腹腔镜腹膜透析管置入术在慢性肾衰竭合并腹部手术后患者中的应用

目的研究既往有腹腔手术、腹膜炎等特殊情况的慢性肾功能不全患者安全有效的腹膜透析管置入方法。对象与方法对第二军医大学长海医院肾内科符合CKD5期诊断标准8例患者,均有下腹部手术史或腹膜炎病史。手术方法为经脐下切1cm的弧形切口,插入5mm圆锥套管针(Trocar),以此孔做为观察镜通道,初步了解腹腔内情况。如患者有脏器粘连等情况,则在右侧腹直肌旁、脐下2cm处插入另一5mmTrocar为辅助操作孔,用以插入切割器,分离粘连组织,使用无损伤抓钳在屏幕直视下置入腹膜透析管。如无粘连等情况,则直接经操作孔置入腹膜透析管。结果2例患者应用切割器分离粘连的组织,4例患者借助无损伤抓钳使腹膜透析管放入膀胱直肠窝或子宫直肠窝,4例患者直接经操作孔道丝引导置入腹膜透析管。腹膜透析液进出通畅,无明显并发症发生。结论腹腔镜下置管术能在直视下将导管放入膀胱直肠窝或子宫直肠窝,是为有过腹腔手术或腹膜炎的患者置入腹膜透析管的有效方法。     

Minilaparoscopic extraperitoneal tunneling with omentopexy: a new technique for CAPD catheter placement.

BACKGROUND: Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an effective form of treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Open insertion of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters is the standard surgical technique, but it is associated with a relatively high incidence of catheter-related problems. To overcome these problems, different laparoscopic techniques have been presented, being preferable to the open and percutaneous methods. OBJECTIVE: To introduce and evaluate the efficiency of laparoscopic omental fixation and extraperitoneal placement of the cuff-coil part (the straight portion) of the catheter to prevent catheter tip migration, pericatheter leakage, severe abdominal pain, and the obstruction caused by omental wrapping. SETTING: The study was carried out in the General Surgery Department, Akdeniz University Medical School, in Turkey. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between November 2001 and March 2005, the technique was applied in 44 consecutive patients (mean age 51.6 years, range 18 - 67 years) with end-stage renal disease. During this laparoscopic technique, the omentum was first fixed onto the parietal peritoneum, and then the catheter was introduced through the subumbilical trocar site into the posterior rectus compartment and advanced toward the symphysis pubis. The catheter was then inserted into the abdominal cavity, passing the peritoneal opening, which was prepared before catheter insertion. The straight portion of the catheter was located into the extraperitoneal area of the anterior abdominal wall. The curled end, which contains the side-holes of the catheter, was placed into the true pelvis. Catheter position and patency were verified under direct vision using a 2 mm telescope. RESULTS: All procedures were completed laparoscopically. Operating time ranged between 40 and 100 minutes (median 52 minutes). There was no intraoperative complication or surgical mortality. Peritoneal dialysis was initiated within 15 - 24 hours after catheter implantation. After a median follow-up period of 17.4 months (range 1 - 38 months), early exit-site infection occurred in 1 of 44 patients. All catheters functioned well postoperatively. There was no pain during CAPD. CONCLUSION: This new laparoscopic technique using an extraperitoneal approach with omentopexy for PD catheter placement could prove extremely useful for preventing catheter malfunction caused by catheter tip migration, pericatheter leakage, omental wrapping, and periodic catheter movement that causes abdominal pain in CAPD.     

A New Simplified One-Port Laparoscopic Technique for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Placement

♦ Background: Various techniques for laparoscopic insertion of a peritoneal dialysis catheter have been described. Usually 2 - 3 ports are required, and complications related to the port sites (such as abdominal wall hernia, leakage, and hemorrhage) cannot be avoided. To minimize the potential complications, we designed a simplified 1-port laparoscopic technique for peritoneal dialysis catheter placement.♦ Methods: We conducted a retrospective data review of 44 patients who underwent 1-port laparoscopic insertion of a Tenckhoff catheter from June 2009 to February 2011. All patient data, including postoperative complications, were analyzed.♦ Results: The mean follow-up period was 11.52 months. All catheters were working properly, except in 1 patient who developed peritonitis 3 months after catheter placement. (The catheter was removed.) No postoperative abdominal wall hemorrhage, early leaks, hernias, or catheter migration occurred. No exit-site or tunnel infections were observed.♦ Conclusions: Our 1-port laparoscopic technique provides excellent catheter fixation, avoids excessive port sites, and yields good cosmesis. The low complication rate and the simplicity of the method justify its standard use for Tenckhoff catheter placement.     

Prevalence and management of hernias in peritoneal dialysis patients.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hernias before and after the start of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in patients with end-stage renal disease, and to evaluate the result of a proposed surgical treatment. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: 122 patients who started CAPD from 1994 to 2000; 26 hernias were diagnosed in 21 (17.2%) patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Finding of hernias; morbidity associated with catheter insertion and hernia repair; recurrence of hernias. Results: 19 hernias were detected in 15 patients (12.3%) before they began CAPD; only 7 hernias were observed while on CAPD. Umbilical (61.5%) and inguinal (26.9%) hernias were the most common. Multiple hernias were detected in 4 patients. Simultaneous repair of hernia and catheter insertion was performed in patients with pre-existing hernias. Under local anesthesia, most patients were operated on with surgical techniques of tension-free hernioplasty using a polypropylene mesh. Only mild post-operative complications were recorded: 3 seromas and 1 hematoma. No fluid leakage was found in our series. There were no long-term complications (infection or recurrence) related to the mesh. CONCLUSIONS: 73% of hernias in peritoneal dialysis patients occur before starting dialysis. Hernia problems in these high-risk patients can be safely solved using a careful technique with application of tension-free hernioplasty. Most may be repaired under local anesthesia with simultaneous catheter insertion.     

The use of TWH catheters in CAPD patients: fourteen-year experience in technique, survival, and complication rates.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technique of insertion, complication rates, and survival rates of Toronto-Western Hospital (TWH) peritoneal catheters in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 222 TWH catheters were inserted into 203 CAPD patients (113 males and 90 females) with end-stage chronic renal failure during a period of 14 years (1 January 1982 to 31 August 1995). The mean age of the patients was 58.5 years (range 18-86 years). For the first 6 years, the peritoneal cavity approach was performed via a lower midline incision (45 insertions), various other approaches (17 insertions), and, finally, for the last 160 insertions (for approximately 8 years) the transverse paraumbilical incision was exclusively employed. The duration of CAPD ranged between 1 to 151 months (mean time 33.2 months). RESULTS: Regarding early and late complications (namely leakages, obstructions, eviscerations, tunnel infections, herniation, and others), as well as catheter survival, the transverse paraumbilical insertion, compared to other approaches, had the smallest number of complications. Thus, early leakage occurred in 5/222 (2.25%) versus 10/222 (4.5%), obstruction nil versus 2/222 (0.9%), and evisceration nil versus 1/222 (0.45%). In addition, as far as the late complications are concerned: tunnel infections 5/222 (2.22%) versus 13/222 (5.85%), herniations 1/222 (0.45%) versus 16/222 (7.3%), and cuff protrusion nil versus 7/222 (3.1%). Finally, overall peritonitis occurred with a rate of one episode every 21.2 months. Actuarial survival for 1 and 3 years was 75% and 37%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The transverse paraumbilical incision seems to be the most advantageous approach in inserting (by "surgical method") theTWH catheters. We found it to be a safe, simple, versatile procedure, giving good results in all parameters concerned.     

Laparoscopic placement of Tenckhoff catheters for peritoneal dialysis: a safe, effective, and reproducible procedure.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Currently there are several techniques for laparoscopic placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters. The aim of this paper is to describe our technique and outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Laparoscopic implantation of peritoneal catheters was performed in 100 consecutive patients. The technique employed laparoscopically guided musculofascial tunneling to maintain catheter orientation toward the deep pelvis, and adhesiolysis to eliminate compartmentalization that could affect completeness of dialysate drainage. Mean duration of surgery, hospital stay, morbidity, mortality, and catheter survival were assessed. Analysis of catheter survival was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with censoring of catheter loss due to death or successful transplantation. RESULTS: Mean operative time was 20 +/- 7 minutes and average duration of hospital stay was 3 +/- 1 days. There were no conversions from laparoscopy to conventional catheter insertion methods. No exit-site or tunnel infections, hemorrhagic complications, abdominal wall hernias, or catheter cuff extrusions were detected. No mortality occurred in this series of patients. Catheter survival was 97%, 95%, and 91% at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The laparoscopic method described in this report is compliant with consensus guidelines for best-demonstrated practices in peritoneal access placement. Laparoscopy permits direct visualization of all procedure steps in a safe efficient reproducible manner. The laparoscopic approach afforded patients the advantage of short procedure times, a minimally invasive approach, and excellent outcomes. The results reported in this paper support our opinion that laparoscopic Tenckhoff catheter implantation should become the standard of care for clinical practice.     

腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术的疗效及安全性

目的 比较腹腔镜下与常规腹膜透析置管术的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾苏州大学附属第一医院肾内科2007年12月～2010年12月接受腹膜透析置管并且规律腹膜透析(PD)的终末期肾病(ESRD)患者共86例,根据手术方式分为全麻下腹腔镜组(A组)和局麻常规手术组(B组),A组41例,B组45例,记录手术前后两组的基本状况、并...     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者腹腔镜引导下腹膜透析置管术11例临床分析

目的:总结腹腔镜外科技术应用在放置Tenckhoff卷曲腹透管的经验。方法:选择11例慢性肾功能衰竭患者,在腹腔镜引导下将Tenckhoff卷曲腹透管置入腹腔并经皮下隧道引出。结果:11例患者腹透管均放置成功,手术时间约45min,均成功进行了腹膜透析,患者术后一周内出院。结论:腹腔镜引导下放置Tenckhoff卷曲腹透管具有腹透管放置定位准确,无手术切口,优于常规开腹手术,值得推广应用。     

Randomized prospective comparison of laparoscopic and open peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion.

OBJECTIVE: To compare laparoscopic and conventional peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion with respect to post operative discomfort, complication rates, and catheter survival. DESIGN: Randomized prospective study. SETTING: Tertiary referral renal unit. PATIENTS: Fifty patients commencing peritoneal dialysis. INTERVENTION: Catheters were implanted laparoscopically or by a conventional surgical technique. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The duration of surgery, hospital stay, pain scores, and analgesic requirements were recorded. Complications (early/late) and catheter survival were compared. RESULTS: The conventional procedure was faster than the laparoscopic (14.3 vs 21.9 minutes, p < 0.0001). There was no difference in any other parameter assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that the insertion techniques are equivalent, and that laparoscopic insertion does not reduce early complication rates.     

Laparoscopic Intraperitonealization of Accidentally Misplaced Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter: A Salvage Procedure

Tenckhoff catheter placement is a well-established procedure to facilitate continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) management. Catheter malposition is a possible cause of catheter malfunction. Options to deal with early malfunction are re-exploration, omentectomy, repositioning, or new catheter placement. Technical malpositioning can be dealt with early, with minimal morbidity and cost. Here we report a case of a CAPD catheter accidentally placed preperitoneally which was salvaged using videolaparscopy.     

Does previous abdominal surgery increase postoperative complication rates in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis?

BACKGROUND: This study was to compare the postoperative complication rates of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) catheter insertion via open technique between two groups of patients, those with and those without a history of previous abdominal surgery. METHODS: A review was carried out in 122 patients over a 2-year period. The patients were divided into two groups: those with and those without previous lower abdominal surgery. All patient records were retrospectively analyzed until the time of catheter failure or to current time if alive and receiving CAPD. Patient characteristics, operative factors, and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: Postoperative complications were reported as catheter malfunction in 16 patients and CAPD-related peritonitis in 36 patients. The complication rates in the group of patients with previous abdominal surgery were 16.7% catheter malfunction and 33.3% CAPD-related peritonitis. In patients without previous lower abdominal surgery, a catheter malfunction rate of 12.5% and a peritonitis rate of 28.8% were seen. The operation time in patients with previous abdominal surgery was longer than that in patients without previous abdominal surgery. However, no statistically significant difference in postoperative complication rates was detected between patients with and patients without previous lower abdominal surgery. CONCLUSION: CAPD remains a reliable modality in the treatment of end-stage renal disease and does not increase postoperative complications in patients with previous abdominal surgery.     

Immediate initiation of CAPD following percutaneous catheter placement without break-in procedure.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a modified method of percutaneous catheter placement without a break-in procedure on the development of catheter-related complications in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). DESIGN: A prospective, observational clinical study. SETTING: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) units of two university-based hospitals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 51 consecutive patients on CAPD. A straight double-cuffed Tenckhoff catheter with a straight intraperitoneal segment was used, and all catheters were inserted using a modified percutaneous placement method under local anesthesia. The catheter was introduced directly into the deep pelvis through an intramuscular tract, which had been created by tapered dilators. Peritoneal dialysis was initiated immediately after catheter insertion without a break-in procedure. Catheter-related complications were surveyed during the 12 months after initiation of CAPD. RESULTS: Within the first month, only 1 pericatheter leakage (1.9%) was detected. There were no cases of visceral perforation or severe hemorrhage during catheter insertions. Catheter malfunction due to catheter tip migration, exit-site infection, and peritonitis developed in only 1.9%, 3.9%, and 3.9% of patients, respectively. After 1 month following catheter insertion, no further incidences of pericatheter leakage occurred during the follow-up period. All catheters, except one that was reinserted due to tip migration, survived throughout the study period. CONCLUSION: The rates of pericatheter leakage and other catheter-related complications are relatively low in CAPD patients using our percutaneous catheter placement method without a break-in procedure. This procedure is comparatively simple and less invasive than other catheter placement methods, and allows for immediate start of PD after catheter insertion, without a break-in procedure.     

Combined abdominal hernia repair and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) catheter insertion

Out of a series of 290 surgically inserted continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) catheters, 19 patients had 24 abdominal hernias repaired at the same time as CAPD catheter insertion. All catheters were used immediately after our normal postoperative break in protocol. There were no fluid leaks from the hernia repair site but 3 catheters failed due to complications unrelated to the hernia repair. CAPD technique survival was not adversely affected in the hernia repair group.     

Peritoneal vascular changes in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD): an in vivo model for the study of diabetic microangiopathy

Replication of the basement membrane of the peritoneal capillaries and the mesothelium is observed in all uremic patients after a period of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Biopsy specimens of the parietal peritoneum were taken in diabetic and non-diabetic patients on insertion or repositioning of the CAPD catheter. The basement membrane of the capillaries and mesothelium was normal in non-diabetics on insertion of the catheter, but after 2 to 66 months of CAPD, multiple replication was found. In nearly all the diabetics there was already replication of the basement membrane of the peritoneal capillaries before CAPD was begun but the basement membrane of the mesothelium was intact. After several months of CAPD thickening of the basement membrane of the capillaries was found in 36% of diabetics, sometimes to the point of occlusion. After CAPD, replication of the basement membrane of the mesothelium has been observed in both diabetics and non-diabetics although it is initially perfectly normal in both. CAPD is proposed as an experimental model for diabetic microangiopathy in man.     

异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉用于腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术患者苏醒质量研究

目的 探讨异丙酚和七氟醚麻醉对腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术患者麻醉后苏醒质量的影响.方法 选择择期行腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术的终末期肾病患者100例,随机分成两组:异丙酚组(n=50),给予芬太尼、阿曲库铵、异丙酚行麻醉诱导,异丙酚、瑞芬太尼维持麻醉;七氟醚组(n=50):给予芬太尼、阿曲库铵、七氟醚行麻醉诱导,七氟醚维持麻醉.观察围手术期患者的血液动力学状态,术后麻醉恢复时间,疼痛、呕吐评分.结果 两组患者在气管插管时,血压、心率均升高(P＜0.05),七氟醚组较异丙酚组升高较低(P＜0.05);七氟醚组麻醉后苏醒时间较异丙酚组快(P＜0.05),两组疼痛、呕吐评分差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论 七氟醚用于腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术麻醉诱导和维持,具有血液动力学平稳,苏醒快速的优点.     

Treatment of refractory pseudomonas aeruginosa exit-site infection by simultaneous removal and reinsertion of peritoneal dialysis catheter.

BACKGROUND: Patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa exit-site infection (ESI) refractory to antibiotic treatment often require replacement of their peritoneal dialysis catheter (PDC). The optimal interval between removal and reinsertion of the PDC is not known. There are relatively few data on the feasibility of simultaneous removal and reinsertion of dialysis catheters for the treatment of P. aeruginosa ESI. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the short- and long-term outcomes of all CAPD patients who had undergone simultaneous removal and reinsertion of their PDC for the treatment of refractory P. aeruginosa ESI in our hospital between January 1994 and December 2003. During the operation, the old catheter was removed first and a new catheter was inserted into the opposite side of the abdomen. All patients received 7 days of antibiotic therapy postoperatively. CAPD was resumed after 2 weeks of intermittent peritoneal dialysis. RESULTS: Over a 10-year period, 37 CAPD patients underwent the operation. Mean age of the patients was 59.5 +/- 10.9 years. The interval between the diagnosis of ESI and the operation was 16.7 +/- 6.9 weeks. The patients received 7.6 +/- 2.5 weeks of antibiotic treatment before the procedure. Early postoperative complications were uncommon. None of the patients developed ESI within 4 weeks after the operation. At 1 year after the operation, 3 patients (8%) had developed recurrence of P. aeruginosa ESI 24 - 40 weeks postoperatively. Peritonitis due to P. aeruginosa was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that simultaneous removal and reinsertion of the PDC is feasible in eradicating refractory ESI due to P. aeruginosa. This procedure alleviates the need for temporary hemodialysis and allows continuation of peritoneal dialysis.     

Double guidewire method: a novel technique for correction of migrated Tenckhoff peritoneal dialysis catheter.

Twenty-two consecutive patients with a continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) catheter malfunctioning due to catheter migration were treated with a novel radiological manipulation technique, the "double guidewire method." The first guidewire is used to correct the direction of the catheter tip and the second wire is used to anchor the CAPD catheter so that an ideal course of the catheter can be maintained during removal of the first guidewire. Immediate catheter repositioning was achieved in 19 of 22 patients, and durable repositioning success was achieved in 13 patients. In conclusion, the "double guidewire method" is a simple but effective technique for prolonging CAPD catheter life in patients with malfunction due to catheter migration.     

日间腹腔镜下腹膜透析置管术快速流程的临床应用研究

目的探讨腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术在日间手术快速流程的安全性、可行性。方法比较2011年3～7月我院51例日间腹腔镜腹膜透析置管术患者与50例住院的传统腹膜透析置管术患者,对两组病人的住院费、平均住院日、术后并发症进行统计分析。结果两组病人在住院费、平均住院日、术后并发症等方面比较差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论腹腔镜腹膜透析置管入术开展日间手术可以显著缩短患者住院时间,减少患者痛苦。     

Azithromycin: an assessment of its pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential in CAPD.

BACKGROUND: Azithromycin is an azalide antibiotic with a similar antibacterial spectrum to erythromycin but with greater gram-negative activity. Azithromycin displays a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, with improved absorption and higher sustained tissue concentrations compared with erythromycin. This results in a prolonged elimination half-life, suggesting a potential for treating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) peritonitis. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to define the potential role of azithromycin in treating CAPD peritonitis. DESIGN: The pharmacokinetics and peritoneal dialysis (PD) clearance of azithromycin were studied following a single 500-mg oral dose of azithromycin. Blood and dialysate samples were taken over a 10-day period and assayed using high-pressure liquid chromatography. SETTING: The study took place within the Renal Unit at Southend Hospital NHS Trust, a district general hospital in the United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Eight patients with oliguric end-stage renal failure without peritonitis maintained on CAPD (3 x 2 L/day). RESULTS: Peak plasma concentrations occurred at 2-3 hours with 0.35-1.35 microg/mL (mean 0.75). The mean elimination half-life was 84.55 hrs, and plasma clearance was 21.93 L/hour. This compares with values of greater than 40 hours and 40.8 L/hour reported in healthy volunteers. After 8 hours, the mean dialysate concentration was 0.07 microg/mL; PD clearance was 0.06 L/hr. CONCLUSION: Azithromycin is not substantially removed by CAPD in the absence of peritonitis and cannot be recommended for widespread use in this setting at present. However, the successful use of azithromycin in CAPD peritonitis, due possibly to an intracellular drug transport mechanism, has been reported. Future research should address this possibility.