Aneurysm of the distal portion of the posterior and inferior cerebellar artery in a child]

The case of a 7-year-old boy presenting with recurrent episodes of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm (PICA), successfully operated, is reported. The low incidence of intracranial aneurysms in the first decade of life and the rare occurrence of distal PICA aneurysms are unusual features of this case. The theories regarding the origin of intracranial berry aneurysms are discussed.     

儿童颅内动脉瘤的临床特征及治疗

目的 探讨儿童颅内动脉瘤的发病特点、影像学特征及其治疗策略.方法 对宣武医院神经外科及神经介入中心1985年10月至2008年5月共23例14岁以下(含14岁)儿童的24个颅内动脉瘤的发病方式、部位、大小等影像学特点、治疗方式及其结果进行回顾性分析.结果 儿童颅内动脉瘤占所有年龄组颅内动脉瘤的1.3%,男:女=1.56:1;24个动脉瘤中,16个位于前循环,8个位于后循环;14个属于复杂动脉瘤;以蛛网膜下腔出血为表现者11例;14例采用神经介入治疗,4例采用显微手术治疗,5例未行外科治疗,其中2例在随访过程中动脉瘤及载瘤动脉自行闭塞而自愈;1例死亡,1例因术前动脉瘤再破裂导致中度致残,其余21例结果良好.结论 (1)儿童颅内动脉瘤较为罕见,发病率男性高于女性;(2)颈内动脉及大脑中动脉是儿童颅内动脉瘤的好发部位;(3)与成人相比,巨大动脉瘤、夹层动脉瘤及后循环动脉瘤、感染或外伤性动脉瘤比例较高;(4)神经介入及显微手术都是治疗儿童颅内动脉瘤的有效方法,但对于复杂动脉瘤首选神经介入治疗,相当一部分动脉瘤甚至不得不采用载瘤动脉闭塞的方法治疗.     

颅内动脉瘤显微手术夹闭栓塞治疗后再破裂(附2例报告)

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤栓塞后复发的原因、处理措施。方法 对2例自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病人行血管造影及栓塞治疗，动脉瘤再破裂出血后行显微外科手术治疗。结果 2例病人经血管造影证实均为后交通动脉瘤，用GDC行栓塞治疗，分别在栓塞后7个月、21个月再次发生蛛网膜下腔出血，血管造影检查及手术发现为动脉瘤复发并破裂，即行显微手术夹闭动脉瘤。结论 颅内动脉瘤血管内栓塞治疗后再复发的主要原因有：栓塞不致密或栓塞不全，以及血流动力学的影响。对再破裂动脉瘤宜行手术予以夹闭。     

The effect of intracarotid perfusion of cerebrospinal fluid from patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage on cerebrovascular reactivity in rats

Cerebrovascular resistance was measured in 10 rats with increasing dosages of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The internal carotid artery was perfused at constant flow with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms, and dose-response curves to 10 mu 1 boluses of 5-HT were compared with similar dose-response curves obtained during perfusion with Krebs' solution and with normal CSF (CSF-N). CSF from patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (CSF-SAH) produced increased sensitivity to 5-HT.     

Intracranial mycotic aneurysm due to Aspergillus species.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial true mycotic aneurysms are uncommon and usually fatal. We report two patients with basilar mycotic aneurysms due to Aspergillus species following surgical interventions. Both patients had subarachnoid hemorrhage and diagnosis was made at autopsy only. The literature regarding etiology, clinical presentation, predisposing conditions and outcome of intracranial true mycotic aneurysms is reviewed from 1990-2005. A high index of clinical suspicion with prompt diagnosis and early treatment may improve patient outcome.     

The Effect of Intracarotid Perfusion of Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage on Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Rats

Abstract

Cerebrovascular resistance was measured in 10 rats with increasing dosages of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The internal carotid artery was perfused at constant flow with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms, and dose-response curves to 10 μ 1 boluses of 5-HT were compared with similar dose-response curves obtained during perfusion with Krebs' solution and with nonnal CSF (CSF-N). CSF from patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (CSF-SAH) produced increased sensitivity to 5-HT.     

Radiological Evaluation of Cerebral Aneurysms in Selected Clinical Presentations

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cerebral aneurysms have different presenting features and, to some extent, a variable clinical course based on the pattern of subarachnoid hemorrhage, the circumstance of their discovery, and the anatomy. Thus, the neuroimaging workup must be tailored accordingly to provide accurate diagnosis and optimal follow-up. METHOD: The authors suggest neuroradiological evaluation of patients in the emergency room and in cases of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage, aneurysmal pattern of subarachnoid hemorrhage with normal angiography, vascular infundibula, unruptured/incidental aneurysms, infectious aneurysms, dissecting aneurysms, dolichoectatic/fusiform aneurysms, intracavernous aneurysms, and traumatic aneurysms. CONCLUSION: Recent neuroimaging advances have contributed to improvement in diagnostic safety and accuracy, allowing a more diligent patient follow-up, improved patient outcome, and enhanced physician perception and clinical judgment.     

Intracranial Fusiform Aneurysms: It's Pathogenesis, Clinical Characteristics and Managements

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate clinical characteristics, management methods and possible causes of intracranial fusiform aneurysm.

Methods

Out of a series of 2,458 intracranial aneurysms treated surgically or endovascularly, 22 patients were identified who had discrete fusiform aneurysms. Clinical presentations, locations, treatment methods and possible causes of these aneurysms were analyzed.

Results

Ten patients of fusiform aneurysm were presented with hemorrhage, 5 patients with dizziness with/without headache, 4 with ischemic neurologic deficit, and 1 with 6th nerve palsy from mass effect of aneurysm. Two aneurysms were discovered incidentally. Seventeen aneurysms were located in the anterior circulation, other five in the posterior circulation. The most frequent site of fusiform aneurysm was a middle cerebral artery. The aneurysms were treated with clip, and/or wrapping in 7, resection with/without extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass in 6, proximal occlusion with coils with/without EC-IC bypass in 5, EC-IC bypass only in 1 and conservative treatment in 3 patient. We obtained good outcome in 20 out of 22 patients. The possible causes of fusiform aneurysms were regard as dissection in 16, atherosclerosis in 4 and collagen disease or uncertain in 2 cases.

Conclusion

There is a subset of cerebral aneurysms with discrete fusiform morphology. Although the dissection or injury of internal elastic lamina of the cerebral vessel is proposed as the underlying cause for most of fusiform aneurysm, more study about pathogenesis of these lesions is required.     

Recurrent Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after Complete Obliteration of Intracranial Aneurysm

The authors report a case of recurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) after complete occlusion of an intracranial aneurysm. It is known that regrowth of an aneurysm after the complete clipping is a rare event. For detection of recurrence, however, it may be necessary to follow up with the patient regularly after the initial operation for intracranial aneurysms, because re-rupture of an aneurysm can cause a fatal result, and the cumulative risk of a recurrent SAH is thought to be not low over time.     

Intracranial hypotension in the setting of concurrent perineural cyst rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Although most patients with intracranial hypotension typically present with headaches, the rest of the clinical spectrum is characteristically non-specific and often quite variable. In a patient with concurrent pathologies that can produce a similar clinical picture, a high index of suspicion must be maintained to achieve the correct diagnosis. The authors report a patient with intracranial hypotension in the setting of concurrent perineural cyst rupture and subarachnoid hemorrhage. A 63-year-old woman with a family history of ruptured intracranial aneurysms presented after a sudden thunderclap headache and was found to have diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage. Imaging revealed anterior communicating and superior hypophyseal artery aneurysms. Following the uneventful clipping of both aneurysms, the patient experienced a delayed return to her neurological baseline. After it was noted that the patient had an improved neurological examination when she was placed supine, further investigation confirmed intracranial hypotension from perineural cyst rupture. The patient improved and returned to her neurological baseline after undergoing a high-volume blood patch and remained neurologically intact at postoperative follow-up. Although intracranial hypotension is known to be commonly associated with cerebrospinal fluid leak, its causal and temporal relationship with subarachnoid hemorrhage has yet to be elucidated.     

Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia associated with Marfan syndrome

We report a 37-year-old woman with Marfan syndrome (MFS) who presented with acute myelopathy secondary to a subdural spinal hematoma. The patient died of a subarachnoid hemorrhage 4 days later. Autopsy showed a markedly ectatic vertebrobasilar system with fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina. Microscopic examination of the aorta similarly showed a fragmented internal elastic lamina. We discuss the implications of our patient's early onset vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia; this intracranial disease represents a rare cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage in MFS.     

覆膜支架血管内治疗颅内动脉瘤：附九例报告

目的探讨覆膜支架治疗颅内动脉瘤的适应证和临床疗效。方法经脑血管造影检查明确诊断的9例颅内动脉瘤患者（4例颈内动脉海绵窦段宽颈动脉瘤未破裂、5例椎动脉颅内段梭形或夹层动脉瘤破裂致蛛网膜下隙出血）,动脉瘤直径4～16mm,均接受Jostent覆膜支架治疗。结果共计植入9枚Jostent覆膜支架,均获技术成功,支架顺利到达病变部位且释放后动脉瘤颈即刻覆盖完全,动脉瘤不思影,载瘤动脉血流通畅,达到即刻影像学满意效果。随访9～24个月,5例患者（2例颈内动脉、3例椎动脉）脑血管造影检查颈内动脉支架段血流通畅、无狭窄（2例）,椎动脉支架段血管呈无症状性闭塞（2例）或支架内轻度狭窄（1例）,动脉瘤均未显影;其余4例未行脑血管造影患者门诊随访。9例患者手术后均恢复正常生活与工作,无一例死亡或永久性病残。结论覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉海绵窦段宽颈大动脉瘤、椎动脉颅内段梭形或夹层动脉瘤疗效较好,值得在有手术适应证韵患者中推荐使用。     

覆膜支架血管内治疗颅内动脉瘤:附九例报告

目的探讨覆膜支架治疗颅内动脉瘤的适应证和临床疗效。方法经脑血管造影检查明确诊断的9例颅内动脉瘤患者(4例颈内动脉海绵窦段宽颈动脉瘤未破裂、5例椎动脉颅内段梭形或夹层动脉瘤破裂致蛛网膜下隙出血),动脉瘤直径4～16mm,均接受Jostent覆膜支架治疗。结果共计植入9枚Jostent覆膜支架,均获技术成功,支架顺利到达病变部位且释放后动脉瘤颈即刻覆盖完全,动脉瘤不显影,载瘤动脉血流通畅,达到即刻影像学满意效果。随访9～24个月,5例患者(2例颈内动脉、3例椎动脉)脑血管造影检查颈内动脉支架段血流通畅、无狭窄(2例),椎动脉支架段血管呈无症状性闭塞(2例)或支架内轻度狭窄(1例),动脉瘤均未显影;其余4例未行脑血管造影患者门诊随访。9例患者手术后均恢复正常生活与工作,无一例死亡或永久性病残。结论覆膜支架治疗颈内动脉海绵窦段宽颈大动脉瘤、椎动脉颅内段梭形或夹层动脉瘤疗效较好,值得在有手术适应证的患者中推荐使用。     

The 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist ketanserin inhibits the vasoconstrictor activity of per-operative CSF, from subarachnoid haemorrhage patients, on isolated tissues.

Peri-aneurysmal CSF was obtained at operation from 13 patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The 5-hydroxytryptamine antagonist ketanserin inhibited contractions of isolated human intracranial arteries, elicited by this CSF. The presence of 5-HT in CSF was confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography. The use of ketanserin in the therapy of postoperative cerebral vasospasm is discussed.     

颈内动脉球囊闭塞术后产生对侧新生动脉瘤

目的 在国内献中首次报道1例床突旁动脉瘤(AN)病人在行载瘤动脉球囊闭塞术后5年出现对侧后交通AN并破裂。方法 行急诊手术夹闭该新生动脉瘤。结果 病人仍死于严重的颅内高压。回顾献共发现29例35个因颈动脉闭塞术后出现的新生AN，主要位于前、后交通动脉。结论 颈动脉闭塞后对侧血流代偿性增加可能是导致AN的原因，对大型AN应尽量采用保留载瘤动脉的方法；如闭塞载瘤动脉，应进行长期的影像学随访。     

破裂颅内微小动脉瘤介入栓塞技术探讨

目的评估介入栓塞破裂颅内微小动脉瘤的疗效和安全,探讨介入栓塞此类动脉瘤的技术要点。方法回顾性分析2007-01~2010-11郑州大学第一附属医院22例微小动脉瘤破裂所致的蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床、影像学结果和术中操作。所有患者均全麻下采用弹簧圈栓塞治疗(其中13例采用单纯弹簧栓塞,7例支架辅助,2例球囊辅助)。结果 22个动脉瘤中,致密栓塞17例,瘤颈残留1例,瘤腔残留4例,未出现弹簧圈移位和载瘤动脉血栓栓塞事件,术中出现动脉瘤破裂出血2例,术后一过性轻偏瘫1例,死亡1例。结论介入栓塞破裂颅内微小动脉瘤效果可靠;规范且熟练的操作,选择适合的手术方式和介入材料的合适是微小动脉瘤治疗成败的关键。     

Endovascular therapy of a large vertebral artery aneurysm using stent and coils

BACKGROUND: Endovascular therapy is becoming an increasingly popular treatment for cerebral aneurysms. Total angiographic occlusion of small-necked aneurysms (<4 mm) can be obtained in a high percentage of cases. The endovascular treatment of wide-necked or fusiform aneurysms remains a challenge with complete angiographic occlusion reported in <15% of cases. CASE REPORT: We describe the combined use of a flexible coronary stent and platinum coils to treat a wide-necked aneurysm of the distal left vertebral artery, in a patient with Grade IV subarachnoid hemorrhage. RESULTS: The procedure was technically successful as the parent artery was protected by the stent while coils were deposited in the aneurysm lumen. Although angiographic aneurysm occlusion was incomplete, the dome was packed with coils. No further hemorrhage has occurred. CONCLUSION: Combined endovascular stent and coil therapy is a promising technique for the treatment of wide-necked cerebral aneurysms.     

Cerebral aneurysms in children.

Childhood intracranial saccular aneurysms are rare, accounting for only 0.6-4.6% of all aneurysms. This paper presents two such cases. A 12-year-old boy developed sudden severe headaches. CT indicated subarachnoid hemorrhage in the bilateral sylvian fissure. Angiography failed to demonstrate any vascular lesions. Repeat angiography, however, revealed a 2 mm aneurysm on the right A-1. A miniclip was successfully applied to obliterate the aneurysm. The postoperative course was uneventful. In the second case, a 3-year-old boy, CT incidentally revealed a bullet-shaped high density area. Angiography demonstrated a large aneurysm arising from the insular portion of the prefrontal branch of middle cerebral artery. This large aneurysm with a broad-based neck was successfully clipped, employing the angioplastic and/or tandem clipping, despite the fact the prefrontal artery unfortunately was compromised in postoperative angiography. The patient was doing well postoperatively. Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in childhood is uncommon. However, when children with SAH is encountered, angiography should be performed repeatedly even if the first angiogram does not demonstrate any vascular abnormality. Childhood aneurysms are increasingly being found incidentally in CT scans. The differences between child and adult aneurysms in regard to site, size, sex predominance, clinical features, and surgical outcome are discussed.     

Aneurysm of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery: case report

The intracranial aneurysms of the posterior circulation have been reported between 5 and 10% of all cerebral aneurysms and the aneurysms of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) are considered rare, can cause cerebello pontine angle (CPA) syndrome with or without subarachnoid hemorrhage. Since 1948 few cases were described in the literature. We report on a 33 year-old female patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to sacular aneurysm of the left AICA. She was submitted to clipage of the aneurysm without complications.     

颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤5例分析

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤的临床特征,以此鉴别创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血。方法对我院近三年来收治的5例颅内动脉瘤破裂合并颅脑损伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,总结其临床特征。结果 4例患者入院后急诊经CTA检查证实为颅内动脉瘤破裂出血,其中前交通动脉瘤2例,大脑中动脉瘤1例,颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤l例;1例患者为动脉瘤再次破裂后行CTA检查示颈内动脉-后交通动脉瘤。急诊开颅血肿清除及动脉瘤夹闭术2例,动脉瘤夹闭术1例,血管内介入栓塞治疗术1例,药物保守治疗1例。恢复良好3例,重残1例,死亡l例。结论对伴有颅脑外伤史的蛛网膜下腔出血应注意考虑颅内动脉瘤破裂的可能,以便采取积极合理的治疗方案。