因表达.通过观察报告基因的表达水平及流式细胞仪检测评价转染效率,将转染Foxp3基因的大鼠CD4+CD25-T淋巴细胞、CD4+CD25+T淋巴细胞、大鼠脾脏单个核细胞分别与同系大鼠单个核细胞混合培养,液体闪烁法测定各组细胞增殖水平.结果 Foxp3组增殖水平(3 354.18±203.73)略高于调节性T细胞组(2 919.25 ±137.91),但明显低于空白对照组(12 706.06±967.47).结论 经逆转录病毒介导Foxp3基因可在CD4+CD25-T淋巴细胞高表达,并使该细胞获得与CD4+CD25+T淋巴细胞相似的免疫无能及免疫抑制特性.