1995-2002年浙江省4次碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解和掌握浙江省碘缺乏病病情和干预措施的落实状况。方法确定30个调查点，采用8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率、盐碘、尿碘、外环境水碘和健康教育5大指标进行评价。结果至2002年，8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率已降至5．58％，碘盐合格率上升至91．25％，尿碘中位数为250．8μg／L。结论浙江省碘缺乏病防治工作通过采取以食盐加碘为主导的综合性防治措施正逐步取得显著效果。     

2007年许昌市碘缺乏病监测报告

目的评价许昌市碘缺乏病防治效果,为制定和完善防治对策提供科学依据。方法按人口容量比例概率抽样方法（PPS）,从不同方位随机抽取30所小学,每所学校抽取40名8-10岁儿童,检查儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘含量和学生家中食用碘盐合格率。结果监测1280名8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率为4．76％,监测1242名儿童尿碘水平,尿碘中位数为233．06μg／L,学生家中食用碘盐合格率为95．83％。结论实施全民食盐加碘干预措施以后,儿童甲状腺肿大率逐年下降,人群碘营养水平得到提高,碘缺乏病防治效果显著。     

1996～2004年甘肃省庆城县碘缺乏病防治效果分析

目的 评价全民食盐加碘对庆城县碘缺乏病的防治效果, 为防治决策提供依据.方法 回顾分析1996～2004年的监测资料.结果 8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率下降到3.3%,儿童尿碘中位数大于200μg/L,居民户碘盐合格率上升到90.0%,健康教育成绩显著,家庭妇女和学生防治知识及格率分别达到95.0%,88.3%.结论 通过9年以全民食盐加碘为主的干预措施后,碘缺乏病病情已明显下降.     

1983-2002年宁武县碘缺乏病防治效果分析

目的分析宁武县1983-2002年食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病(IDD)的效果,掌握IDD流行状况.方法将有关宁武县1983-2002年间IDD防治和碘盐监测资料分类汇总进行分析.结果儿童甲状腺肿大率由1983年16.2%,下降到2002年6.6%;儿童尿碘中位数1983年后均＞100μg/L,而且＜100μg/L的样本比例由1983年的44%下降到2002年的8.3%;居民食用碘盐覆盖率1983年为63.6%,合格碘盐食用率为58.5%,到2002年覆盖率上升为98.3%,合格率也上升为93.2%.非碘盐率也由1983年的36.4%,下降到2002年的1.7%.结论 20多年的食盐加碘防治IDD取得了显著的防治效果.通过食盐加碘,宁武县儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘水平和居民户碘盐合格率等3项指标达到了国家消除IDD阶段目标的标准指标.     

兰州市碘缺乏病碘盐干预效果评价

目的评价碘盐干预,为进一步加强和完善消除碘缺乏病的长效工作机制提供科学依据。方法采用PPS抽样法,1995～2009年在兰州市8个县区随机抽取8～10岁儿童进行甲状腺肿大率、尿碘、盐碘监测。结果经食盐加碘干预,8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率呈下降趋势,近4年达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准;尿碘中位数波动在100～300μg/L,均满足国家学龄儿童碘营养评价标准（尿碘中位数〉100μg/L）,尿碘合格率波动在67.01%～97.22%;碘盐合格率连续7年稳定在90%以上,各年碘盐中位数均达到国家标准（碘盐20～50mg/kg）。结论普及碘盐是改善人群碘营养状况、防治碘缺乏病的有效措施。     

福建省长汀县碘缺乏病10年监测结果分析

目的了解我县近10年来采取食盐加碘及重点人群普服碘制剂为辅的综合干预措施,防治碘缺乏病的消长趋势和防治措施的落实情况。方法按人口容量比例概率抽检法(PPS)抽查8～10岁在校儿童甲状腺肿大率、尿碘中位数、碘盐合格率。结果甲状腺肿大率6次监测结果显示,儿童甲状腺肿大率逐年明显下降。尿碘水平也趋于合理。碘盐合格率逐年升高。五年级健康知识知晓率情况无明显变化。结论广泛深入持久开展碘缺乏病防治宣传教育,提高广大人民群众自我保健意识,自觉购买合格碘盐,加强盐业市场监管,打击非碘盐等综合防治措施,是达到消除碘缺乏病目标的重要措施。     

泰兴地区碘缺乏病防治效果调查

目的　了解泰兴地区通过落实食盐加碘,重点人群补服碘丸等措施后人群的碘营养状况。方法　人群尿碘用酸消化法测定; Ｒ Ｉ Ａ 方法检测新生儿 Ｔ Ｓ Ｈ;触诊法调查甲状腺肿大率。结果　人群的尿碘水平由防治前的７８．３μｇ／ Ｌ 上升到２７４μｇ／ Ｌ;７～１４岁儿童的尿碘水平由防治前的６４μｇ／ Ｌ 上升到２８９μｇ／ Ｌ; 孕妇的尿碘水平由７０μｇ／ Ｌ 上升到２５１μｇ／ Ｌ; 儿童的甲状腺肿大率由１８７％ 下降到７９％ ,新生儿先天性甲低患病率由防治前的５８５‰下降到０６７‰,碘盐合格率达８０％ 左右。结论　进一步落实好以全民食用碘盐为主的综合防治措施,到２０００年消除碘缺乏病是可达标的。     

福建省南平市碘缺乏病动态监测分析

以县（市、区）为单位采用PPS抽样法对南平市所辖的10个县（市、区）的碘缺乏病防治情况连续数年进行监测。结果表明：自1995-1999年碘盐合格率从74.75%上升到95.86%，碘盐中位数从30.45mg/kg上升至45.45mg/kg;8-10岁儿童的尿碘水平从197.41ug/L上升至259.69ug/L；儿童甲状腺肿大率从22.45%降至4.23%，说明通过落实以食盐加碘为主的综合性防治措施，特别在提高了碘盐含碘量与合格率之后，效果是显的，碘盐、尿碘和病情三项指标均达到了消除碘缺乏病的标准。     

安顺市5年碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解安顺市2000年以来碘缺乏病防治进展和现状,分析2000-2004年全市碘缺乏病监测结果。方法随机抽样法调查小学生甲状腺肿情况,测定小学生尿碘,测定盐碘。结果安顺市8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率2004年为14.28%,高于2000、2001、2002、2003年(P<0.05)。居民碘盐食用率2004年为94.04%,加碘合格率为94.20%,高于前4年(P<0.01)。5年监测儿童尿碘中位数在219.08～384.34μg/L。结论现行碘盐基本适合安顺市人群,但8～10岁学生甲状腺肿大率仍处于较高水平。     

全民食盐加碘对福建省消除碘缺乏病进程的影响

目的 全面了解实施全民食盐加碘干预措施后福建省碘缺乏病动态变化趋势,评估干预措施效果和实现消除碘缺乏病目标进程.方法 自1995年起每隔两年采用容量比例概率法在全省调查30个县,调查8～10岁儿童的甲状腺肿大率和尿碘、家中盐碘及健康教育问卷.结果 全民食盐加碘后,福建省居民合格碘盐食用率由1995年的44.6%提高到2005年的90.9%,居民非碘盐率由1995年的44.8%下降至2005年的6.1%,8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率由1995年的29.5%下降到2005年的1.3%,8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数由1995年的111.8μg/L提高到2005年的158.1μg/L.结论 经过10年防治,福建省控制碘缺乏病各项技术指标均达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准的要求,实现省级水平消除碘缺乏病目标.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.