自体外周造血干细胞移植治疗成人皮肌炎一例

目的 探讨自体外周造血干细胞移植治疗成人皮肌炎的疗效.方法 1例21岁皮肌炎患者接受自体外周造血干细胞移植,随访6年.采用重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子动员外周造血干细胞后,予以环磷酰胺、甲泼尼龙、环孢素预处理,干细胞回输第3天开始使用兔抗人T淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白.观察症状体征、生化指标、造血重建及免疫恢复情况.结果 出院时皮疹明显好转,后逐渐消退;四肢肌力由移植前Ⅳ级转为Ⅴ级并持续至今;移植后肌酸激酶显著下降,但又逐渐恢复到移植前水平;回输当天开始出现白细胞下降,第8天恢复正常造血功能.移植前后免疫功能均正常.结论 对复杂难治性重症皮肌炎,可选择白体外周造血干细胞移植治疗.     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗难治性天疱疮一例

目的 探讨自体外周血干细胞移植治疗天疱疮的可能性.病历资料男性患者,35岁,全身反复大疱4年余,根据临床表现、组织病理和免疫荧光检查确诊为天疱疮.经糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂治疗效果不佳,2月前出现髓关节疼痛,经X线和CT检查诊断为股骨头无菌性坏死.采取环磷酞胺及粒细胞集落刺激因子作为动员剂,利妥昔单抗联合净化.用环磷酞胺联合抗胸腺细胞球蛋白、利妥昔单抗进行预处理,同时碱化和水化尿液,保护心、肝和肾功能.观察移植后临床表现、造血和免疫指标等的变化.结果 患者移植结束即停用糖皮质激素,3周后自觉双侧靛关节疼痛减轻,复查CT示股骨头缺血性改变减轻.移植6周后直接免疫荧光和间接免疫荧光检查转阴并持续阴性.经一年复诊,临床及免疫学检查均无复发迹象.结论 本研究结果提示自体外周血干细胞移植治疗天疙疮近期疗效显著,可能是治疗存在治疗抵抗的重症天疤疮潜在的“根治”方法,但其风险收益比尚需进一步评价.     

Long-term remission after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has proved to be an effective therapeutic option in various hematologic neoplastic disorders. Because patients with advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphoma have a poor prognosis, with minimal possibilities of sustained remission, we studied the therapeutic potential of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. OBSERVATIONS: Three young patients with refractory tumor stage mycosis fungoides underwent allogeneic HLA-matched sibling transplantation with combined marrow and CD34-enriched peripheral blood stem cell transplantation after cytoreductive chemotherapy and total-body irradiation. Complete and sustained clinical and histologic remission was achieved in 2 patients, and both remain disease free 4(1/2) years and 15 months later. One patient was in complete remission for 9 months, followed by limited cutaneous recurrence. Mild graft-vs-host disease and graft-vs-tumor effect have contained the recurring disease as a low-grade process. CONCLUSIONS: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has the potential for sustained remission and the possibility of cure for young patients with advanced and recalcitrant cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Even in the absence of complete remission, an allogeneic graft-vs-tumor effect may provide an immune mechanism to control the malignant T-cell process and alter the natural history of disease.     

Successful treatment of scleromyxedema with autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND: Scleromyxedema is a rare chronic fibromucinous disorder that can have devastating clinical manifestations, including sclerosis of the skin with progressive pharyngeal and upper airway involvement, resulting in high mortality due to respiratory complications. Herein we describe a novel therapeutic approach. Because autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is effective in other plasma cell proliferative disorders, it may be effective in this setting. OBSERVATIONS: We retrospectively evaluated 6 patients who were offered high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue as treatment for scleromyxedema. One heavily pretreated patient was unable to mobilize stem cells. The remaining 5 patients mobilized stem cells and underwent successful transplantation. There was no treatment-related mortality. Hematologic responses were seen in 4 patients, including 2 complete remissions and 2 partial remissions, and all 4 had improvement in extracutaneous manifestations. All 4 patients subsequently had relapse of the monoclonal protein, and 3 developed skin relapses at 14, 37, and 45 months. CONCLUSIONS: High-dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue is feasible for patients with scleromyxedema and, although not curative, offers durable remission in most patients. This therapy should be considered before treatment with alkylating agents or other treatments that could adversely affect the ability to collect stem cells.     

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in advanced cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma

We retrospectively reviewed data pertaining to five patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) who had received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) between 2004 and 2015 at Kurume University Hospital, along with their clinical data until March 2016. For patients with advanced CTCL eligible for HSCT, autologous HSCT was performed when they responded well to chemotherapy, and allogeneic HSCT was selected for patients with advanced mycosis fungoides (MF)/Sézary syndrome (SS) and CTCL other than MF/SS with poor chemosensitivity. Two patients (primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma and primary cutaneous CD8⁺ aggressive epidermotropic cytotoxic T‐cell lymphoma) who responded well to chemotherapy received autologous HSCT: one patient was alive in partial remission and the other died due to therapy‐related acute myeloid leukemia without disease relapse. In the remaining three patients with MF or SS, allogeneic HSCT was performed. Although one patient with MF died due to disease progression, the remaining two patients were alive in complete remission. Although there were two deaths in this study, the outcomes were considered satisfactory.     

Eruption of lymphocyte recovery or autologous graft-versus-host disease?

Maculopapular exanthemas have a particular high incidence among patients treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In most cases, a viral or drug induced origin is easily identified. However, the transplantation itself may also induce similar skin changes. These exanthemas are known under various names, such as autologous graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), engraftment syndrome (ES) or eruption of lymphocyte recovery (ELR). Given the clinical and histopathological similarities of these disorders, it can prove difficult to establish a diagnosis. Here, we describe a patient who developed a maculopapular exanthema after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma, diagnosed as autologous GVHD. We also briefly review the current knowledge of the pathogenesis of autologous GVHD, ES, and ELR. Based on these data we would like to suggest that the latter two do not reflect own disease entities but rather different presentations of autologous GVHD.     

Autologous Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease in a Child with Stage IV Neuroblastoma

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) is an underappreciated complication of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) that can affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and liver. The development of this rare condition is probably due to an impairment of immunologic tolerance that can occur spontaneously through T‐cell dysregulation, possibly from intensive conditioning chemotherapy regimens, or intentionally through administration of cyclosporine in the hopes of promoting an antitumor response. We present the case of a 2‐year‐old boy with metastatic neuroblastoma who spontaneously developed autologous GVHD after AHSCT. Severe pruritus and an inability to taper his oral steroids without a disease flare marked his disease. Eventually partial relief was achieved with initiation of cyclosporine and a strict soak and smear protocol using topical triamcinolone 0.1% ointment.     

造血干细胞移植治疗系统性红斑狼疮1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨自体骨髓干细胞移植(ABMSCT)对系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的疗效。方法患者为SLE迁延不愈并伴有自身免疫性溶血性贫血(AIHA),采集自体骨髓造血干细胞,预处理用环磷酰胺(CTX)2.4 g静滴连用2天,依托泊苷(VP-16)0.4 g/m2d1,0.5 g/m2d2(即依据病人体表面积第1天用0.4 g/m2,第2天用0.5 g/m2),预处理后回输自体骨髓悬液。用惠尔血(rhG-CSF)刺激粒细胞的恢复,观察ABMSCT前后临床表现和免疫学指标的变化。结果ABM-SCT后患者的临床症状明显缓解,血象各指标恢复正常。结论ABMSCT对SLE有较好的疗效,远期疗效还需长期随访。     

Successful imiquimod treatment of multiple basal cell carcinomas after radiation therapy for Hodgkin's disease

We present a case of a 55-year-old male patient who developed five basal cell carcinomas 23 years after radiation therapy of Hodgkin's disease. In 1980 he received radiation therapy twice. Due to relapses, he was treated with aggressive polychemotherapy and underwent autologous stem cell transplantation, which then led to complete remission. Until now he is in complete remission. However, multiple superficial basal cell carcinomas have developed on irradiation fields that have been successfully treated by imiquimod.     

Oral bexarotene for post‐transplant cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma

Organ transplant recipients receiving immunosuppression have an increased risk of developing post‐transplant lymphoproliferative diseases (PTLDs). Traditionally, PTLDs refer to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐induced B‐cell lymphoma. However, post‐transplant T‐cell lymphoma may also occur and tends to have a poorer response to reduced immunosuppressive therapy. As such, additional therapy is often needed for post‐transplant T‐cell lymphoma, including post‐transplant cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (PT‐CTCL). We present only the third case of PT‐CTCL occurring after liver transplantation. The patient was diagnosed with stage IB mycosis fungoides (MF). His lesions were refractory to multiple skin‐directed therapies, and so he was given oral bexarotene 150 mg daily and his oral tacrolimus dose was decreased to 2 mg daily. Remarkably, his MF patches have demonstrated a complete response to oral bexarotene 75 mg daily without recurrence over 11 years of follow‐up. He developed hypertriglyceridemia with bexarotene 150 mg, so his dose was decreased to 75 mg, without loss of response. Our report is the second to describe PT‐CTCL demonstrating a long‐term complete response to oral bexarotene. Given its anti‐carcinogenic properties and favorable toxicity profile, oral bexarotene represents an appealing treatment option for PT‐CTCL refractory to skin‐directed therapies.     

Cutaneous gamma/delta T‐cell lymphoma

Only 40 cases of primary cutaneous gamma/delta T‐cell lymphoma (GD‐TCL) have been described. GD‐TCL was included as a provisional entity in the WHO‐EORTC classification of cutaneous lymphomas in 2005. GD‐TCL often failed to respond to polychemotherapy and radiation therapy and have a poor prognosis with a mean survival of only 15 months. We present a patient treated with surgery, immunomodulatory therapy, and polychemotherapy. He then received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and has been in complete remission since. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation appears to be a promising therapeutic option for aggressive and generally fatal lymphomas like GD‐TCL.     

自体外周血纯化造血干细胞移植治疗系统性红斑狼疮

目的 探讨自体外周血纯化造血干细胞移植治疗系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的疗效和安全性。方法 对9例SLE患者进行自体外周血纯化造血干细胞移植。采集的干细胞的计数为(2.37～9.9)×10⁸/kg。预处理方案是环磷酰胺50 mg·kg^-1·d^-1静脉滴注,连用4 d(造血干细胞回输前2～5d)。抗胸腺球蛋白抗体2.5 mg·kg^-1·d^-1静脉滴注,连用4d。同时碱化和水化尿液,保护心、肝和肾功能。从移植后临床表现、SLE相关的免疫学指标的变化,移植后造血重建情况,移植的并发症等方面进行评价。结果 9例患者均获得成功植入,外周血白细胞总数>1.0×10>/L的时间为移植后7～15 d,血小板>20×10⁹/L时间为移植后0～21d。所有患者均于移植后面部红斑等临床症状完全消失,大部分患者自身抗体转阴。9例患者均出现轻重不一的血清病样反应,1例出现严重的肾衰和心衰,3例有出血性膀胱炎,1例出现心因性精神障碍,1例发生会阴部念珠菌感染。结论 随访1年结果表明,自体外周血纯化造血干细胞移植治疗SLE的近期疗效显著,且相对安全。     

Oral chronic graft-versus-host disease: analysis of dendritic cells subpopulations

The graft-versus-host disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Aiming at contributing to the understanding of the role of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and natural killer cells in chronic graft-versus-host disease, we examined biopsies of jugal mucosa of 26 patients with acute myeloid leukemia who had undergone allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Half of these patients developed oral chronic graft-versus-host disease. Microscopic sections were immunohistochemically stained for anti-CD1a, anti-CD123 and anti-CD56. We calculated the number of immunostained cells in the corium per square millimeter and applied the Mann-Whitney test. Results showed a statistically significant increase of myeloid dendritic cells (CD1a+; p=0,02) and natural killer cells (CD56; p=0,04) in patients with oral chronic graft-versus-host disease. CD123 immunostaining showed no statistical difference between groups. It was concluded that myeloid dendritic cells and natural killer cells participate in the development of oral chronic graft-versus-host disease.     

Current management strategies for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma is a group of lymphomas characterized by a malignant proliferation of skin homing T cells. Prognosis is generally good and treatment is based on the stage of the disease with the goal of inducing remission. Patients with disease limited to the skin in the form of patches and plaques respond best to "skin directed therapy" with topical agents including corticosteroids, nitrogen mustard, carmustine, bexarotene gel, as well as phototherapy with ultraviolet B light, PUVA, or photodynamic therapy. Tazarotene and imiquimod show potential in the treatment of early CTCL. Patients with disease resistant to treatment or with advanced disease require more aggressive therapy in the form of total skin electron beam radiation, biologic response modifiers including interferon alpha, bexarotene, denileukin diftitox, extracorporeal photochemotherapy or combination therapy. The use of chemotherapy is used primarily for palliation. Allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation may represent a successful treatment for treatment resistant disease.     

免疫吸附联合非清髓性CD34+细胞自身移植治疗难治性SLE三例

目的 观察免疫吸附联合非清髓性化疗结合CD34+细胞分选的自体外周血干细胞移植治疗难治性SLE的疗效。方法 难治性SLE 3例，均经肾活检确诊为狼疮性肾炎Ⅳ型，狼疮处于活动期，病情进展，常规治疗无效；应用以葡萄球菌A蛋白作为免疫吸附剂的吸附柱进行免疫吸附，一个疗程共6次，每次吸附血浆3 L；随后采用异环磷酰胺加重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子动员、Baxter CS-3000血细胞分离机采集外周血，获取单一核细胞，通过CD34+细胞分选仪分别得到2.6 × 106/kg、2.1 × 106/kg、2.4 × 106/kg CD34+细胞，采集物中分别含3 × 105/kg、2.1 × 105/kg、2.0 × 105/kg CD3+细胞，预处理为回输前6 d，每日应用氟达拉滨50 mg/d 共5 d，回输前3 d始每日应用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白90 mg/kg共5 d。 结果 ①3例患者吸附后血浆中抗dsDNA、ANA抗体、IgG均明显下降，补体C3明显上升。②3例患者均于移植后2 ~ 3 d获得造血重建。③移植后3例患者临床症状均明显缓解，SLEDAI评分均 < 3分。④移植后6个月，患者血浆中抗dsDNA、ANA抗体均转阴性，补体C3升至正常，尿蛋白转阴性，肾功能恢复正常。结论 移植治疗难治性SLE近期疗效满意。     

Two cases of mycosis fungoides treated by reduced-intensity cord blood transplantation

Mycosis fungoides is a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, which is clinically divided into three stages: patch, plaque and tumor. Despite a variety of treatments the prognosis is poor in advanced mycosis fungoides. Recently, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been successfully applied for such cases. We performed reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation for two advanced mycosis fungoides patients. Case 1 was a 56-year-old man and case 2 was a 30-year-old woman. Tumors of each case were refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Although radiation therapy was considerably effective, tumors relapsed after several months. Reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation was performed because case 1 had no human leukocyte antigen-identical siblings and the sibling of case 2 did not agree to be the donor. The male patient died of pulmonary failure 23 days after reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation. The case 2 patient succeeded in reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation and remained in complete/partial remission for 13 months. However, chemotherapy-resistant tumors relapsed, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed at 17 months. She died of cerebral hemorrhage 23 days after the procedure. Reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation may be included in the treatments for advanced mycosis fungoides, where graft-versus-lymphoma effect seems to be a significant factor for the success of the treatment.     

The optimal use of bexarotene in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

The management goal in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) is to improve symptoms and induce remission. Early-stage disease is generally treated with skin-directed therapies. However, if these do not control the disease, systemic therapy becomes necessary. Bexarotene, a novel rexinoid, is an oral, noncytotoxic drug that has been approved in Europe for the treatment of refractory advanced-stage CTCL and in the U.S.A. for refractory CTCL. We provide guidance on the use of bexarotene in the management of CTCL, based on data from phase II/III clinical trials and the authors' clinical experience, and suggest how the potential of the drug can be maximized. The clinical trial results with bexarotene are reviewed, especially in comparison with interferon-alpha, which is the other commonly used noncytotoxic systemic therapy for CTCL. A treatment algorithm for bexarotene in refractory CTCL is suggested. As bexarotene may take time to achieve a maximum response, this algorithm recommends that therapy should be continued for a sufficient period to allow for a delayed onset of action. In addition, possible combination therapies with bexarotene are discussed. We conclude that bexarotene is effective in the management of CTCL, and has the advantage of oral administration. An on-going randomized clinical trial comparing psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) with PUVA plus bexarotene will provide valuable information about this combination regimen in early-stage disease, but further data are needed on the relative efficacies of other combination therapies with bexarotene in CTCL.     

Induction of complete remission of advanced stage mycosis fungoides by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Advanced mycosis fungoides (MF) is incurable with conventional treatments. High-dose chemoradiotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation has induced remissions in a small number of patients with MF, but this modality is limited by a high relapse rate. We report induction of complete remission in a 37-year-old woman with rapidly progressive stage IV MF with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo SCT). She remains in continuous complete remission 2 years after transplant. Allo SCT for MF is theoretically attractive, because there is no contamination of the graft by malignant cells, and because of the possibility of graft-versus-tumor effect. Although the results in this patient are encouraging, more patients and longer follow-up are needed to define the usefulness of Allo SCT in the treatment of MF.     

SLE患者自体外周血纯化造血干细胞移植后自身抗体的变化

目的研究自体外周血纯化造血干细胞移植对系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者自身抗体的影响并评估治疗效果。方法16例接受自体外周血纯化造血干细胞移植的SLE患者列入研究。应用酶联免疫吸附试验动态监测移植前及移植后3,6,12个月血清中自身抗体含量,并进行定量分析。结果自体外周血造血干细胞移植治疗SLE后,ANA、抗双链DNA抗体、抗Sm抗体、抗RNP抗体的滴度均较移植前下降。其中移植后3,6,12个月的血清中ANA、抗RNP抗体的含量均明显低于移植前。结论自体外周血纯化造血干细胞移植能减少血清中的自身抗体,有效治疗SLE。     

Autosomal recessive hyper‐IgE syndrome successfully treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Autosomal recessive hyper‐IgE syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency that results from a mutation in the DOCK8 gene. We report a case of a patient presenting with severe eczema, atopy, and recurrent skin infections since the first months of life. The diagnosis of autosomal recessive hyper‐IgE syndrome was made at the age of 7 by a positive DOCK8 genetic test. The patient underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with complete remission of the various manifestations.