全国各级妇幼保健机构业务用房面积现况及达标情况分析

目的了解2017年全国妇幼保健机构业务用房面积现况及达标情况,为妇幼保健机构标准化建设及相关政策的制定提供参考依据。方法通过全国妇幼保健机构监测直报系统,收集2015—2017年全国各级妇幼保健机构的资源及运营等基本情况,分析各级妇幼保健机构的业务用房面积分布现状,并根据2018年妇幼保健机构建设新标准对各级妇幼保健机构业务用房达标情况进行分析。结果 2017年全国妇幼保健机构业务用房总面积为2 459万平方米,省、市、县区级妇幼保健机构业务用房面积达到标准的比例分别为26.7%、14.5%和14.4%。其中有住院服务机构的用房面积高于无住院服务机构,但达标率低于无住院服务机构,我国东部地区机构的业务用房面积和达标率都高于中西部地区。结论我国各级妇幼保健机构业务用房面积虽然呈现逐年增长的趋势,但各级机构达标率仍较低,各级政府应继续加强支持,促进我国妇幼卫生事业良好发展。     

我国县区级妇幼保健机构儿童保健门诊设置现状及影响因素研究

目的 了解我国县区级妇幼保健机构儿童保健服务开展及门诊设置情况, 为规范化建设妇幼保健机构儿童保健门诊提供科学依据。方法 采用多阶段分层随机抽样对2012年我国县区级妇幼保健机构儿童保健门诊现状进行横断面调查, 以及差异和影响因素分析。结果 调查的232所县区级妇幼保健机构各儿童保健门诊设置率仅50%左右。县级和区级机构间门诊设置率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05), 东、中、西部地区仅听力保健门诊设置率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。机构业务用房面积、儿保门诊用房面积和儿保门诊人数与儿保门诊设置数量有关。结论 我国县区级妇幼保健机构儿童保健服务开展情况不容乐观, 门诊设置率低, 不同地区机构间门诊设置存在差异, 应加强业务用房面积和人员投入。     

县区级妇幼保健机构建设探讨

目的:探讨处于两套三级妇幼保健网交接点的县区级妇幼保健机构建设与规范化管理问题。方法:对海南省全部21所县区级妇幼保健机构2005年度资源与运营情况调查结果进行回顾性定量、定性比较分析。结果:基层群体妇幼保健工作大部分由县区级妇幼保健机构承担,县区级妇幼保健机构在妇幼保健工作领域具有不可替代的举足轻重作用。同时县区级妇幼保健机构面临困境:人手不足,编制达标率仅为28.57%,低于全国54.8%的水平;人员素质偏底,中专学历人员占67.13%,副高级职称人员占卫生技术人员比例的2.00%;基础建设不足,有2所保健机构未购建用房,全部租房开展业务及办公,占9.52%;基本设备欠缺,床位数达标率低,占14.29%,低于全国县级妇幼保健机构48.0%的达标率;财政补助不足,73.53%的收入来源于业务收入。由于客观条件限制及主观努力欠缺,导致基层妇幼保健工作存在诸多问题:人才培养投入不足,保健与临床结合松散,妇幼保健机构之间发展不平衡,群体保健工作力度不够,群体保健资金投入不足。结论:县区级妇幼保健机构要在困境中求生存,在逆境中求发展,就要学会夹缝生存本领。放眼全国现状,展望未来前景,研究市场经济,拓展业务范畴等是县区级妇幼保健机构的任务;立足本职工作,兼顾发展资本,扎实、稳妥、坚韧、全面、深入地发展基层妇幼保健工作,是县区级妇幼保健机构建设的前景所在。     

2010年福建省县区级妇幼保健机构人力资源调查分析

目的:分析2010年福建省78所县区级妇幼保健机构的人力资源情况,为县区级机构的规范化建设提供指导信息。方法:收集全省县区级妇幼保健机构2010年度机构监测调查表进行回顾性定量、定性比较。结果:职工编制不足的机构占53.85%,卫生技术人员占职工总数的比例不达标者占32.05%,所有机构的医护比均不达标,92.31%的机构保健人员配备不达标,51.28%的机构临床人员编制不足,低学历低职称卫技人员比重大。结论:作为三级妇幼卫生网络重要枢纽的县区级妇幼保健机构,面临着人力资源匮乏且素质不高的局面,在有提供住院服务的机构表现更明显。     

2010年沈阳市妇幼保健机构运营状况分析

目的:了解沈阳市妇幼机构运营状况,为机构自身建设和卫生行政部门决策提供信息。方法:依托中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心妇幼保健机构监测信息网络直报系统和相关调查表,对沈阳市16个妇幼保健机构运营状况进行调查。结果:①沈阳市妇幼保健机构基本情况:市级和县级为独立机构,区级分别有9.10%机构隶属CDC,18.20%隶属医院;调查的56.25%的机构为全额拨款事业单位,25.00%为全额/差额拨款,18.72%为差额拨款;6.25%有住院服务,93.75%无住院服务。②人力资源情况:按照1986年卫生部颁布的《各级妇幼保健机构编制标准》中规定的编制标准,市级编制平均缺乏65人,区县级平均缺少30.73人。基层妇幼保健人员学历和职称偏低;平均每个妇幼保健机构在职职工总数49.44人,市级127人,区县级44.27人;每个机构平均卫生技术人员39.75人,市级96人,区县级36人;按照1995年我国《妇幼保健机构评审标准》,沈阳市市级75.59%不达标,区县级81.32%达标;市级机构本科以上学历占卫生技术人员的57.29%,区县级占22.22%;副高以上职称市级机构占卫生技术人员的34.38%;区县级机构占5.92%;市级机构保健人员与群体保健人员占职工总数的51.97%和7.09%,区县级机构占职工总数的43.82%和18.07%;专业技术人员继续医学教育的费用占机构业务年收入的6.92%,继续医学教育达标率99.19%。③资产情况:沈阳市级机构建房屋面积2 070 m2,区县级1199.18 m2。④运营情况:沈阳市妇幼保健机构平均总收入615.91万元,市级业务收入(含医疗和药品收入之和)2 100.45万元,区县级160.01万元。妇幼保健机构总收入构成显示,财政补助收入市级399.08万元,区县级316.64万元。沈阳市级每年门诊量60 490人次,区县级平均11 511.2人次。结论:①沈阳市妇幼保健机构以独立形式和全额拨款为主;②沈阳市妇幼保健机构人力资源不足;③市区县及购建房屋面积均低于全国平均水平;④财政投入经费总额市区县级高于全国平均水平,门诊量低于全国平均水平。     

山东省妇幼保健机构人力资源配置现状评估研究

[目的]比较评估山东省市、县两级妇幼保健机构人力资源配置现状。[方法]设计专项调查表对全省160家妇幼保健机构人力资源配置现状进行普查。[结果]调查的160家妇幼保健机构中,37家未开展住院服务;平均市级机构有床位245.5张,县级机构有床位43.5张。全省妇幼保健机构实际在岗职工23,397人,编制人员13,772人;其中,市级机构平均实际在岗职工446.5人,编制人员266人;县级机构平均实际在岗职工73.5人,编制人员54人;与标准相比,全省妇幼保健机构实际在岗职工数、编制人数三套标准均不达标比例分别为25.63%和41.25%。[结论]全省妇幼保健机构临床住院服务条件建设仍需加强,妇幼保健机构人才队伍建设远不能适应妇幼健康服务需求,定期发布妇幼保健机构人力资源建设达标程度排序有积极意义。     

妇幼保健机构人力资源配置对服务开展的影响

目的 分析全国省、市、县三级妇幼保健机构人力资源配置现状、服务开展及医务人员工作负担情况,掌握妇幼保健机构人员配置状况对其服务开展的影响,为政府决策部门合理配置人力资源及制定卫生人力发展规划提供科学依据.方法 2014年中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心根据《各级妇幼健康服务机构业务部门设置指南》的要求设计调查问卷,在全国抽取了432所妇幼保健机构开展调查.调查妇幼保健机构孕产保健、儿童保健、妇女保健服务开展情况、未开展的原因以及人员配置.结果 省级、市级、县级妇幼保健机构在岗职工总数分别超过原核定编制数的66.3％、45.1％和28.2％.省级妇幼保健机构孕产保健、儿童保健和妇女保健未开展服务项目的比例均超过25％,其中43.6％是由于人员数量不足,13.4％是由于技术水平的限制.市级妇幼保健机构儿童保健服务未开展的比例为45.7％,其中35.2％的原因是由于人员数量不足造成的.县级妇幼保健机构孕产保健、儿童保健、妇女保健服务中未开展服务项目的比例均高于省、市两级机构,人员不足和技术水平受限分别占38.4％和29.2％.三级妇幼保健机构群体保健未开展项目的比例为11％ ～ 13％;三级妇幼保健机构每名医生日均门诊量分别为28.5人次、18.9人次和13.6人次,每医生日均负担住院床日分别为3.2、2.9、1.7床日.结论 各级妇幼保健机构均存在明显的人员编制不足、人员数量和能力不足的情况,工作负担高于综合性医院,影响了妇幼保健机构业务的开展和服务的提供,建议增加妇幼保健机构的人员配备,加强人才队伍建设,改变目前人力严重不足的现状,提高妇幼保健机构服务能力.     

湖南省妇幼保健机构保健工作现状调查

目的:了解湖南省各级妇幼保健机构保健工作现状,为各级卫生行政部门的决策提供科学依据。方法:采用全国妇幼卫生机构管理信息网络报告系统进行网络直报,调查湖南省137所各级妇幼保健机构,包括1所省级机构、14所市州级机构、122所县区级机构,调查内容包括:各级妇幼保健机构基本情况、人力资源情况、保健医疗技术服务情况、群体保健工作开展情况等。采用SPSS 15.0和Excell 2003对数据进行整理和统计分析。结果:①基本情况:调查机构专/兼职从事群体保健工作的卫技人员平均为15人,省级为124人,市州级为17人,县区级为14人。②保健门诊:全省平均每所妇幼保健机构妇女保健门诊6 475人次,儿童保健门诊7 821人次。③保健业务开展情况:湖南省2007年度各级妇幼保健机构妇女保健管理、产前诊断管理和生殖保健与计划生育开展的机构比例分别为98.5%、12.4%和84.7%,辅助生殖开展的机构比例略低,为6.6%;开展儿童生长发育、营养、发展促进和高危儿管理的机构比例在70%以上,其余各项均低于50%;平均开办培训班6次,培训人员429人次,接待进修人员26人次,群体保健管理人员下基层平均646人次。结论:各级政府对妇幼保健机构投入不足,保健机构的人力资源有待优化和加强,群体保健工作须进一步深入,同时提高妇幼保健信息化管理。     

太原市妇幼保健机构资源与运营情况调查分析

目的了解太原市妇幼保健机构运营状况,为机构自身建设和卫生行政部门决策提供信息。方法依托中国疾病预防控制中心妇幼保健中心机构监测网络直报系统,对太原市11个妇幼保健机构运营状况进行调查。结果 1太原市妇幼保健机构基本情况:市级和县级均为独立机构,地市级妇幼机构为差额/全额拨款单位,区级和县级妇幼机构则以全额拨款的方式为主。开展住院服务的机构占27.27%,不开展住院服务的占72.73%;2人力资源情况:与卫生部颁布的《各级妇幼保健机构编制标准(试行)》中规定的编制下限比较,市级妇幼保健机构缺编112人,区级缺编17人,县级缺编60.50人。卫生技术人员占职工总数的比例为地市级76.74%、区级77.03%、县级78.35%;3资产情况:地市级的固定资产和专业设备固定资产都远远高于区级和县级,但如果按人均固定资产计算则是县级妇幼保健机构最高,其次为市级妇幼保健机构,区级最低;4运营情况:市级妇幼保健机构的年门诊量253 261人次,明显高于全国平均水平。区县级的年门诊量5 520人次,低于全国平均水平。结论 1太原市妇幼保健机构以独立形式和全额拨款为主;2太原市各级妇幼保健机构都存在人力资源不足的现象;3各级妇幼保健机构购建房屋面积严重不足,应该引起政府的重视;4市级妇幼保健机构业务开展有特色,区县级妇幼保健机构门诊服务则待提高,应积极探索妇幼保健服务新模式。     

宏观政策调整对江苏省县区妇幼保健机构服务能力的影响△

目的：了解宏观政策调整对县区级妇幼保健机构服务能力的影响,为卫生健康行政部门制定机构发展决策提供科学依据。方法：采集“全国妇幼保健机构监测信息系统网络直报系统”相关数据,统计分析2012年~2019年间江苏县区级妇幼保健机构资源和运营等方面指标的变化趋势。结果：2012年~2019年间,江苏县区级妇幼保健机构的各项指标呈逐年增长趋势,开展住院服务的妇幼保健机构各项指标的平均水平高于未开展住院服务的机构。整体来看,开展住院服务机构的各项指标在2017年~2018年间年度增幅较为明显,未开展住院服务的各项指标（除固定资产总额和年业务收入）在2016年~2017年间增幅较为显著。结论：江苏县区级妇幼保健机构的整体发展态势较好,生育政策、卫生与计生服务资源整合、分级服务等妇幼健康相关政策措施的落实进一步促进了机构的发展。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.