儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的治疗

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎是新认识的一种严重、潜在可治的自身免疫性脑炎,可见于任何年龄,但以儿童更为常见。该病具有显著特征性,病程可分为五期,即病毒感染样症状的前驱期、精神症状期、意识障碍期、异常运动期和恢复期。该病主要治疗包括一线免疫治疗如皮质类固醇激素、静脉丙种球蛋白和血浆交换治疗;二线免疫治疗如利妥昔单抗和环磷酰胺等及肿瘤切除。该文主要介绍抗NMDAR 脑炎各种治疗方法的进展、选择及治疗的局限和不足,以期对该病的临床治疗有所帮助。     

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的病因学

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎是近年来新认识的一种自身免疫性脑炎,儿童较多见。虽然对该病的认识不断加深,但其确切病因仍不明确。揭示抗NMDAR 脑炎的病因,对于进一步阐明该病的发病机制,深入认识该病,早期诊断并尽早启动相关免疫治疗从而改善预后是十分必要的。复习国内外文献,早期认为抗NMDAR 脑炎多与肿瘤尤其是畸胎瘤有关,随后的研究又发现其发病也与感染、遗传等因素等有关。该文对抗NMDAR 脑炎病因的认识及演变过程进行概述。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体抗体脑炎

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体抗体脑炎(anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis,NMDAR)是一种抗NMDA受体抗体相关性自身免疫性脑炎.该病发病、临床表现具有儿童其自身特点.成年患者多与肿瘤相关,患儿肿瘤相关性低,多与感染、遗传因素有关.其发病机制主要是抗MDAR抗体选择性、可逆性的减少神经元突触后膜表面的NMDAR密度.临床主要表现为精神症状、语言障碍、运动障碍、睡眠障碍及自主神经功能紊乱等.治疗以肿瘤切除和免疫治疗为主.该病儿童病例报道少,易误诊,部分患儿病情重,易留下后遗症,故早期诊断、治疗具有重要意义.该文就儿童抗NMDAR脑炎发病机制、临床表现及诊断治疗作一综述.     

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的临床表现

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, NMDAR）脑炎是儿科最常见的一种具有独特临床表现的免疫性脑炎。该文对典型和不典型抗NMDAR 脑炎的临床表现及儿童抗NMDAR 脑炎临床表现的独特之处等进行了综述,以提高儿科医生对此症的认识及诊治水平。     

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎发病机制的研究进展

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎已经成为脑炎疾病当中最主要的类型。阐明抗NMDAR 脑炎的发病机制对于理解该病,进而进行合理的治疗是非常有必要的。该文从以下几个方面进行综述：（1）抗NMDAR 脑炎发病与肿瘤关系的发现;（2）抗NMDAR 脑炎与肿瘤关系的进一步研究;（3）抗NMDAR 抗体识别的抗原决定部位,患者的自身免疫反应;（4）抗体与受体的作用：（5）不伴有肿瘤的抗NMDAR 脑炎的发病机制。该文向读者展示了这个病从在临床中被发现,到认识它和肿瘤的关系,再到从病理组织、分子水平以及信号传导水平进行研究的过程。展现一个科研思路,告诉读者临床医生是如何在临床中发现问题并逐步深入解决问题。目前的研究已证明抗NMDAR 脑炎是一种和肿瘤尤其是卵巢畸胎瘤密切相关的神经系统自身免疫性疾病。     

儿童抗N-甲基D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎1例

抗N-甲基D-天门冬氨酸受体(NMDAR)脑炎是近几年被认识的一种边缘性脑炎,其亚急性起病,是以短时记忆丧失、精神障碍、性发作为主要表现的炎症性脑病,该病在儿童中报道较少,现将本院第1例确诊NMDAR脑炎患儿报告如下。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的治疗策略

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(anti-N-methyl D-aspartate receptor,抗NMDAR)脑炎是由抗NMDAR抗体介导的自身免疫性脑炎,在成人与儿童均可发病,儿童抗NMDAR脑炎在诱因、临床表现、诊断流程、治疗随访策略和预后均有别于成人,有其独自的特点。本病虽然临床表现重,但给予及时和有效的免疫...     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-asparate receptor,NMDAR)脑炎是免疫介导的中枢神经系统综合征,主要临床表现有精神症状、运动障碍、抽搐发作等,常被误诊为病毒性脑炎,与肿瘤尤其卵巢畸胎瘤关系密切;儿童患病率高,抗NMDAR抗体是其较特异的检查;治疗主要为免疫抑制,一线治疗为激素、免疫球蛋白、血浆置换,二线治疗主要包括生物制剂、细胞毒药物;早期诊断及治疗对神经系统的恢复至关重要,总体预后良好.     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎的诊断与鉴别诊断

自身免疫性脑炎相对少见,且临床表现多种多样,很难在疾病早期给予确诊。因此,儿科临床医生应该熟悉自身免疫性脑炎的临床症状、体征、辅助检查特点、影像学改变、免疫学特征以及鉴别诊断要点。为正确诊断抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎,患儿应该进行包括寡克隆带检测的脑脊液检查、头颅磁共振扫描以及普通脑电图和/ 或24 h 视频脑电图检查。对于早期出现精神症状和癫癎发作的患儿尤其注意进行血液和脑脊液中抗NMDAR 抗体测定。脑电图出现“δ 刷”时对该病临床诊断有帮助。脑脊液NMDAR 抗体阳性是诊断该病的金标准。抗NMDAR 脑炎的鉴别诊断非常宽泛,儿童患者应该主要与单纯疱疹病毒性脑炎、其他自身免疫性脑炎及精神病相鉴别。     

儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体脑炎免疫治疗进展

抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）脑炎是近年被报道的一种自身免疫性脑炎。目前国内外尚无针对该病的儿童及青少年患者的统一治疗方案,免疫治疗仍是主要的治疗措施,应用较为广泛的包括一线免疫治疗、二线免疫治疗及长程免疫治疗。近年来也有学者尝试应用新型免疫抑制剂或改进现有免疫治疗方案来提高对儿童及青少年患者的治疗效果,该文将尝试总结相关免疫治疗方案,并对免疫治疗研究方向做一展望。     

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??Abstract?? Objective To identify the clinical features and the prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in children??so as to improve the pediatrician’s awareness about this disease. Methods The clinical features??therapeutic regimen and prognosis of 17 children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were summarized by a retrospective and follow-up study. Results Among the 17 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis??12 were males and 5 were females.Their age varied from 2 to 12 years??and the average age was 5 years 8 months.The most common initial symptoms were convulsions ??7 cases?? and psychiatric symptoms ??7 cases??.The common symptoms in the course of the disease were psychiatric symptoms??17 cases????sleep disorders ??16 cases????extrapyramidal symptoms ??14 cases????and convulsion ??11 cases??.Only 4 patients had autonomic symptoms.The anti-NMDAR antibody were found in all the patients’CSF.The EEG test of 16 patients showed diffused slow background.Tumors were not found in any patient. Fourteen cases were treated with IVIg and methylprednisolone??2 cases only received IVIg therapy and 1 case gave up.Rituximab ??2 cases?? and cyclophosphamide ??1 cases?? were administrated in 3 cases with no improvement after the above treatment.The patients had been followed up for 3 to 15 months.Twelve of them recovered completely??2 cases died??2 cases had epilepsy??and 1 case had speech disorder. Conclusion Psychiatric symptoms??sleep disorders??extrapyramidal symptoms and convulsion are the common symptoms of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in children.Tumors and autonomic nervous system dysfunction rarely happen. Immunotherapy is effective in the majority of the patients.The prognosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis in children is optimistic.     

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎相关细胞因子的研究进展

抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体(N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor,NMDAR)脑炎为一类中枢神经系统自身免疫炎症性疾病，目前对其免疫机制知之甚少。脑脊液中除抗NMDAR抗体检测外，缺乏与疾病相关标志物，导致部分患者延误诊治。为此，近年针对细胞因子的研究不断增加，旨在评价其是否可作为新型生物标志物对疾病进行评估并协助诊治。现有研究表明部分细胞因子与抗NMDAR脑炎疾病进程可能相关，故该文就抗NMDAR脑炎相关细胞因子研究进展进行综述。     

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis misdiagnosed as Hashimoto's encephalopathy

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a well-defined autoimmune disorder. Hashimoto's encephalopathy (HE) is a still controversial entity, lacking definite diagnostic criteria.We described a 14-year-old-girl presenting with a clinical picture consistent with the diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, confirmed by NMDAR antibody testing. Four years earlier, she had presented a similar episode of acute encephalopathy diagnosed as HE.Anti-NMDAR encephalitis and HE share similar clinical features so that the differential diagnosis can be difficult if specific antibodies are not tested. The correct diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis is crucial to plan the appropriate management and follow-up, namely in term of oncological screening, since it can be paraneoplastic in origin. We suggest to re-evaluate the clinical history of all subjects with previous HE diagnosis in order to evaluate the possible diagnosis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis and plan the appropriate management of these patients.     

病毒性脑炎、脑膜炎多病原的探讨

为探讨北主地区病毒性脑炎及脑膜炎的病原学构成,采用微量细胞培养法,应用人胚肺二倍体细胞（ＨＥＦ）、人表此样癌细胞（Ｈｅｐ－２）、猴肾传代细胞（Ｖｅｒｏ）及狗肾传代细胞（ＭＤＣＫ）等４种细胞系对８６例脑炎、脑膜为患儿的脑脊液、粪便及咽试标本进行了病毒分离。结果３６例分离到了病毒,阳性率为４１．８６＾（３６／８６例）,其中肠道病毒３型（ＡｄＶ３）８例,单纯疱疹病毒１例（ＨＳＶ１）７例,阳性率分别为２０