阴道骶骨固定术手术途径的发展现况

盆腔器官脱垂(POP)属于盆底功能障碍性疾病(PFD)的一种,是中老年妇女的常见病,虽对患者生命尚不构成威胁,但是其从多方面影响患者的生活质量及心理健康。POP的治疗方式可分为保守治疗及手术治疗,手术治疗主要分为传统手术及重建手术。受制于传统手术不可逆转的弊端及术后高复发率,并且近年随着手术技术及器械的进步,重建手术日益发展。其中阴道骶骨固定术是治疗POP的金标准术式,手术途径由传统开腹手术逐渐发展为损伤更小的腹腔镜或经阴道途径,随着达芬奇手术机器人的问世,机器人辅助的腹腔镜手术亦成为一种选择。但是各种术式的手术结局、术中及术后并发症各不相同,且尚无统一定论。综述阴道骶骨固定术的手术途径,为相关临床决策的制定提供依据。     

2018年度普通本科高校青年创新人才（UNPYSCT-2018229）

随着年龄、肥胖以及分娩等多种危险因素的增加,盆腔器官脱垂（POP）已经成为成年女性的常见疾病。而POP的治疗与管理具有明显的个体性与多样性,需根据患者个体情况从多种策略中选择最优策略。其中手术策略也从最初的开腹手术发展为腹腔镜微创技术,以及现在的机器人微创技术。机器人辅助腹部骶骨固定术（RASC）作为新兴的手术技术越来越受到关注。近期研究表明,RASC不但具有失血少、内部恢复快、补片暴露风险小等优点,而且其术后短中期修复效果与经腹骶骨固定术（ASC）相当。虽然RASC存在较长的学习曲线、长期疗效尚未明确以及高成本等局限,但随着该技术的发展这些问题将逐渐被克服。     

Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery for Sacrocolpopexy: A Pilot Study of 26 Cases

Study Objective

To describe the surgical technique and short-term outcomes for 26 cases of transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) sacrocolpopexy for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

First report comparing the two types of single-incision robotic sacrocolpopexy: Single site using the da Vinci Xi or Si system and single port using the da Vinci SP system

ObjectiveThe gold standard procedure for treating patients with apical pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is sacrocolpopexy. However, no report comparing the two types of single-incision robotic sacrocolpopexy, namely, single-site robotic sacrocolpopexy (SS-RSC) and single-port robotic sacrocolpopexy (SP-RSC) exists. Therefore, we compared the safety and effectiveness of SS-RSC and SP-RSC.Materials and methodsIn this study, 48 patients who underwent single-incision RSC, 40 non-consecutive patients who underwent SS-RSC, and 8 consecutive patients who underwent SP-RSC for symptomatic POP quantification stage III–IV and were eligible for the 1-year follow-up (FU) were included. We compared the surgical time and operative outcomes of SS-RSC and SP-RSC. We also compared the data of the initial 8 cases in each group.ResultsThe mean patient age was 59.2 ± 11.0 years and 66.1 ± 8.0 years in the SS-RSC (n = 40) and SP-RSC (n = 8) groups, respectively. The mean operative time (OT) and console time were comparable between the SS-RSC and SP-RSC groups (135.3 ± 31.6 min vs 141.8 ± 23.5 min; 94.6 ± 32.2 min vs 89 ± 9.5 min, respectively). The docking time and cervix suturing time were short in the SP-RSC group (P < 0.05). However, in the analysis of the initial 8 cases in each group, all surgical times except the cervix suturing time were shorter in the SP-RSC group (P < 0.05). Three cases had intraoperative bladder injury (two [5.0%] in the SS-RSC and one [12.5%] in the SP-RSC group). Two cases (5.0%) had umbilical incisional hernia in the SS-RSC group. Two cases had vaginal mesh erosion on the posterior vaginal wall, with 1 case in each group. One case (2.5%) experienced a recurrence of POP; an anterior compartment POP-Q stage 2 following SS-RSC at the 4-week FU.ConclusionSingle-incision RSC, both SS-RSC and SP-RSC, is a feasible and effective surgical option for treating symptomatic apical POP with an aesthetic finish.     

Surgical Outcomes of Paravaginal Repair After Robotic Sacrocolpopexy

Study Objective

To evaluate surgical outcomes of robotic sacrocolpopexy with and without paravaginal repair for pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Outcomes of Robotic Sacrocolpopexy Using Barbed Delayed Absorbable Sutures

Study ObjectiveTo evaluate 1-year outcomes of robotic sacrocolpopexy (RSC) for pelvic organ prolapse using barbed delayed absorbable sutures.DesignRetrospective cohort study (Class II-3).SettingsUniversity-based hospital in Southeast Texas.PatientsPatients with symptomatic apical pelvic organ prolapse who underwent RSC using barbed delayed absorbable sutures between January 2011 and August 2012. Patients were examined postoperatively at least twice (after 6 weeks and 1 year).InterventionsRSC procedure.Measurements and Main ResultsThe study included a total of 20 patients, of them 15 had grades 3 or 4 whereas 5 had grade 2 apical defects according to the Baden-Walker classification system. Fourteen patients (70%) underwent concomitant hysterectomy while 9 (45%) underwent concomitant anti-incontinence surgery. Mesh suturing times were 46.9 ± 12.6 and 20.5 ± 9.3 minutes in the first 10 versus the last 10 cases, respectively (p < .001). The mean follow-up duration was 17.3 months (range, 12–24 months). There were no recurrences of apical defects or mesh/suture exposure/erosion. However, 1 patient developed a grade 2 cystocele, and another developed new-onset urinary incontinence, both after 1 year. A third patient’s urine leakage did not improve postoperatively. Lastly, a fourth patient developed port site incisional hernia and underwent repair 5 months later.ConclusionOur study suggests that barbed delayed absorbable sutures are safe and effective in RCS procedures over 1 year. Larger, comparative, and randomized trials are recommended for definitive conclusions.     

Mesh Exposure After Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pelvic Floor Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study

Study Objective

To prospectively evaluate the mesh exposure rate after robot-assisted laparoscopic pelvic floor surgery for the treatment of female pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in a large cohort.

Medium-Term Anatomical and Functional Results of Isolated Laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexy for Female Pelvic Organ Prolapse during the Early Learning Curve

BackgroundLaparoscopic repair of female pelvic organ prolapse is a technically challenging surgery, especially for the beginners.MethodsWe performed a follow-up study of women who underwent laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy or sacrohysteropexy (LSCP/LSHP) for pelvic organ prolapse between January 2015 and October 2019. We analysed anatomical and subjective success rates, peri-operative complications and medium-term complications.ResultsTwenty women underwent LSCP/LSHP with average follow-up of 16 months. Anatomical success rate was 95%, and subjective success rate was 90%. Blood loss averaged at 24 ml. Majority of women (90%) reported improvement in their symptoms and 10% reported no change in symptoms. There were no mesh complications.ConclusionLaparoscopic sacrocolpopexy is an effective and safe surgery for female pelvic organ prolapse even by beginners.     

Sacrocolpopexy for vault prolapse and rectocele: do concomitant Burch colposuspension and perineal mesh detachment affect the outcome?

OBJECTIVE: This study compares the effect of abdominal sacrocolpopexy with posterior Teflon mesh interposition with and without concomitant Burch colposuspension on the posterior compartment. STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective review includes 49 consecutive women who underwent sacrocolpopexy for vault or uterine prolapse stage 2 or higher and rectocele; 25 of them had a concomitant Burch colposuspension for urodynamic stress incontinence. Postoperative bladder, bowel and sexual function and recurrent pelvic organ prolapse was assessed at > or =12 months. RESULTS: There was no recurrent vault prolapse. Rectoceles (stage 2) recurred in 5 women (21%) without and in 8 women (36%) with Burch colposuspension ( P > .05). The mesh became detached by >2 cm from its perineal position in 30% of the cases, which was associated with excessive defecation straining ( P = .04). Rectocele stages significantly correlated with mesh detachment ( P > .001) but not with obstructed defecation ( P > .05). CONCLUSION: Sacrocolpopexy was effective if the mesh did not become detached from its perineal position. Concomitant Burch colposuspension did not seem to affect the posterior compartment adversely in this small case series.     

Assessment of Synthetic Glue for Mesh Attachment in Laparoscopic Sacrocolpopexy: A Prospective Multicenter Pilot Study

Study Objective

To assess the anatomic efficacy and safety of synthetic glue to fix prosthetic material in laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy.

Sacrocolpopexy for Treatment of Vaginal Apical Prolapse: Evidence-Based Surgery

Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition that negatively affects womens' quality of life. Sacrocolpopexy is an abdominal procedure designed to treat apical compartment prolapse including uterine or vaginal vault prolapse and multiple-compartment prolapse. Although traditionally performed as an open abdominal procedure, minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy, whether laparoscopic or robotic, has been successfully adopted in the practice of many pelvic reconstructive surgeons. There are many variations to this procedure, with different levels of evidence to support each of them. Herein we review the current literature on sacrocolpopexy, with emphasis on the minimally invasive approach. Procedural steps and controversies are examined in light of the existing literature, and recommendations are made on the basis of the level of existing evidence.     

Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy in the treatment of vaginal vault prolapse: 8 years experience

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of a laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for the treatment of vaginal vault prolapse.

Study design

Between January 1999 and January 2007, 165 laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy procedures, using a polypropylene mesh, were performed on women affected by vaginal vault prolapse.Intraoperative complications included: 5 bladder injuries and 3 sigmoid perforations. Postoperative complications included: 10 cases of fever, 5 cases of lumbosciatica, 15 cases of detrusor overactivity, 2 cases of vaginal haematoma, and 5 cases of minimal dispareunia.At 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery, a clinical evaluation was carried out for all patients. After this period, we contacted the women annually.

Results

We treated 165 women, with an average age of 67 (range 58–76 years; S.D. 19.22), average parity of 3 (range 2–5), and average body mass index of 28 (range 24–30). In many of them, more than one additional procedure was performed.At a median follow-up of 43 months (range 6–96 months), out of a total of 138 patients (27 were lost at follow-up), we obtained successful treatment in 131 women (success rate of 94.9%), with a high rate of satisfaction from the procedure. Recurrent vaginal vault prolapse was registered in seven women (5.07%): in 3, the vaginal vault collapsed after a period ranging from 7 to 20 days, caused by the use of a Vyprol mesh (hence use of same was suspended), and in a further three women the mesh detached after less than 1 month. Finally, in one case, we reported an erosion between the first and the second follow-up and the mesh was visualized in the vagina.

Conclusions

Our study shows that laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy, in the hands of an expert surgeon, can be considered a safe, effective procedure for the treatment of vaginal vault prolapse, allowing long-term anatomical restoration (94.9% success rate).     

Pelvic Organ Support Study (POSST): the distribution, clinical definition, and epidemiologic condition of pelvic organ support defects

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of pelvic organ support in a gynecologic clinic population to define the clinical disease state of pelvic organ prolapse and to analyze its epidemiologic condition. STUDY DESIGN: This was a multicenter observational study. Subjects who were seen at outpatient gynecology clinics who required an annual gynecologic examination underwent a pelvic organ prolapse quantification examination and completed a prolapse symptom questionnaire. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to define pelvic organ prolapse with the use of symptoms and pelvic organ prolapse quantification examination measures. Standard age-adjusted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to evaluate various relationships. RESULTS: The population consisted of 1004 women who were aged 18 to 83 years. The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse quantification stages was 24% (stage 0), 38% (stage 1), 35% (stage 2), and 2% (stage 3). The definition of pelvic organ prolapse that was determined by the receiver operator characteristic curve was the leading edge of their vaginal wall that was -0.5 cm above the hymenal remnants. Multivariate analysis revealed age, Hispanic race, increasing body mass index, and the increasing weight of the vaginally delivered fetus as risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse, as defined in this population. CONCLUSION: The results from this population suggest that there is a bell-shaped distribution of pelvic organ support in a gynecologic clinic population. Advancing age, Hispanic race, increasing body mass index, and the increasing weight of the vaginally delivered fetus have the strongest correlations with prolapse.     

Impact of total vaginal mesh surgery for pelvic organ prolapse on female sexual function

Objective

To evaluate the short-term impact of surgical repair with total transvaginal mesh (TVM) on sexual function among women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

Methods

Twenty-seven sexually active women who underwent total TVM procedures for symptomatic POP at Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital between 2007 and 2010 were included in the retrospective study. Preoperative and postoperative assessments included pelvic examination using the POP quantification (POP-Q) system, urodynamic studies, and a personal interview to evaluate urinary and sexual symptoms via the urogenital distress inventory (UDI-6), incontinence impact questionnaire (IIQ-7), and female sexual function index (FSFI).

Results

The mean patient age was 51.4 years (range 36–68 years) and the mean parity was 2.7 (range 0–4). Regarding POP-Q parameters, there were significant improvements at points Aa, Ba, C, Ap, and Bp after surgery (P < 0.001). Similarly, the UDI-6 and IIQ-7 scores significantly dropped postoperatively (P < 0.01). After surgery, the scores for the dyspareunia and the lubrication domains of FSFI worsened significantly (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in other domains (desire, arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, and total score; P > 0.05). Two-thirds (66.7%) of women had a lower total FSFI score postoperatively.

Conclusion

TVM surgery was found to contribute successfully to the anatomic correction of POP, but individual domains of sexual function sometimes worsened.     

Laparoscopic Excision of Sacrocolpopexy Mesh

Study ObjectiveTo demonstrate surgical maneuvers to facilitate laparoscopic excision of sacrocolpopexy mesh and prevent potential complications.DesignStep-by-step illustration of various surgical techniques using a video compiled from 3 laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy mesh excision procedures performed at Magee–Womens Hospital for various indications (Canadian Task Force classification xx-xx).SettingMesh complications such as infection and erosion are frequently managed conservatively but often necessitate mesh excision for symptom relief. Laparoscopic excision of sacrocolpopexy mesh procedures is typically challenging, even in the hands of experienced surgeons. Synthetic mesh, being a foreign body, activates an inflammatory process that leads to surrounding tissue fibrosis and scar tissue formation that can distort the pelvic anatomy, thereby putting vital organs at risk of injury. Such organs include the bladder, rectum, and vagina caudally; the left common iliac vein and middle sacral vessels cephalad; and the ureters at the level of the vaginal cuff angles.InterventionLaparoscopic excision of sacrocolpopexy mesh.ConclusionWhen planning laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy mesh excision, complications can be prevented with use of proper surgical technique. It is important to identify vital structures because they may be displaced due to tissue fibrosis. When developing various surgical planes, surgeons should first operate in areas that are free of adhesions. This will enhance exposure when dissecting the mesh in proximity of scarred tissue and vital organs. Use of vaginal and rectal probes helps to delineate the vesicovaginal and rectovaginal spaces to prevent bladder and bowel injury.     

Surgical repair of pelvic organ prolapse and follow-up: An institutional multi-center experience

AIM: To investigate the effects of the Elevate Anterior and Posterior transvaginal mesh procedure on 30 patients affected by pelvic organ prolapse (POP) at 12 mo follow-up. METHODS: Between September 2011 and September 2012, a prospective multicenter observational study enrolled 30 consecutive patients with POP-Q ≥ stage II. After a preoperative evaluation, patients underwent prolapse repair utilizing the Elevate Anterior and Posterior Prolapse Repair System (American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN, United States). Operative technique was standardized and performed by the same surgical team under spinal or general anesthesia. Patients were evaluated postoperatively at 1, 3, 6 and 12 mo. RESULTS: All 30 patients completed the 12 mo follow-up. The mean age was 65.3 years (range 49-81 years) and average hospital stay was 4.5 d. The mean operative time was 65 min (range 40-120 min). Related adverse events reported were mesh extrusions (6.7%) and post void residual urine volume (13.3%). There were no visceral injuries, no infection of the mesh, and no symptoms of recurrent prolapse. All quality-of-life scores significantly improved from baseline. CONCLUSION: One year’s follow-up of our 30 patients confirms the safety and the efficacy of the Elevate Anterior and Posterior transvaginal mesh procedure for POP treatment. Our final results are comforting but longer term follow-up is ongoing.     

Prevention of complications related to the use of prosthetic meshes in prolapse surgery: guidelines for clinical practice

The objective of the study was to provide guidelines for clinical practice from the French College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (CNGOF), based on the best evidence available, concerning adverse events related to surgical procedures involving the use of prosthetic meshes. French and English-language articles from Medline, PubMed, and the Cochrane Database were searched, using key words (mesh; pelvic organ prolapse; cystocele; rectocele; uterine prolapse; complications; adverse event; sacral colpopexy; extrusion; infection).     

Effects of Pneumoperitoneum and the Steep Trendelenburg Position on Heart Rate Variability and Cerebral Oxygenation during Robotic Sacrocolpopexy

Study Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate how steep Trendelenburg positioning with pneumoperitoneum modifies brain oxygenation and autonomic nervous system modulation of heart rate variability during robotic sacrocolpopexy.

Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the proposed International Continence Society, Society of Gynecologic Surgeons, and American Urogynecologic Society pelvic organ prolapse classification system

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the intraobserver and interobserver reliability of site-specific measurements and stages with the proposed International Continence Society, Society of Gynecologic Surgeons, and American Urogynecologic Society 1994 draft prolapse terminology document. STUDY DESIGN: Women who completed informed consent procedures underwent pelvic examinations by two investigators, each blinded to the results of the other's examination. The reproducibility of the nine site-specific measurements and the summary stage and substage were analyzed with Spearman's correlation coefficient (r_s) and Kendel τ B Correlation Coefficient (τ_b), respectively. Similar analyses were performed on supine and upright examinations performed at two different times by one examiner. RESULTS: Experienced examiners averaged 2.05 minutes per examination and new examiners averaged 3.73 minutes. In the study of interobserver reliability, 48 subjects, mean age 61 ± 14 years, parity 3 ± 2, weight 74 ± 31 kg, comprised the study population. Correlations for each of the nine measurements were substantial and highly significant (r_s 0.817, 0.895, 0.522, 0.767, 0.746, 0.747, 0.913, 0.514, and 0.488, p = 0.0008 to <0.0001). Staging and substaging were highly reproducible (τ_b 0.702 and 0.652). In no subject did the stage vary by more than one; in 69% stages were identical. In the study of intraobserver reliability, for 25 subjects correlations for each of the nine measurements were equally strong (r_s 0.780, 0.934, 0.765, 0.759, 0.859, 0.826, 0.812, 0.659, 0.431). Measurements from the upright examinations reflected greater prolapse. Staging and substaging were highly reproducible (τ_b 0.712 and 0.712). In no subject did the stage vary by more than one; in 64% stages were identical. All stage discrepancies represented an increase in the upright position. CONCLUSIONS: There is good reproducibility of measures with the proposed system. The data suggest that the reliability is independent of examiner experience. Patient position is likely important in maximizing the severity of the prolapse. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1467-71.)