FDG-PET is an effective imaging modality to detect and quantify age-related atherosclerosis in large arteries

Purpose The main aim of this research was to determine the changes of FDG uptake in large arteries with aging as visualized by FDG-PET imaging. Methods We examined the presence of arterial FDG uptake in 149 subjects (61 males, 88 females; age range 5–83 years) who underwent whole-body PET scans for the assessment of non-cardiovascular disorders. The subjects were divided into eight age decade groups, with at least 12 subjects in each group. The presence of FDG uptake was recorded in the ascending, arch, descending thoracic and abdominal segments of the aorta, as well as in iliac and femoral arteries. We then calculated the percentage of segments with visible FDG uptake for each age group. Mean SUVs were calculated for each of the arterial segments and compared among the age groups. Results Among 149 subjects, 145 were noted to have visible uptake in at least one segment of the large vessels. Percentage of segments with visible FDG uptake increased with age (p < 0.01). Mean SUVs of the ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending thoracic aorta, iliac arteries and femoral arteries increased with age (p < 0.01). Conclusion Prevalence and intensity of FDG uptake in large arteries generally increases with aging. Increased FDG uptake likely represents the presence of active inflammatory process of atherosclerotic plaque. The magnitude of inflammation within the wall of the large arteries increases with aging.     

18F-FDG-PET／CT 检测实验兔模型主动脉动脉粥样硬化及其炎性状态

目的：动脉粥样硬化在体动态评估可应用于临床预防心血管事件。本实验目的是监测 F‐18‐氟脱氧葡萄糖（18 F‐FDG）在动脉粥样硬化不同阶段的摄取,研究利用正电子发射断层成像／计算机体层摄影技术（PET／CT ）检测易损斑块的可行性。方法22只雄性新西兰白兔随机分为2组：动脉粥样硬化组（A组,n＝11）和动脉粥样硬化＋他汀组（S组, n＝11）。实验兔在第18周通过药物触发以诱导血栓形成。实验过程中的4个阶段分别进行PET／CT扫描：高胆固醇饮食前（基线阶段,n＝6）,第8周时（高胆固醇饮食中期,n＝4）,第18周时（触发实验前,即高胆固醇饮食结束阶段,n＝22）,药物触发实验后（触发实验后,n＝15）。主动脉的18 F‐FDG摄取值用最大标准化摄取值（SUVmax）和平均SUV值（SU‐Vmean）表示。SUV值通过测量一系列7．5mm长度的动脉节段获得。结果 SUVmean 和SUVmax分别为基线阶段0.449±0．108和0．550±0．132,高胆固醇饮食中期0．694±0．117和0．754±0．129,触发实验前（高胆固醇饮食结束阶段）A组0．788±0．121和0．861±0．139,S组0．651±0．194和0．736±0．243。SUVmean 和 SUVmax在触发实验后血栓形成组分别为1．128±0．420和1．302±0．489,在无血栓形成组分别为0．774±0．159和0．859±0．191。22只实验兔中的10只经检测证实有血栓形成（45．5％）：A组11只中的8只血栓形成（72．3％）,S组11只中2只血栓形成（18．2％）（ P ＜0．001）。结论18 F‐FDG摄取值的定量分析可以检测动脉粥样硬化的炎性状态和易损斑块。PET／CT对预测临床中动脉粥样硬化患者的血栓形成事件有潜在应用价值。     

Oncological applications of positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose

Positron emission tomography (PET) is now primarily used in oncological indication owing to the successful application of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in an increasing number of clinical indications at different stages of diagnosis, and for staging and follow-up. This review first considers the biological characteristics of FDG and then discusses methodological considerations regarding its use. Clinical indications are considered, and the results achieved in respect of various organs and tumour types are reviewed in depth. The review concludes with a brief consideration of the ways in which clinical PET might be improved.     

18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖PET在恶性淋巴瘤中的应用

CT是诊断恶性淋巴瘤常规影像学手段,核医学显像也是非常重要的检查方法,如67Ga显像.18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖(18SF-FDG)PET以其在淋巴瘤中应用的显著优势逐步替代了67Ga显像.18F-FDG PET在淋巴瘤的早期诊断、准确分期、疗效的评价、复发和预后的估计等方面显示出了非常重要的价值.随着PET-CT的广泛应用使得敏感性和特异性都有了进一步的提高.主要综述了18F-FDG PET在淋巴瘤诊断、分期、疗效评价中的应用.     

SPECT/CT符合线路显像对肺腺癌摄取^18F-FDG影响因素的研究

目的：应用SPECT/CT符合线路显像半定量分析,探讨肺腺癌摄取^18F-FDG的影响因素。方法：31例肺腺癌患者行SPECT/CT检查,计算肿瘤组织与周围正常软组织（T/N）的摄取比值,分析性别、病灶大小、肿瘤细胞分化程度等因素与肺腺癌摄取^18F-FDG的相关性。结果：肿瘤病灶大小、癌细胞的分化程度对肺腺癌摄取18F-FDG的影响有显著性意义（P〈0.05）;性别对肺腺癌摄取^18F-FDG的影响无显著性意义。结论：肺腺癌对18F-FDG摄取与肿瘤病灶大小、癌细胞的分化程度有关,与性别无关,^18F-FDG摄取值高提示病灶的恶性程度高。     

Preliminary assessment of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron mission tomography in patients with bladder cancer

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of imaging of bladder cancer with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scanning. We studied 12 patients with histologically proven bladder cancer who had undergone surgical procedures and/or radiotherapy. Retrograde irrigation of the urinary bladder with 1000–3710 ml saline was performed during nine of the studies. Dynamic and static PET images were obtained, and standardized uptake value images were reconstructed. FDG-PET scanning was true-positive in eight patients (66.7%), but false-negative in four (33.3%). Of 20 organs with tumor mass lesions confirmed pathologically or clinically, 16 (80%) were detected by FDG-PET scanning. FDG-PET scanning detected all of 17 distant metastatic lesions and two of three proven regional lymph node metastases. FDG-PET was also capable of differentiating viable recurrent bladder cancer from radiation-induced alterations in two patients. In conclusion, these preliminary data indicate the feasibility of FDG-PET imaging in patients with bladder cancer, although a major remaining pitfall is intense FDG accumulation in the urine. Present address: Department of Radiology, National Defense Medical College, 3-2 Namiki, Tokorozawa 359, Japan     

18F-FDG PET显像在淋巴瘤诊断和分期中的应用研究

目的 :探讨18F -FDGPET在淋巴瘤分期、再分期中的价值以及在评价骨髓浸润中的作用。材料和方法 :59例临床拟诊或确诊为淋巴瘤的患者全身18F -FDGPET显像后 ,就临床分期、病理结果、骨髓浸润、随访结果进行回顾性分析。其中40例未治疗的患者进行分期和骨髓浸润的相关分析 ,19例治疗后的患者进行再分期。结果 :18F -FDGPET诊断淋巴瘤的灵敏度和特异性及准确性分别为100 % ,76.9%及92.5 %。在分期方面 ,27例真阳性患者中40.7%的患者临床分期得到纠正 ,其中上调29.6 % ,下调11.1 %。19例淋巴瘤患者中有5例患者因PET显像证实为临床缓解期 ,避免了不必要的再治疗 ,8例患者的治疗方案得以重新制定。在评价骨髓浸润方面 ,26例未治疗的NHL患者中 ,PET与骨髓穿刺符合率为80.8%。结论 :18F -FDGPET在对淋巴瘤的分期优于传统影像方法,通过PET全身显像 ,使淋巴瘤准确分期 ,对重新制定治疗方案有指导意义。对于淋巴瘤骨髓浸润的诊断可提供有价值的信息。     

胃恶性淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT表现与鉴别诊断

目的:分析胃淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT影像学特点,探讨其在胃淋巴瘤的诊断、鉴别诊断和病情评估中的价值。方法:17例经胃镜活检病理证实的胃淋巴瘤患者,包括13例弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,3例粘膜相关淋巴组织B细胞淋巴瘤和1例NK/T细胞淋巴瘤,均在治疗前行PET/CT显像。结果:胃淋巴瘤的PET/CT表现以不同形式的胃壁增厚和显著增高的FDG代谢为主要特征,6例呈Ⅰ型表现(胃壁弥漫性增厚伴FDG代谢显著增高),7例呈Ⅱ型表现(胃壁节段性增厚伴FDG代谢显著增高),3例呈Ⅲ型表现(胃壁局限性增厚伴FDG代谢增高),1例呈Ⅳ型表现(胃壁多发结节样增厚伴FDG代谢串珠样增高);PET/CT评价4例仅累及胃壁,3例累及胃壁和淋巴结,10例累及胃壁、淋巴结和其它脏器。结论:胃淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT表现以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型更为多见;18F-FDG PET/CT有助于淋巴瘤的诊断和病情全面评估。     

Dual time point fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: a potential method to differentiate malignancy from inflammation and normal tissue in the head and neck

Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) studies imaging FDG PET imaging is used to detect and stage head and neck cancers. However, the variable physiologic uptake of FDG in different normal structures as well as at inflammatory sites may either obscure a tumor focus or be falsely interpreted to represent tumor activity. Twenty-one patients (9 men, 12 women, median age 59) were scanned serially at two time points, one at 70 min (range 47–112) and the second at 98 min (77–142) after the intravenous injection of 4.3 MBq/kg of FDG. The mean interval between emission scans was 28 min (13–49). Transmission scans were performed and regions of interest (ROIs) were overlayed on the fully corrected images. Standardiued uptake values (SUVs) were generated for the cerebellum, tongue, larynx, every lesion, and a matched contralateral site. Follow-up and pathologic studies revealed 18 squamous cell carcinomas and nine inflammatory or infectious lesions. Tumor SUVs were 4.0±1.6 (mean ± SD) for the first scan and 4.5±2.2 for the second scan. Contralateral SUVs were 1.2±0.5 and 1.1±0.5 for the two scans. Tumor SUVs increased by 12%±12% as compared with a 5%±17% decrease for contralateral sites (P<0.05). SUVs for inflammatory sites (2.0±0.7 and 2.0±0.9), cerebellum (4.2±1.3 and 4.3±1.4), tongue (1.8±0.4 and 1.9±0.5) and larynx (1.5±0.6 and 1.5±0.6) remained constant over time (+0.6%, +2.8%, +1.4%, and –2.4%; P<0.05 when compared with tumor SUV changes). The ratio tumor/contralateral SUV increased by 23%±29% over time while this ratio for inflamed sites increased by only 5%±15% (P=0.07). The time interval between scans correlated with increase in SUV for tumors (r=0.55, P<0.05) but not for any of the other ROIs. Separation was superior when studies were performed more than 30 min apart (P<0.05). These preliminary data suggest that dual time point imaging compatible with a clinical study protocol is helpful in differentiating malignant lesions from inflammation and normal tissues, especially when separated by a sufficient time interval. Received 22 March and in revised form 29 April 1999     

Cost-effectiveness of Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in tumours other than lung cancer: A systematic review

AIM: To systematically review published data on the cost-effectiveness of Fluorine-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) or PET/computed tomography (PET/CT) in tumours other than lung cancer.METHODS: A comprehensive literature search of studies published in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Embase databases through the 10^th of October in 2013 was carried out. A search algorithm based on a combination of the terms: (1) “PET” or “ PET/computed tomography (PET/CT)” or “positron emission tomography”; and (2) “cost-effectiveness” or “cost-utility” or “cost-efficacy” or “technology assessment” or “health technology assessment” was used. Only cost-effectiveness or cost-utility analyses in English language were included. Exclusion criteria were: (1) articles not within the field of interest of this review; (2) review articles, editorials or letters, conference proceedings; and (3) outcome evaluation studies, cost studies or health technology assessment reports. For each included study, information was collected concerning basic study, type of tumours evaluated, perspective/type of study, results, unit and comparison alternatives.RESULTS: Sixteen studies were included. Head and neck tumours were evaluated in 4 articles, lymphoma in 4, colon-rectum tumours in 3 and breast tumours in 2. Only one article was retrieved for melanoma, oesophagus and ovary tumours. Cost-effectiveness results of FDG-PET or PET/CT ranged from dominated to dominant.CONCLUSION: Literature evidence about the cost-effectiveness of FDG-PET or PET/CT in tumours other than lung cancer is still limited. Nevertheless, FDG-PET or PET/CT seems to be cost-effective in selective indications in oncology (staging and restaging of head and neck tumours, staging and treatment evaluation in lymphoma).     

^18F-FDG PET-CT在淋巴瘤分期及疗效评价中的应用研究

目的探讨^18氟-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（^18F-FDG）PET—CT在淋巴瘤分期及疗效评价中的临床应用价值。方法回顾分析28例淋巴瘤患者（HL6例，NHL22例）在治疗前后进行^18F—FDG PET—CT对比检查的结果，并与增强CT及骨髓活检结果进行比较。结果治疗前68处病灶^18F—FDG PET—CT检出67个，检出率为98．5％，其中结内37个全部检出（100％），结外31个检出30个（96．8％）；增强CT则共检出病灶45个（66．2％），其中结内37个检出32个（86．5％），结外31个仅检出13个（41．9％）。6例（21．4％）的分期得到上调并改变了1例（3．6％）的治疗方案。治疗后32处病灶^18F—FDG PET—CT检出29个，检出率为90．6％，其中结内17个检出15个（88．2％），结外15个检出14个（93．3％）；增强CT则共检出病灶18个（56．3％），其中结内17个检出13个（76．5％）．结外15个仅检出5个（33．3％）。治疗后有2例（7．1％）的分期得到上调，8例（28．6％）下调，改变了8例（21．4％）的治疗方案。^18F—FDG PET—CT对淋巴瘤患者治疗前后结内病灶检出率与增强CT相似（P〈0．05），而结外病灶检出率则明显高于增强CT（P〉0．05）。28例中25例^18F—FDG PET—CT与骨髓穿刺结果一致。治疗后^18F—FDG PET—CT对复发的阳性预测值93．8％，阴性预测值为83．3％；增强CT的阳性预测值75％，阴性预测值50％。结论^18F—FDG PET—CT在淋巴瘤分期及疗效评价中具有重要的临床价值．有助于准确分期和残余病变性质的鉴别。     

~(18)F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌的应用进展

食管癌恶性程度高、预后差,严重威胁了人类健康,18F-FDG PET/CT集功能和解剖信息于一身,这种医学影像技术在食管癌的应用优势日益受到广大医务工作者的关注。本文综述了18F-FDG PET/CT在食管癌的诊断、分期、复发、疗效和预后评估、放射治疗计划制定等方面的研究进展。     

Quantitative evaluation of neutral amino acid transport in cerebral gliomas using positron emission tomography and fluorine-18 fluorophenylalanine

To elucidate the mechanism of large neutral amino acid (LNAA) transport in cerebral gliomas and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorine-18 fluorophenylalanine (¹⁸F-Phe), we examined 18 patients with cerebral glioma using dynamic PET and¹⁸F-Phe. By employing two-compartment model analysis, the influx rateK ₁, the efflux ratek ₂ and the distribution volume (V _d) of¹⁸F-Phe were estimated in tumour tissue and contralateral normal grey matter.¹⁸F-Phe showed increased accumulation in tumour tissue regardless of the grade of malignancy in all patients. The rate of uptake of¹⁸F-Phe in high-grade glioma was significantly higher than in low-grade glioma (P <0.05). However, it was difficult to evaluate the tumour grade only from the¹⁸F-Phe accumulation in individual cases. Values ofK ₁ andV _d were significantly increased in the tumour tissue. TheK ₁ value of the tumour tissue tended to decrease with increasing LNAA concentration in plasma. Therefore, influx of¹⁸F-Phe into tumour tissue is mainly related to the carrier-mediated active transport. It is concluded that PET with¹⁸F-Phe is of clinical value for tumour detection rather than assessment of tumour malignancy.     

The Prognostic Value of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT in the Initial Assessment of Primary Tracheal Malignant Tumor: A Retrospective Study

ObjectiveTo investigate the potential value of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT in predicting the survival of patients with primary tracheal malignant tumors.Materials and MethodsAn analysis of FDG PET/CT findings in 37 primary tracheal malignant tumor patients with a median follow-up period of 43.2 months (range, 10.8–143.2 months) was performed. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to assess the associations between quantitative ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT parameters, other clinic-pathological factors, and overall survival (OS). A risk prognosis model was established according to the independent prognostic factors identified on multivariate analysis. A survival curve determined by the Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess whether the prognosis prediction model could effectively stratify patients with different risks factors.ResultsThe median survival time of the 37 patients with tracheal tumors was 38.0 months, with a 95% confidence interval of 10.8 to 65.2 months. The 3-year, 5-year and 10-year survival rate were 54.1%, 43.2%, and 16.2%, respectively. The metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), maximum standardized uptake value, age, pathological type, extension categories, and lymph node stage were included in multivariate analyses. Multivariate analysis showed MTV (p = 0.011), TLG (p = 0.020), pathological type (p = 0.037), and extension categories (p = 0.038) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Additionally, assessment of the survival curve using the Kaplan-Meier method showed that our prognosis prediction model can effectively stratify patients with different risks factors (p < 0.001).ConclusionThis study shows that ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT can predict the survival of patients with primary tracheal malignant tumors. Patients with an MTV > 5.19, a TLG > 16.94 on PET/CT scans, squamous cell carcinoma, and non-E1 were more likely to have a reduced OS.     

Rapid detection of human infections with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography: preliminary results

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of 2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET) for rapid detection of human infections. Eleven patients who were known or suspected to be harboring various infections were studied with FDG-PET. Dynamic scans over the putative infection sites were performed immediately after FDG (370 MBq) injection through 60 min, and static images including multiple projection images were then obtained. FDG uptake was assessed visually into four grades (0, normal; 1, probably normal; 2, probably abnormal; 3, definitely abnormal). For the semiquantitative index of FDG uptake in infections, the standardized uptake value of FDG normalized to the predicted lean body mass (SUV-lean, SUL) was determined from the images obtained at 50–60 min after FDG injection. PET results were compared with final clinical diagnoses. Eleven lesions in eight patients, which were interpreted as grade 2 or 3 by FDG-PET, were all concordant with active infectious foci. The SUL values of infections ranged from 0.97 to 6.69. In two patients, FDG-PET correctly showed no active infection. In one patient, it was difficult to detect infectious foci by FDG-PET due to substantial normal background uptake of FDG. In total, FDG-PET correctly diagnosed the presence or absence of active infection in 10 of 11 patients. Fusion images of PET with computed tomography showed the most intense FDG uptake to be within an abscess wall. In conclusion, FDG-PET appears to be a promising modality for rapid imaging of active human infections. More extensive clinical evaluation is warranted to determine the accuracy of this method. Received 5 March and in revised form 20 May 1998     

^18F—FDG PET—CT在淋巴瘤临床应用中的进展

PET-CT集中了PET的功能显像与CT的解剖显像的双重优势，在淋巴瘤的准确分期，恶性程度评价，治疗效果评估、肿瘤复发鉴别以及预后判断等方面有着重要的临床应用价值。     

18F-FDG和18F-FLT PET-CT在肿瘤非手术治疗早期疗效评价中的应用

早期监测肿瘤在不同治疗方法中的疗效已成为临床上亟待解决的问题.PET可从分子水平上观察细胞生物学行为,尤其是对肿瘤的早期诊断、分期及疗效评价具有较高的特异度.18F-FDG为葡萄糖类代谢显像剂,作为目前应用最为广泛的显像剂,因其本身固有的一些特点表现为对肿瘤的非特异性显像.3'-脱氧-3'-18F-氟胸腺嘧啶(18F-FLT)为核苷酸类代谢显像剂,在细胞增殖显像方面的应用较为广泛.两者在肿瘤监测、分期及疗效评价方面各具特点.该文就PET-CT在肿瘤疗效评价中的应用进行综述,同时探讨两者在监测非手术治疗疗效时何者更具有优势.     

Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for preoperative parathyroid imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism

Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging was performed in seven consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism to preoperatively locate parathyroid adenomas. Foci of FDG accumulation corresponding to abnormal parathyroid tissue were observed in two out of nine surgically excised parathyroid adenomas. It was concluded that FDG PET imaging demonstrated a too low sensitivity for systematic preoperative detection and localization of parathyroid glands causing primary hyperparathyroidism.     

<Superscript>18</Superscript>F-FDG-PET/CT as an indicator for resection of pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma

A 60-year-old man with a 7-year history of multiple pulmonary nodules presented to our hospital because the nodules were seen to have increased in size on review of films on a regular medical checkup 1 week earlier. Computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple pulmonary nodules with calcification in the lungs. The largest nodule measuring 2.5 cm in the maximum dimension was lobulated and ill-defined. The patient underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT (18F-FDG-PET/CT) to evaluate the multiple nodules and to search for a primary lesion. 18F-FDG-PET/CT revealed increased uptake in only two nodules with a standardized uptake value of 4.61 and 2.10, respectively. The two foci with increased 18F-FDG uptake were resected and pathologically proven to be pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (PEH). PEH can transform into malignancy with metastasis. An 18F-FDG-PET/CT finding may be an indicator to decide on PEH resection.