乳腺磁共振在乳腺癌诊断治疗中的运用

乳腺MRI具有很好的软组织分辨率和无射线辐射等优点,对乳腺癌的早期诊断和局部分期明显优于乳腺X线摄影和超声检查。随着乳腺癌个体化、规范化综合治疗理念的推广,乳腺MRI在综合治疗中的作用日益受到重视,伴随对乳腺MRI临床应用的开展和研究的深入,其在乳腺癌分期中的评估、保乳手术病例术前的筛选、腋窝淋巴结转移原发不明者的诊断、新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy, NAC)的疗效评估、随访监测中的应用价值也得到了很好的评估。同时,乳腺MRI对肿瘤范围的客观准确的评估也是正确选择治疗方式的依据。     

手术治疗在乳腺癌综合治疗中的地位

 非手术治疗技术的进展使乳腺癌局部和全身控制的效果进一步提高,但是手术治疗仍具有重要作用。早期乳腺癌可选择保乳治疗（部分可选择经乳晕切口的保乳术）、保留皮肤的乳房切除加即刻再造或改良根治术等个体化治疗。局部晚期的乳腺癌可先行新辅助治疗,然后行外科手术治疗。复发、转移乳腺癌的手术治疗对于控制局部症状、改善生活质量具有重要意义,最近的研究还表明可以带来生存获益。目前乳腺癌治疗策略仍然是以外科手术为主的综合治疗,无论从提高生存率还是改善生活质量方面来看,外科手术在乳腺癌的多学科治疗中仍占据核心地位。     

The role of locoregional therapy in inflammatory breast cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of invasive breast cancer. The disease is associated with extensive local disease at the time of initial diagnosis requiring multidisciplinary treatment including neoadjuvant systemic therapy, surgery and comprehensive locoregional therapy. The clinical and pathological response to induction chemotherapy represents an important prognostic factor. IBC is otherwise associated with a high incidence of locoregional recurrence suggesting a critical role also for local modalities, particularly radiotherapy. The use of different schedules of treatment and possible combination approaches are reviewed and discussed.     

Extending neoadjuvant care through multi-disciplinary collaboration: proceedings from the fourth annual meeting of the Canadian Consortium for Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

The use of systemic therapy before surgery (“neoadjuvant therapy”) is the standard of care for the treatment of locally advanced and nonoperable breast cancer. The advantages of neoadjuvant therapy include improved rates of breast-conserving surgery, the possibility of early measurement of response, and potentially improved outcomes for certain subgroups of high-risk patients. The use of neoadjuvant therapy in operable breast cancer is increasing, although there are no clear guidelines in Canada to help guide patient selection and management.Multidisciplinary experts in the diagnosis and treatment of locally advanced breast cancer (labc) converged at the fourth annual meeting of the Canadian Consortium for LABC (colab) to further their goals of improved standards for neoadjuvant care and clinical research through education and collaboration. Canadian clinical researchers were joined by Dr. Michael Untch of the Helios Hospital Berlin–Buch—representing the German neoadjuvant treatment groups German Gynecologic Oncology Working Group (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynakologische Onkologie) and German Breast Group—to discuss the advancement of research in the neoadjuvant setting and important issues of clinical care and investigator-led research. The group reached a consensus on the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration, the use of clips to mark tumour location, and core biopsy testing for the estrogen and progesterone receptors and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 at the time of diagnosis. Other initiatives—including creation of a prospective database, inception of the colab Neoadjuvant Network, and development of a clinical survey to evaluate current practice—continue to further the colab mandate of transforming the neoadjuvant treatment landscape in Canada.     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗的临床研究进展

乳腺癌是全身性疾病,通过手术、放疗、化疗、内分泌等综合治疗可提高疗效。近年乳腺癌新辅助化疗（NCT）引起了肿瘤学界极大的兴趣,一系列的临床研究都希望这一疗法不但能提高保乳,而且能延长总生存期。现就NCT在乳腺癌治疗中的研究进展作一综述。     

中国乳腺癌新辅助治疗专家共识（2022年版）

新辅助治疗已经成为乳腺癌综合治疗中非常重要的组成部分,2019年中国乳腺癌新辅助治疗专家组就新辅助治疗的目的、适应证、评估规范、手术治疗原则及新辅助系统治疗的策略进行了详细探讨和阐述,结合近两年新的循证医学证据和学术理念,对新辅助治疗临床实施规范和治疗原则予以更新和说明。     

HER-2阳性乳腺癌的新辅助治疗现状及展望

人表皮生长因子受体（HER-2）高表达被视为乳腺癌预后不良的重要预测因素,但随着抗HER 2治疗药物研发的进步、新辅助治疗理念的建立及临床经验的积累,其预后已得到改善。新辅助治疗是局部晚期乳腺癌的标准治疗,并被广泛用于可手术的早期患者,以提高保乳率。新辅助治疗与术后辅助治疗同样可以改善患者的无病生存期（DFS）和总生存期（OS）。近年来曲妥珠单抗等抗HER 2靶向药物及治疗方法发展迅速,新辅助治疗为药物的研究和开发提供很好的研究平台,HER-2阳性乳腺癌新辅助治疗相关问题已成为肿瘤学关注的热点问题,本文将对此作一简要综述。     

乳腺癌新辅助内分泌治疗与靶向治疗联合应用研究进展北大核心

新辅助内分泌治疗是雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)阳性乳腺癌患者的一种潜在的治疗选择,但由于缺乏与新辅助化疗疗效的对比和治疗持续时间的可靠数据,且病理完全缓解率(pathological complete response,pCR)低,目前仅在年老体弱的患者中使用。然而,靶向药物如细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶(Cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK)4/6抑制剂、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)抑制剂等结合内分泌治疗,已经在晚期乳腺癌的治疗中取得了成功,为患者带来了显著的获益。在早期乳腺癌的新辅助治疗中,内分泌治疗联合靶向治疗仍处于研究阶段,最近的数据展现出了有希望的应用前景。本文旨在评估新辅助内分泌治疗联合靶向治疗在ER阳性乳腺癌治疗中的现状,希望为后续的临床研究及应用提供参考。     

Updates in Neoadjuvant Therapy for Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer refers to systemic therapy administered prior to definitive surgery. It was originally developed for patients with locally advanced breast cancer (stage III) with the intention of downstaging unresectable tumors, and decreasing the extent of surgical intervention, including axillary lymph node dissection. For patients with inflammatory breast cancer, neoadjuvant therapy is considered a standard of care. Increasingly, the neoadjuvant setting is being utilized to accelerate drug development and approval in triple negative breast cancer, a diverse and aggressive subgroup for which no approved targeted therapies are currently available. This review discusses the use of pathologic complete response as a clinical trial endpoint, the use of imaging and biomarkers to predict response to therapy, and standard of care treatment for triple negative breast cancer. Finally, we review novel targets and drug trials in the neoadjuvant setting.     

De-escalating and escalating treatments for early-stage breast cancer: the St. Gallen International Expert Consensus Conference on the Primary Therapy of Early Breast Cancer 2017

The 15th St. Gallen International Breast Cancer Conference 2017 in Vienna, Austria reviewed substantial new evidence on loco-regional and systemic therapies for early breast cancer. Treatments were assessed in light of their intensity, duration and side-effects, seeking where appropriate to escalate or de-escalate therapies based on likely benefits as predicted by tumor stage and tumor biology. The Panel favored several interventions that may reduce surgical morbidity, including acceptance of 2 mm margins for DCIS, the resection of residual cancer (but not baseline extent of cancer) in women undergoing neoadjuvant therapy, acceptance of sentinel node biopsy following neoadjuvant treatment of many patients, and the preference for neoadjuvant therapy in HER2 positive and triple-negative, stage II and III breast cancer. The Panel favored escalating radiation therapy with regional nodal irradiation in high-risk patients, while encouraging omission of boost in low-risk patients. The Panel endorsed gene expression signatures that permit avoidance of chemotherapy in many patients with ER positive breast cancer. For women with higher risk tumors, the Panel escalated recommendations for adjuvant endocrine treatment to include ovarian suppression in premenopausal women, and extended therapy for postmenopausal women. However, low-risk patients can avoid these treatments. Finally, the Panel recommended bisphosphonate use in postmenopausal women to prevent breast cancer recurrence. The Panel recognized that recommendations are not intended for all patients, but rather to address the clinical needs of the majority of common presentations. Individualization of adjuvant therapy means adjusting to the tumor characteristics, patient comorbidities and preferences, and managing constraints of treatment cost and access that may affect care in both the developed and developing world.     

Magnetic resonance imaging: A potential tool in assessing the addition of hyperthermia to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer

The poor overall survival for patients with locally advanced breast cancers has led over the past decade to the introduction of numerous neoadjuvant combined therapy regimens to down-stage the disease before surgery. At the same time, more evidence suggests the need for treatment individualisation with a wide variety of new targets for cancer therapeutics and also multi modality therapies. In this context, early determination of whether the patient will fail to respond can enable the use of alternative therapies that can be more beneficial. The purpose of this review is to examine the potential role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in early prediction of treatment response and prognosis of overall survival in locally advanced breast cancer patients enrolled on multi modality therapy trials that include hyperthermia. The material is organised with a review of dynamic contrast (DCE)-MRI and diffusion weighted (DW)-MRI for characterisation of phenomenological parameters of tumour physiology and their potential role in estimating therapy response. Most of the work published in this field has focused on responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens alone, so the emphasis will be there, however the available data that involves the addition of hyperthermia to the regimen will be discussed The review will also include future directions that include the potential use of MRI imaging techniques in establishing the role of hyperthermia alone in modifying breast tumour microenvironment, together with specific challenges related to performing such studies.     

Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of breast cancer

Sentinel node localization is the second most important development in this century after conservative lumpectomy for the treatment of early breast cancer. The sentinel node mapping is a new multidisciplinary approach for staging of axilla in an accurate and less morbid way as compared to axillary node dissection. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast cancer has been adopted rapidly into clinical practice. The accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy is more than 95%, when performed meticulously (by an experienced multidisciplinary team) with proper patient selection. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is most widely used for both palpable and non-palpable T1 and T2 tumors. Recent studies show application of sentinel lymph node technique in patients with locally advanced breast cancer and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Therefore, sentinel lymph node biopsy technique has application in developing countries and other countries where screening for breast cancer is not common and most patients present relatively in advanced stage of the disease. Several aspects of the sentinel lymph node biopsy including technique, case selection, pathologic analysis and accuracy with supportive important studies published in the literature will be discussed in this review.     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma: multidisciplinary considerations of benefits and risks

BACKGROUND: The majority of patients with breast carcinoma receive chemotherapy as a component of multimodality treatment. Over the past decade, it has become increasingly more common to deliver chemotherapy first, but this has raised new questions within all disciplines of cancer management. METHODS: The authors reviewed published studies on the effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma on the practice of medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, pathology, and radiology. RESULTS: Treating breast carcinoma with neoadjuvant chemotherapy has several advantages, such as providing the earliest possible treatment against preexisting micrometastases, offering selected patients breast conservation therapy, and allowing for measurement of disease response, which can then be used to customize subsequent chemotherapy. However, neoadjuvant chemotherapy affects the practice not only of medical oncology, but also has important implications for the specialties of surgery, radiology, pathology, and radiation oncology. The current review addressed the new opportunities and challenges within the multidisciplinary care of breast carcinoma provided by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The complexity of the issues led the authors to conclude that patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy are likely to benefit from a coordinated multidisciplinary approach to their care.     

Management of elderly patients with breast cancer: updated recommendations of the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) and European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA)

As the mean age of the global population increases, breast cancer in older individuals will be increasingly encountered in clinical practice. Management decisions should not be based on age alone. Establishing recommendations for management of older individuals with breast cancer is challenging because of very limited level 1 evidence in this heterogeneous population. In 2007, the International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) created a task force to provide evidence-based recommendations for the management of breast cancer in elderly individuals. In 2010, a multidisciplinary SIOG and European Society of Breast Cancer Specialists (EUSOMA) task force gathered to expand and update the 2007 recommendations. The recommendations were expanded to include geriatric assessment, competing causes of mortality, ductal carcinoma in situ, drug safety and compliance, patient preferences, barriers to treatment, and male breast cancer. Recommendations were updated for screening, primary endocrine therapy, surgery, radiotherapy, neoadjuvant and adjuvant systemic therapy, and metastatic breast cancer.     

Future use of bevacizumab and other anti-angiogenic agents in breast cancer

Bevacizumab, the first commercially available angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of breast cancer, offers significant clinical benefits in the management of this disease. When combined with paclitaxel as first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer, it significantly increases both median progression-free survival and 1-year survival when compared with treatment with paclitaxel alone. Furthermore, the addition of bevacizumab to capecitabine in patients with more refractory advanced breast cancer was also found to be clinically active, significantly increasing response rate but not extending progression-free survival. Both the mechanism of action of bevacizumab and its clinical activity in advanced disease suggest that it should be active in adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor should inhibit the growth of existing micrometastases following surgery (adjuvant therapy), and could enhance patient eligibility for breast conservation by decreasing tumour size (neoadjuvant therapy). A clinical trial programme is underway to evaluate the role of bevacizumab in combination with other anticancer agents in the first-line metastatic, adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer.     

免疫治疗研究进展及其在三阴性乳腺癌中的应用CSCD

针对侵袭性强的恶性肿瘤,目前在免疫治疗领域产生了很多潜在的新治疗策略。三阴性乳腺癌研究领域最重要的突破是明确其免疫表型和特征,设计出新的、有针对性的免疫调节靶点来进行治疗。研究最多的是免疫检查点抑制剂的应用,在晚期三阴性乳腺癌解救治疗和早期三阴性乳腺癌新辅助治疗中取得良好疗效。本研究对癌症免疫治疗研究进展及其在三阴性乳腺癌中的应用,尤其是免疫检查点抑制剂与化疗、放疗和靶向治疗联合使用的疗效等进行综述。     

Evolving Treatment Options and Future Directions for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Locally advanced rectal cancer can be biologically heterogeneous, but imaging advances have improved clinical assessment of primary tumor and involved lymph nodes in relation to pelvic structures and intended surgical planes. Contemporary treatment for rectal cancer is tailored to the individual patient through multidisciplinary collaboration among diagnosticians, surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists to minimize local recurrence and distant metastases. Furthermore, patient preferences and quality of life preservation are becoming more relevant in the decision-making, and upcoming treatment strategies specifically are designed to minimize toxicities and long-term morbidity. Accumulating data have continued to support the use of total neoadjuvant therapy, namely the completion of: (1) multiagent cytotoxic chemotherapy; and (2) pelvic radiation with or without a radiosensitizing agent, before surgery. The total neoadjuvant therapy strategy not only eliminates potentially occult metastases early but also opens up the possibility of nonsurgical management for those who decline or are unfit for surgery. Finally, noncytotoxic agents in combination with established chemotherapy agents along with potentially predictive biomarkers are also being actively investigated to further improve the clinical outcomes of rectal cancer.     

Evolving Role of Risk Tailored Therapy in Early Stage HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: A Canadian Perspective

The advent of HER2-targeted therapies has led to an important shift in the management of HER2-positive early breast cancer. However, initial treatment approaches apply uniform treatment regimens to all patients, with significant treatment-related and financial toxicities for both the patient and the health care system. Recent data demonstrates that for many patients, the chemotherapy backbone, duration and nature (mono- versus dual-targeted therapy) of the HER2 blockade can be better targeted to an individual patient’s risk of recurrence. We will provide a review of current data supporting risk tailored therapy in early stage HER2-positive breast cancer along with key completed and ongoing Canadian and international risk tailored trials. Neoadjuvant systemic therapy should now be considered for patients with clinical stage 2 disease, with greater use of non-anthracycline based chemotherapy regimens. Patients with residual disease following neoadjuvant therapy should be considered for escalated treatment with adjuvant T-DM1. Patients with stage I disease can often be managed with upfront surgery and evidence-based de-escalated adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. The modest benefit of 12- versus 6 months of adjuvant HER2 therapy and/or dual adjuvant HER2 therapy should be carefully weighed against the toxicities. All patients with HER2-positive breast cancer should be enrolled in ongoing risk tailored treatment trials whenever possible. Increasing data supports risk tailored therapy in early stage HER2-positive breast cancer in place of the routine application of aggressive and toxic systemic therapy regimens to all patients. While much progress has been made towards treatment de-escalation in appropriate patients, more is needed, as we highlight in this review. Indeed, Canadian-led clinical trials are helping to lead these efforts.     

Staging of breast cancer in the neoadjuvant setting

The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has become more prevalent in the treatment of breast cancer patients. The finding of a pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (no evidence of residual invasive cancer in the breast and lymph nodes at the time of surgical resection) has been shown to correlate with improved survival. The current version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging for breast cancer has a pretreatment clinical stage designation that is determined by clinical and radiographic examination of the patient and a postoperative pathologic stage classification based on the findings in the breast and regional lymph nodes removed at surgery. Pathologic staging has not been validated for patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy; thus, prognosis is determined for these patients based on the pretreatment clinical stage. We hypothesized that clinical and pathologic staging variables could be combined with biological tumor markers to provide a novel means of determining prognosis for patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Two scoring systems, based on summing binary indicators for clinical and pathologic substages, negative estrogen receptor status, and grade 3 tumor pathology, were devised to predict 5-year patient outcomes. These scoring systems facilitated separation of the study population into more refined subgroups by outcome than the current AJCC staging system for breast cancer, and provide a novel means for evaluating prognosis after neoadjuvant therapy.     

Controversies in breast conservation treatment for breast cancer

Breast conservation treatment has become the standard treatment for early breast cancer patients, after the equivalence of mastectomy and breast conservation treatment was demonstrated in prospective, randomized trials and large retrospective studies. New questions, such as the feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in improving breast conserving rate, the appropriateness of breast conservation treatment in ductal carcinoma in situ, the effectiveness of radiation therapy in patients treated by breast conservation, and patient selection for breast conservation without radiation, are now being raised. Future work that needs to be done to answer these questions is discussed in this review.