林奇综合征患者子宫内膜癌及卵巢癌的筛查与预防

患有林奇综合征(Lynch syndrome,LS)的妇女终生患子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌风险大幅增加.而子宫内膜癌或卵巢癌可以是LS患者的首发恶性肿瘤,也可以是第二原发恶性肿瘤.LS相关子宫内膜癌主要类型是子宫内膜样腺癌.近年来,有关LS相关子宫内膜癌及卵巢癌的筛查研究较少,主要是通过门诊子宫内膜活检、微卫星高不稳定性(mi...     

林奇综合征相关卵巢癌新进展

林奇综合征（Lynch syndrome,LS）是一种常染色体显性肿瘤综合征,是由DNA错配修复（MMR）基因中的一个胚系突变使细胞具有高微卫星不稳定表型（MSI-H）的超突变或缺乏MMR蛋白表达从而引起肿瘤的发生。突变携带者具有罹患结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌等一系列恶性肿瘤的高风险。虽然LS中最常见的是结直肠癌,但约有60％的LS首发癌为妇科恶性肿瘤（如子宫内膜癌、卵巢癌等）,且其被诊断年龄较早、组织病理学大多为子宫内膜样或非浆液性类型、总体存活率良好。因此及时发现LS相关卵巢癌（LSAOC）这一亚类,对于预防LS患者其他肿瘤的发生,提高LS患者的生存率具有重要意义。目前关于LS的发病机制、组织病理学等方面不断有新的探索,现就LSAOC的早期诊断、组织病理学、筛查及降低风险方案的最新进展进行综述。     

Lynch综合征与妇科肿瘤

Lynch综合征又称遗传性非息肉性结直肠癌综合征(hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC),属常染色体显性遗传性疾病,由DNA错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)基因突变引起。Lynch综合征根据有无肠外肿瘤分为Ⅰ型（无肠外肿瘤）和Ⅱ型（有肠外肿瘤）,Ⅰ型仅表现为结直肠癌;Ⅱ型除结直肠癌外,还表现为多样性肠外肿瘤,常见有子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌,在某些Lynch综合征Ⅱ型患者的家族中还有其他恶性肿瘤的发生,如输尿管和肾盂的移行细胞癌、胃癌、小肠癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌、脑肿瘤、皮肤癌等。在子宫内膜癌患者中,约5％的患者与遗传因素有关,其中Lynch综合征占大多数[1];在卵巢癌患者中,5％～10％的患者与遗传有关,其中BRCA1、BRCA2基因突变引起的遗传性乳腺癌-卵巢癌综合征(HBOCS)和Lynch综合征Ⅱ型占大多数。目前,有关Lynch综合征相关性结直肠癌的发病过程和分子学特征研究较多,而Lynch综合征相关性妇科肿瘤的研究较少。本文对Lynch综合征相关性子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌的诊断、发病风险、临床病理特征、筛查及预防进行综述。     

林奇综合征相关子宫内膜癌研究进展

林奇综合征（lynch syndrome,LS）是一种常染色体显性遗传病,既往称为遗传性非息肉病性结直肠癌（hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC）,是由DNA错配修复（mismatch repair,MMR）基因MLH1、MSH2、MSH6和PMS2的胚系突变引起。LS患者有多种癌变倾向、发病低龄化及家族易感性,可同时或异时发生结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌（endometrial cancer,EC）、卵巢癌、胃癌和乳腺癌等,女性患者中EC与之最为密切,目前我国对于LS相关EC（LS-EC）认识尚不足,并未形成完整的诊疗标准或指南。为提高对LS-EC的认识,综述LS-EC的分子机制、临床病理特征、筛查及诊断、临床治疗手段、预防等。     

遗传性乳腺癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌的预防性手术现状

遗传性乳腺癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌是三种常染色体位点遗传性疾病;表现为遗传性乳腺癌综合征（HBC）,遗传怀乳腺－卵巢癌综合征（HBOC）和遗传性非息肉结直肠癌综合征（HNPCC）。对此具有肿瘤家族遗传倾向的高危人群实施预防性手术可降低肿瘤的发生率,提高预后生存率。     

遗传性妇科肿瘤致病基因携带者的肿瘤筛查

<正>卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、子宫颈癌是最常见的女性三大恶性肿瘤。遗传性乳腺癌-卵巢癌综合征(hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes, HBOCS)、林奇综合征(Lynch syndromes, LS)、Cowden综合征和黑斑息肉综合征(Peutz-Jeghers syndromes, PJS)与遗传性卵巢癌、子宫内膜癌、子宫颈癌相关。据统计，     

Lynch综合征相关肿瘤概述

Lynch综合征是一种已被公认的遗传性肿瘤综合征,是引起遗传性结直肠癌最常见的病因,也是目前唯一已知的遗传性子宫内膜癌的病因,Lynch综合征相关肿瘤还包括卵巢癌、胃癌、尿路上皮癌和小肠癌等。虽然已明确Lynch综合征的发病机制是错配修复缺陷和微卫星不稳定性,但是近年来其诊断和分子发病机制方面不断有新的进展,提示不同的错配修复基因缺陷对应着不同的Lynch综合征相关肿瘤及不同的发病率,对患者的监测产生着新的影响,治疗手段也在不断丰富和改进,如利用微卫星不稳定性的免疫效应治疗Lynch综合征相关肿瘤已取得了积极的成果。介绍Lynch综合征的遗传学特征、筛查诊断、其相关肿瘤的临床病理特征及治疗,重点阐述该综合征的最新进展。     

Lynch综合征相关子宫内膜癌诊断的思考和化学治疗的进展

Lynch综合征是一种常染色体显性遗传性疾病,是由于DNA错配修复基因MMR的胚系突变导致家系成员具有肿瘤易感性,相关肿瘤包括结直肠癌和子宫内膜癌等。女性Lynch综合征患者终身患子宫内膜癌的风险高达30%～60%。目前广泛接受的是以IHC或MSI检测为中心进行普查,结合基因检测得到确诊。排除MLHI甲基化后,IHC和基因检测常出现结果不一致的情况,这部分患者为Lynch样综合征,主要来源于体细胞MMR突变。Lynch综合征患者除预防性手术外,还可通过阿司匹林、口服避孕药等药物进行预防。近年来免疫检查点抑制剂在MSI-H实体肿瘤中被批准使用,但其对子宫内膜癌患者的效果仍需进一步证实。     

遗传性乳腺癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌的预防性手术现状

遗传性乳腺癌、卵巢癌和子宫内膜癌是三种常染色体位点遗传性疾病:表现为遗传性乳腺癌综合征(HBC),遗传性乳腺-卵巢癌综合征(HBOC)和遗传性非息肉性结直肠癌综合征(HNPCC).对此具有肿瘤家族遗传倾向的高危人群实施预防性手术可降低肿瘤的发生率,提高预后生存率.     

Lynch综合征相关妇科肿瘤的临床思考

Lynch综合征(lynch syndrome,LS),又称遗传性非息肉状结直肠癌(hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer,HNPCC),属常染色体显性遗传性疾病,由DNA错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)基因突变引起,其发病率约占结直肠癌的2％ ～5％[1-2].根据有无肠外肿瘤将LS分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型:Ⅰ型仅表现为结直肠癌;Ⅱ型除结直肠癌外,还表现为多样性肠外肿瘤,常见的有子宫内膜癌和卵巢癌.某些Ⅱ型LS患者家族中还发生其他恶性肿瘤,如胃癌、小肠癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌、尿道癌、脑肿瘤、皮肤癌等.近年,越来越多的证据显示,女性LS患者一生中发生子宫内膜癌(内膜癌)的风险为40％～60％,已超过结直肠癌(49％).更有意义的是,高达68％的LS患者首发恶性肿瘤为内膜癌.     

Gynecologic cancer as a "sentinel cancer" for women with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome

OBJECTIVE: Women with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome have a 40-60% lifetime risk for colon cancer, a 40-60% lifetime risk for endometrial cancer, and a 12% lifetime risk for ovarian cancer. A number of women with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome will have more than one cancer in their lifetime. The purpose of this study was to estimate whether women with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome who develop 2 primary cancers present with gynecologic or colon cancer as their "sentinel cancer." METHODS: Women whose families fulfilled Amsterdam criteria for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome and who developed 2 primary colorectal/gynecologic cancers in their lifetime were identified from 5 large hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome registries. Information on age at cancer diagnoses and which cancer (colon cancer or endometrial cancer/ovarian cancer) developed first was obtained. RESULTS: A total of 117 women with dual primary cancers from 223 Amsterdam families were identified. In 16 women, colon cancer and endometrial cancer/ovarian cancer were diagnosed simultaneously. Of the remaining 101 women, 52 (51%) women had an endometrial or ovarian cancer diagnosed first. Forty-nine (49%) women had a colon cancer diagnosed first. For women who developed endometrial cancer/ovarian cancer first, mean age at diagnosis of endometrial cancer/ovarian cancer was 44. For women who developed colon cancer first, the mean age at diagnosis of colon cancer was 40. CONCLUSION: In this large series of women with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome who developed 2 primary colorectal/gynecologic cancers, endometrial cancer/ovarian cancer was the "sentinel cancer," preceding the development of colon cancer, in half of the cases. Therefore, gynecologists and gynecologic oncologists play a pivotal role in the identification of women with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome.     

Hereditary Endometrial Cancer: Lynch Syndrome

Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer [HNPCC]), Cowden syndrome (CS), and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) are hereditary diseases with an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Lynch syndrome is the most frequent disease associated with hereditary endometrial cancer. Lynch syndrome is autosomal dominant disorder caused by germ-cell mutation of DNA mismatch repair genes. Patients with Lynch syndrome have a higher risk of endometrial cancer compared with the general population. Thus, these patients and their families may develop malignant tumors, including colon and endometrial cancers. The lifetime risk of endometrial cancer in females with Lynch syndrome is particularly high (28-60 %). Lynch syndrome is a typical hereditary tumor associated with endometrial cancer, and elucidation of the oncogenic mechanism is important to understand the characteristics of endometrial cancer, including sporadic endometrial cancer. The Amsterdam II Criteria are used for screening for Lynch syndrome, but some cases of hereditary endometrial cancer do not meet these criteria (masked Lynch syndrome); therefore, patients with a suspected hereditary predisposition, including juvenile-onset and double cancer, should undergo genetic tests in addition to taking of a family history.     

Gynecologic cancer prevention in Lynch syndrome/hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer families

OBJECTIVE: Women from Lynch syndrome/hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch/HNPCC) families have an increased lifetime risk of developing endometrial and ovarian cancer. This study models a comparison of management strategies for women who carry a Lynch/HNPCC mutation. METHODS: A decision analytic model with three arms was designed to compare annual gynecologic examinations with annual screening (ultrasonography, endometrial biopsy, CA 125) and with hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at age 30 years The existing literature was searched for studies on the accuracy of endometrial and ovarian cancer screening using endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasonography, and serum CA 125. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database from 1988 to 2001 was used to estimate cancer mortality outcomes. RESULTS: In the surgical arm, 0.0056% of women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 0.0060% of women with endometrial cancer. These numbers increased to 3.7% and 18.4% in women being screened, and 8.3% and 48.7% in women undergoing annual examinations, respectively. Surgical management led to the longest expected survival time at 79.98 years, followed by screening at 79.31 years, and annual examinations at 77.41 years. If starting at age 30 and discounting life years at 3%, surgery still leads to the greatest expected life years. When comparing prophylactic surgery with the screening option, one would need to perform 75 surgeries to save one woman's entire life. For cancer prevention, however, only 28 and 6 prophylactic surgeries would need to be performed to prevent one case of ovarian and endometrial cancer, respectively. CONCLUSION: Risk-reducing hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy may be considered in women with Lynch/HNPCC to prevent gynecologic cancers and their associated morbidities.     

Society of Gynecologic Oncologists Education Committee statement on risk assessment for inherited gynecologic cancer predispositions

Women with germline mutations in the cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 or BRCA2, associated with Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer syndrome, have up to an 85% lifetime risk of breast cancer and up to a 46% lifetime risk ovarian cancer. Similarly, women with mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes, MLH1, MSH2 or MSH6, associated with the Lynch/Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) syndrome, have up to a 40-60% lifetime risk of both endometrial and colorectal cancer as well as a 9-12% lifetime risk of ovarian cancer. Genetic risk assessment enables physicians to provide individualized evaluation of the likelihood of having one of these gynecologic cancer predisposition syndromes, as well the opportunity to provide tailored screening and prevention strategies such as surveillance, chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgery that may reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these syndromes. Hereditary cancer risk assessment is a process that includes assessment of risk, education and counseling conducted by a provider with expertise in cancer genetics, and may include genetic testing after appropriate consent is obtained. This commentary provides guidance on identification of patients who may benefit from hereditary cancer risk assessment for Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer and the Lynch/Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer syndrome.     

The genetics of uterine leiomyomata: what clinicians need to know

The genetics of many complex diseases, including hypertension, diabetes, and asthma, are receiving intense investigation and beginning to have therapeutic relevance. Family medical history can be a critical source of information for providing optimal patient care. For gynecologists, knowledge of cancer susceptibility genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 and the genetic syndrome hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome II) affects how patients are screened for ovarian and endometrial cancers. Similarly, identification of mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene that lead to a syndrome called hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) will impact screening and treatment of women with uterine leiomyomas. Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome is particularly relevant to clinicians and patients because of the resulting increased risk of malignant disease for both the affected woman and her family. The goals of this article are to summarize the evolving genetic information concerning uterine leiomyomas, including hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma syndrome, and to discuss the clinical importance of these findings. The current role of family medical history and future implications of genes relevant to leiomyoma biology will be reviewed.     

Screening for gynaecologic cancers in genetically predisposed women

Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome are the two most important syndromes responsible for inherited cancers in gynaecology. Genetic testing is available for both these syndromes. Breast cancer gene testing is affordable and easy in women with ancestry where the mutation patterns are known, whereas other population groups need full gene screening. Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndrome can now be diagnosed more frequently with the use of immunohistochemistry. Ovarian cancer risk is high in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes, and advanced screening techniques should be used when preventive surgery is not an option. Early detection techniques offer less protection than prophylactic removal, but enable women to retain their reproductive organs. Oophorectomy has the advantage of reducing breast cancer risk. In colorectal cancer syndromes, the risk for endometrial and ovarian cancer is much elevated. These risks should be recognised and addressed as these diseases are easy to prevent.