Management of H-type rectovestibular and rectovaginal fistulas

Introduction

H-type rectovestibular or rectovaginal fistulas are rare entities in the spectrum of anorectal malformations seen in North America. Management options described in the literature have included perineal repair, anterior perineal anorectoplasty, vestibuloanal pull-through, and limited or formal posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, with a reported recurrence rate of 5% to 30%. We describe our approach and outcome in the management of these patients.

Methods

In a series of 1170 females with anorectal malformation, we cared for 8 patients who had an H-type rectovestibular or rectovaginal fistula and reviewed their clinical presentation, diagnosis, operative technique, and postoperative course.

Results

The patients' presenting symptoms included passage of stool per vagina (6), constipation (3), labial abscess (1), and recurrent urinary tract infection (1). There was associated anorectal stenosis in 3 patients. The remaining 5 patients had normal anal openings. Endoscopy was not helpful in locating the fistulas, but the fistulas were all demonstrated on direct inspection under anesthesia. The fistula was located in the vestibule (4), vagina (3), or labia (1). One patient had an associated presacral mass. Two patients had been operated on twice previously using a perineal repair and a protective colostomy and presented with third recurrences. In 5 cases, a posterior sagittal approach was used, placing sutures circumferentially around the fistulous opening on the rectal side, ligating the fistula, and pulling down a normal segment of rectum to be placed in front of the repaired vaginal wall. In our last 3 cases, we performed a transanal mobilization of the anterior rectal wall, leaving the perineal body intact. After our repairs, the patients have been followed up for 3 months to 15 years with a median of 15 months, and we have seen no recurrences.

Conclusions

In addition to vaginal passage of stool, an H-type fistula should be suspected when there is a labial abscess in an infant, and an associated anal stenosis or presacral mass must be checked for. Direct inspection is the key, with a careful look in the vestibule, because endoscopy may miss the fistula. The essential technical point for repair is to get healthy anterior rectal wall to cover the area of fistula on the posterior vagina. A transanal approach, leaving the perineal body intact, is an excellent option for this repair.     

Presacral retroperitoneal hematoma after blunt trauma presents with rectal bleeding — A case report

IntroductionWe present a case of a presacral hematoma, which penetrated into the rectum resulting in rectal bleeding. This is an unusual presentation of a presacral hematoma.Presentation of the caseA 76-year-old woman, using warfarin anticoagulant prophylaxis, presented with a rectal bleed two days after a fall. A sigmoidoscopy revealed that the source of bleeding was a presacral hematoma penetrating into the rectum. A Computed Tomography scan of the pelvis confirmed the presence of a hematoma measuring 10 × 9.4 cm in the presacral space, as well as a fracture of os coccygis. She was transferred to a highly specialized facility, where she was treated conservatively with blood transfusions and repeated endoscopic toilet of the presacral cavity. One month after her initial fall, the patient had fully recovered.DiscussionRectal bleeding usually causes suspicion of a bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. In this report the patient’s anticoagulant treatment has likely contributed to bleeding and the formation of the hematoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a presacral hematoma acutely penetrating into the rectum and causing lower gastrointestinal bleeding.ConclusionRectal bleed after trauma, in a patient receiving anticoagulant treatment, should raise suspicion of a penetrating hematoma, and such patients should be managed at highly specialized facilities.     

Management of rectal trauma

A 9 year review of rectal trauma was conducted. Forty-seven patients had major rectal trauma requiring diversion. Twenty-seven percent of patients presented in shock. Routine perioperative antibiotics were administered. Ninety-five percent of patients had positive findings on digital rectal examination or proctoscopy. There were 91 associated injuries. Rectal injuries were repaired in 19 patients. The absence of repair had no influence on postoperative morbidity or length of hospital stay. Ninety-five percent of patients had presacral drainage. One patient had distal rectal irrigation. Both loop and divided colostomies were utilized with no difference in morbidity or hospital stay. There were no deaths. Proctoscopy is essential in patients with wounds in proximity to the rectum. Diversion and presacral drainage for rectal injury is associated with a low mortality and acceptable morbidity. Rectal washout does not appear to be essential in civilian rectal injuries.     

Anastomotic leakage and chronic presacral sinus after transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) for rectal cancer: A comparative study to laparoscopic TME

BackgroundSeveral studies have shown that there are no significant differences in anastomotic leakage associated with Transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME) versus laparoscopic TME (lapTME) for rectal cancer; however, little is known about late anastomotic leakage, such as that primarily found in the chronic presacral sinus. We aimed to compare the occurrence of anastomotic leakage and chronic presacral sinus in rectal cancer for taTME and lapTME.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, data were collected for patients with rectal cancer who underwent surgery between January 2009 and September 2019. Of the 220 patients included in this study, 182 were in the lapTME group and 38 in the taTME group. We compared factors associated with anastomotic leakage and chronic presacral sinus formation between the two groups. A binary-logistic model was used to determine the risk factors for chronic presacral sinus.ResultsAnastomotic leakage occurred in six patients (15.8%) in the taTME group and 36 patients (19.7%) in the lapTME group. Chronic presacral sinus occurred in three patients (7.9%) in the taTME group and 15 patients (8.2%) in the lapTME group. There was no significant difference in anastomotic leakage or chronic presacral sinus between groups (P = 0.569 and P = 1.000, respectively). Pathologic stage III or higher was significantly associated with chronic presacral sinus formation (P = 0.006).ConclusionThere were no significant differences between taTME and lapTME regarding the incidence of anastomotic leakage or chronic presacral sinus. Almost one-third of anastomotic leakages developed into chronic presacral sinus.     

Anterior sagittal approach without splitting the rectal wall

INTRODUCTIONThe anterior sagittal transrectal approach (ASTRA) has already become popular to treat lesions in the proximal urethra such as trauma, duplicity and stenosis, prostatic utricle, urethral–vaginal fistulas and urogenital sinus anomalies. It provides much better exposure than the traditional perineal approach. Morbidity caused by this technique could be potentially decreased if the anterior sagittal access were to be made without sectioning the rectum. We report our initial experience using anterior approach without rectal sectioning for the treatment of three different types of pelvic disorders.PRESENTATION OF CASEAnterior sagittal access without sectioning the rectal wall was carried out in three different clinical cases – a vaginoplasty in a female patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia; to treat paradoxical urinary incontinence in a patient with proximal hypospadias (46XY karyotype) and another one with gonadal dysgenesis (46XO/XY karyotype).DISCUSSIONSeveral surgical techniques have been reported to repair congenital or acquired lesions in the posterior urethra with high morbidity and no guarantees of adequate and safe surgical exposition. ASTRA provides an excellent exposure, splitting only the anterior rectal wall. In this study, the anterior sagittal approach was applied without splitting the rectal wall to repair different posterior urethral anomalies, providing excellent exposure without compromising the fecal continence mechanism.CONCLUSIONThe anterior sagittal approach without splitting the rectum is a feasible procedure which provides excellent exposure to the posterior urethra in most cases and leads to less morbidity as it avoids the splitting and suturing of the rectum anterior wall.     

Dual interventional approach of endoscopic reboring in completely stenosed rectal anastomosis using radiology guidance: a novel technique

Objective  Rectal stricture/stenosis is a well-recognized complication following anterior resection. Completely stenosed rectal anastomoses have been conventionally treated conservatively with permanent stoma. The surgical alternatives are either a redo low resection with its accompanying hazards or formation of a permanent colostomy. We describe a simple method of treating anastomotic stenoses using a novel technique in patients with a defunctioned bowel.
Method  Three patients with complete stenosis of a rectal anastomosis following anterior resection underwent this novel technique with informed consent. A stenosis with no identifiable lumen was diagnosed at the time of examination under anaesthetic (EUA) or by contrast enema. Using a novel technique of combined endoscopic and radiology guidance, the anastomotic stenosis was rebored and subsequently dilated to restore bowel continuity.
Results  There were no complications observed following this procedure. Two of the three patients needed repeat endoscopic dilatation. All patients had restoration of the lumen in the anastomosis and subsequently underwent closure of ileostomy and made an uneventful recovery.
Conclusion  Combined endoscopic dilatation under radiological guidance is a novel technique and appears to be a simple, safe, effective and inexpensive method for treating rectal anastomotic stenoses.     

Rectal Sensation Test Helps Avoid Pain of Apical Prostate Biopsy

PurposeApical cores obtained during transrectal prostate biopsy are associated with greaterpain than cores obtained from the remainder of the gland. We present a method to minimize this pain.Materials and MethodsDuring 30 consecutive apical biopsies the needle was purposefully placed above all rectal pain fibers, which are anatomically present only below the dentate line. All patients received a periprostatic nerve block prior to biopsy. The patient was asked if he felt the sharp sensation of the needle as it was placed lightly against the rectal mucosa when the needle was aimed at apex (the rectal sensation test). If so, the needle was advanced cranially 2 to 3 mm or until he could no longer detect its light touch. The probe handle was then rotated dorsally, pulling the rectal mucosa downward until the needle was again aimed at the apex. Patients were asked to report a visual analog pain score for each biopsy. These results were compared to those obtained when doing 30 consecutive apical biopsies without the rectal sensation test.ResultsThe average visual analog pain score for apical biopsy was 1.25 (range 0 to 2.2) for patients in whom the rectal sensation test was used to bypass rectal pain sensory fibers. The average score in control patients in whom the rectal sensation test was not used was higher at 2.28 (range 0.3–6.2). These results were statistically significant (p > 0.0005).ConclusionsIncreased sensitivity to apical prostate biopsy is due to rectal pain fibers located below the dentate line. These fibers and the associated pain may be safely avoided by passing through the rectal wall above the dentate line. The rectal sensation test easily identifies the sensate area below the dentate line. Painless apical biopsy can then be achieved by rotating the ultrasound probe to aim the biopsy needle in the desired path.     

An unusual presentation of a rectal duplication cyst

INTRODUCTIONIntestinal duplications are rare developmental anomalies that can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. Rectal duplication cysts account for approximately 4% of all duplication cysts. They usually present in childhood with symptoms of mass effect, local infection or more rarely with rectal bleeding from ectopic gastric mucosa.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 26 year old male presented with a history of bright red blood per rectum. On examination a mucosal defect with an associated cavity adjacent to the rectum was identified. This was confirmed with rigid proctoscopy and CT scan imaging. A complete transanal excision was performed.DISCUSSIONRectal duplication cysts are more common in pediatric patients. They more frequently present with symptoms of mass effect or local infection than with rectal bleeding. In adult patients they are a rare cause of rectal bleeding. Definitive treatment is with surgical excision. A transanal, transcoccygeal, posterior sagittal or a combined abdominoperineal approach may be used depending on anatomic characteristics of the duplication cyst.conclusionWe present a rare case of a rectal duplication cyst presenting in adulthood with rectal bleeding, managed with transanal excision.     

HIV-positive African children with rectal fistulae

Background/Purpose: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease is an increasingly common infection in children in sub-Sahara Africa. Rectal fistulation is one such condition with which these patients present to the paediatric surgeon. This appeared to be an exclusively female condition until 2 male patients were treated recently. Methods: A 6-year (1996 through 2001) retrospective study found 39 children presenting with HIV-related rectal fistulae. Thirty-seven girls were seen with rectovaginal fistulae (RVF), and there is supportive documentation showing an increase in this condition throughout Southern Africa. Until now, boys have not been described with this condition. The author presents 2 boys who complete this spectrum of HIV-related acquired rectal fistulae. Results: All patients were found to have rectal fistula at the dentate line. In girls it varied in size from pin-point to 5 mm diameter, tracking anteriorly into the vagina. When closure of the fistula was attempted, it broke down. The 2 boys had a large fistula, which tracked to the prostatic urethra on the right of the verumontanum. The first patient underwent a successful repair. The second patient had a [ldquo ]Y[rdquo ]-shaped fistula based at the dentate line, with the second limb passing into the bladder. The parents refused further treatment and took the child home. Conclusions: HIV disease affects increasing numbers of children. A spectrum of rectal fistulae now has been seen in both girls and boys. These acquired rectal fistulae arise at the dentate line in both genders. Girls with these fistulae are seen more commonly, presenting with RVF. The closure of a fistula has only been successful in one boy. J Pediatr Surg 38:62-64.     

Electrocoagulación sobre un fragmento de músculo recto anterior abdominal para el control de la hemorragia presacra durante la resección rectal

IntroductionPresacral venous haemorrhage during rectal movement is low, but is often massive, and even fatal. Our objective is the “in vitro” determination of the results of electrocoagulation applied to a fragment of muscle on the sacral bone surface during rectal resection due to a malignant neoplasm of the rectum.Material and methodSingle-pole coagulation was applied “in vitro” with the selector at maximum power on a 2 × 2 cms muscle fragment, applied to the anterior side of the IV sacral vertebra until reaching boiling point. The method was used on 6 patients with bleeding of the presacral venous plexus.ResultsIn the “in vitro” study, boiling point was reached in 90 seconds from applying the single-pole current on the muscle fragment.Electrocoagulation was applied to a 2 × 2 cm rectal muscle fragment in 6 patients with presacral venous haemorrhage, using pressure on the surface of the presacral bone, with the stopping of the bleeding being achieved in all cases.ConclusionsThe use of indirect electrocoagulation on a fragment of the rectus abdominis muscle is a straightforward and highly effective technique for controlling presacral venous haemorrhage.     

Can a curved stapler made for open surgery be useful in laparoscopic lower rectal resections? Technique and experience of a single centre

BackgroundThe use of laparoscopy to perform lower anterior rectal resection is increasing worldwide because it allows better visualisation and rectal mobilisation and also reduces postoperative pain and recovery. The Contour Curved Stapler (CCS) is a very helpful device because of its curved profile that enables better access into the pelvic cavity and allows rectal closure and section to be performed in one shot. In this paper, we present an original technique to use this device, made for open surgery, in laparoscopy and the results of our experience.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the data of all patients who underwent lower laparoscopic anterior rectal resection and in which the CCS was used to perform section of the rectum between September 2005 and September 2011.To perform section of the rectum a Lapdisc^® was inserted through a 6–7 cm supra-pubic midline incision to allow placement of the CCS into the pelvic cavity. Patients' biographical and surgical data such as sex, age, indication for surgery, infection, anastomotic leakage or stenosis and staple-line bleeding were prospectively collected in a computerised database and evaluated.ResultsBetween September 2005 and September 2011, we performed 45 laparoscopic lower rectal resection using CCS, 27 male and 18 female with a mean age of 61 years (range 40–82 years) and a mean body mass index (BMI) of 26.5 kg/m² (range 16.5–35 kg/m²). In 29 cases a temporary ileostomy was performed. Mean operative time was 131 min (range 97–210 min). In all cases it was possible to perform a lower section of the rectum with CCS. No intraoperative or postoperative staple line bleeding occurred. In two patients we observed anastomotic leaks and in one of these a temporary ileostomy was performed. None of the patients showed an anastomotic stenosis at 1-year follow-up colonoscopy.ConclusionsThis study shows that CCS enables section of the lower rectum to be easily performed, especially in adverse anatomical condition, and the technique proposed by us allows the use of this stapler without giving up the benefits of laparoscopic access.     

Staged anterior resection and TEM to preserve rectal function in synchronous malignant and benign rectal lesions

BACKGROUND: Traditionally patients with a high rectosigmoid carcinoma and a synchronous large distal rectal adenoma would be treated by low anterior resection with associated loss of rectal function. METHOD: Four patients with a carcinoma of the upper rectum or distal sigmoid colon and a synchronous distal rectal adenoma were treated by high anterior resection followed by staged Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) thus conserving the distal rectum. Preoperative and postoperative rectal function was assessed using the St. Mark's incontinence score. RESULTS: The proximal carcinomas and distal adenomas were 12-18 cms and 0.5-9 cms respectively from the dentate line. The mean surface area of the distal adenomas was 9.7 cms2. There were no deaths or major complications. There were no recurrences after a mean follow-up of 31.5 months. Rectal function was unchanged in three patients with a minor increase in the score in one. CONCLUSION: Staged high anterior resection and 'rEM offers effective treatment of synchronous rectosigmoid carcinoma and distal rectal adenoma with preservation of rectal function.     

Individualized management of upper rectal atresia

Background/Purpose

Congenital colonic atresia (CA) or stenosis is an infrequent cause of low intestinal obstruction in the neonate. Atresias can occur at any level, and the management of CA is determined by the atretic site and by the presence or absence of associated anomalies. We report our experience dealing with upper rectal atresia during a 5-year period.

Methods

Between January 2004 and December 2008, 3 female newborns with upper rectal atresia with or without associated anomalies were treated. Modes of clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, associated anomalies, alternative management techniques, and clinical outcome were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

All 3 patients had progressive abdominal distension, bilious vomiting, and failure to pass meconium. Contrast enema showed an atresia at the upper rectum in 2 patients. At laparotomy, case 1 was found to have type III atresia of the upper rectum. Resection of the dilated portion of the proximal colon with end sigmoid colostomy was accomplished in the neonatal period followed by a transanal mucosectomy with takedown of the colostomy and a pull-through procedure at age 3 months. Case 3 had multiple jejunoileal atresias and an upper rectal atresia. The initial management was multiple resections of atretic bowel and anastomoses and an end sigmoid colostomy. The secondary procedure was a takedown of the colostomy and transanal mucosectomy with a pull-through procedure. Case 2 had type I upper rectal atresia in association with imperforate anus complicated by colon perforation during performance of a distal colostogram leading to a complicated and protracted clinical course. All the patients are currently well with voluntary bowel movements, and one has occasional soiling with follow-up of 9 months to 3 years.

Conclusions

Colon atresia, especially at the level of the upper rectum, is uncommon. Whether to proceed with an ostomy or to individualize the operative procedure according to the location of the atresia is still controversial. Transanal mucosectomy was a useful technique at the time of the definitive pull-through for the treatment of upper rectal atresia. In cases of upper CA associated with imperforate anus, delay in diagnosis and potential complications may result if the diagnosis of upper rectal atresia is missed.     

Operative Management of Civilian Rectal Gunshot Wounds: Simpler Is Better

Extraperitoneal rectal gunshot wounds have been managed with a variety of methods from simple diverting colostomy to combinations of rectal repair, proximal diversion, transperitoneal or presacral drainage, and distal bowel irrigation techniques. Treatment methodology is chosen based on anecdotal experience, and there is no clear evidence that any technique is superior to the others. The objective of this study was to compare 3 methods of managing civilian extraperitoneal gunshot wounds. Retrospective analysis of 30 consecutive patients with extraperitoneal rectal gunshot wounds was undertaken. Patients were treated with 1 of these 3 techniques: (1) simple diverting colostomy without rectal repair (group A, 12 patients); (2) diverting colostomy and rectal repair (group B, 12 patients); and (3) diverting colostomy and presacral drainage without repair (group C, 6 patients). Injury, hospital course, and outcome data were compared. The 3 groups were similar in age, injury severity, admission hemodynamics, preoperative and intraoperative time, blood loss, fecal contamination, and associated injuries. The overall incidence of complications was 27% (8/27): 25% (3/12) in group A, 33% (4/12) in group B, and 17% (1/6) in group C (p= NS). Complications directly associated with the rectal injury were found in 2 cases (7%): 1 group A patient developed a vesicorectal fistula and 1 group B patient developed a rectocutaneous fistula. For 10 patients with both rectal and bladder injuries, the complication rates for groups A, B, and C were 50%, 20%, and 0%, respectively (p= NS). No patient died. In conclusion, diverting colostomy without rectal repair or drainage appears to be safe for the management of most civilian retroperitoneal rectal gunshot wounds. Additional surgical maneuvers may be required for combined rectal and urinary trauma or other complex rectal injuries. Sound surgical principles, tailored to the individual case, should overrule any unproven dogmas.     

Triad of anorectal stenosis, sacral anomaly and presacral mass: a remediable cause of severe constipation

Two neonates with intestinal obstruction and two children (aged 1 and 4 years) with severe constipation since birth are reported in whom stenosis of the distal rectum was found. In association with the rectal anomaly, three of them had a presacral tumour (teratoma in two, hamartoma in one) and all had a deformed sacrum. An embryological hypothesis to explain this association has been postulated by Currarino, after whom this triad has been named. Two patients were related (father and daughter). The role of hereditary factors in the occurrence of the syndrome has been reported before. Operative treatment of the rectal stenosis was necessary in all patients. Preoperative diverting colostomy was performed in three cases, followed by a posterior sagittal approach to excise the rectal stenosis and the presacral mass. In one case, persistent cerebrospinal fluid leakage required re-exploration for closure of a tear in a congenitally abnormal dural sac. The fourth patient had undergone a low anterior resection in the past via the abdominal route and needed rectal dilatation afterwards for some time. The final result in all patients appears satisfactory, although follow-up is short. Most cases of this triad have been reported in children but a number of patients have been diagnosed only as adults. Recognition of this triad should imply a careful search for neural crest malformations. Operative treatment to correct all soft tissue anomalies leads to good results.     

Circular Suture Ligation of Presacral Venous Plexus to Control Presacral Venous Bleeding During Rectal Mobilization

Background

Presacral venous bleeding during rectal mobilization is uncommon but potentially life-threatening. Various methods have been proposed for controlling the bleeding, but each has some obvious limitations in clinical practice. We report a simple technique that was designated as circular suture ligation. This technique was efficient in controlling presacral venous bleeding encountered during rectal mobilization.

Methods

The key point of circular suture ligation was to control the bleeding by suture ligating the venous plexus in one or more circles in the area with intact presacral fascia that surrounds the bleeding site while the bleeding site was temporarily controlled with fingertip pressure. From September 2007 to December 2011, 258 patients underwent rectal surgery in our department because of rectal cancer. Uncontrolled presacral venous bleeding with traditional methods was encountered in eight patients (3 %) with estimated blood loss from 300 to 5,000 ml.

Results

Bleeding was successfully controlled in all eight patients with the circular suture ligation. None of the patients required reoperation for bleeding or other issues. No patients developed chronic pelvic pain after the operation.

Conclusions

Our experience suggests that circular suture ligation of venous plexus in the area with intact presacral fascia that surrounds the bleeding site is an effective and simple technique to control presacral venous bleeding when traditional techniques fail.     

Rectal Prolapse Following Repair of Anorectal Malformation: Incidence,Risk Factors,and Management

BackgroundThe incidence and optimal management of rectal prolapse following repair of an anorectal malformation (ARM) has not been well-defined.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed utilizing data from the Pediatric Colorectal and Pelvic Learning Consortium registry. All children with a history of ARM repair were included. Our primary outcome was rectal prolapse. Secondary outcomes included operative management of prolapse and anoplasty stricture following operative management of prolapse. Univariate analyses were performed to identify patient factors associated with our primary and secondary outcomes. A multivariable logistic regression was developed to assess the association between laparoscopic ARM repair and rectal prolapse.ResultsA total of 1140 patients met inclusion criteria; 163 (14.3%) developed rectal prolapse. On univariate analysis, prolapse was significantly associated with male sex, sacral abnormalities, ARM type, ARM complexity, and laparoscopic ARM repairs (p < 0.001). ARM types with the highest rates of prolapse included rectourethral-prostatic fistula (29.2%), rectovesical/bladder neck fistula (28.8%), and cloaca (25.0%). Of those who developed prolapse, 110 (67.5%) underwent operative management. Anoplasty strictures developed in 27 (24.5%) patients after prolapse repair. After controlling for ARM type and hospital, laparoscopic ARM repair was not significantly associated with prolapse (adjusted odds ratio (95% CI): 1.50 (0.84, 2.66), p = 0.17).ConclusionRectal prolapse develops in a significant subset of patients following ARM repair. Risk factors for prolapse include male sex, complex ARM type, and sacral abnormalities. Further research investigating the indications for operative management of prolapse and operative techniques for prolapse repair are needed to define optimal treatment.Type of studyRetrospective cohort study.Level of evidenceII.     

Bailing out the bowel and bladder – A rare case report of rectal impalement injury with iatrogenic bladder rupture

Introduction and importanceRectal perforations due to foreign body impalement are infrequently encountered in practice. Accidental or intentional foreign body insertions pose a diagnostic challenge to surgeons and put them in demanding circumstances for successful extraction.Case presentationWe report a case of a 60-year-old male with alleged history of accidental foreign body insertion into the rectum. Radiographs showed a linear metallic foreign body with crooked end. Computed Tomography (CT) with rectal contrast revealed contrast extravasation indicating anterior wall perforation of upper rectum. Patient was taken urgently for exploration and foreign body removal. Intra-operatively, bladder was injured inadvertently. Primary repair of enterotomy and loop sigmoid-ostomy was done besides bladder repair. Patient tested positive for COVID-19. Patient was observed in critical care unit for two days. Post-operative period was unremarkable apart from midline abdominal wound gape for which secondary closure was done. Patient was discharged with urinary catheter in-situ. Patient followed-up with a normal cystourethrogram and a well-functioning stoma. Stoma closure after two months was uneventful.Clinical discussionA thorough history and clinical examination is required and one should raise a high index of suspicion of perforation in patients with rectal foreign bodies, which should be managed appropriately and promptly to prevent sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction. Inadvertent bladder injuries are common with lower-midline incisions. However, give good results when repaired suitably.ConclusionThe rationale behind this report is to explicate the complexity and hurdles in the surgical management of rectal foreign bodies causing impalement injury.     

磁压榨技术治疗直肠狭窄1例并文献回顾

背景与目的 直肠癌术后吻合口狭窄在临床上较为常见,内镜下球囊扩张是常用的微创治疗方法。然而当吻合口严重狭窄甚至闭锁时,内镜下治疗难以入手。本文介绍1例根据磁压榨技术（MCT）原理,利用自行设计加工的磁环,在内镜辅助下成功治愈的直肠癌术后直肠严重狭窄且狭窄段较长的患者的诊治经验,以期为直肠狭窄的微创治疗提供一种新的思路和方法。方法 回顾性分析了西安交通大学第一附属医院肝胆外科诊治的1例直肠癌术后直肠严重狭窄患者的临床资料,患者系66岁老年男性,直肠癌根治术后6个月拟行回肠造口还纳,行结肠造影检查提示直肠下段狭窄,当地医院实施内镜下球囊扩张失败,遂来我院行磁压榨直肠狭窄疏通术。同时检索国内外数据库相关MCT治疗直肠狭窄或闭锁的文献资料并汇总分析。结果 该患者选用钕铁硼磁环,磁环表面氮化钛镀层处理。术中在内镜辅助下将磁环分别经回肠造瘘口和肛门置入狭窄段两端,因狭窄段较长,磁体难以有效相吸。遂改变操作路径,内镜操作下经回肠造瘘口置入斑马导丝,导丝穿过直肠狭窄段后经肛门引出体外。沿斑马导丝分别经回肠造口和肛门将组装式磁环置入直肠狭窄部位两端,磁体对位相吸,随着时间推移磁体间距离越来越小,术后6 d磁环经肛门自行排出体外。立即行结肠镜检查显示直肠通畅性建立,同时给予导管支撑。患者回当地医院按计划顺利实施了回肠造口还纳,随访至撰稿日已5个月,患者排便正常。通过检索发现目前国内外有报道利用MCT治疗直肠狭窄/闭锁的患者有4例,尽管这些病例操作路径和所用磁环有差异,但最终均取得良好的治疗效果。结论 直肠狭窄患者病因各不相同,狭窄程度及狭窄段长度差异较大,在将MCT技术作为治疗手段时,应充分考虑患者间病情的个体差异,选用最合适的操作路径及磁环才能取得良好的治疗效果。MCT作为一种新型吻合方式,联合内镜技术治疗直肠狭窄操作简单、创伤小、效果确切。     

Gastroenterological options in faecal incontinence.

Faecal incontinence may be due to a trauma, a rectal prolapse, or a neurological disorder. Obstetric trauma: If the sphincter has been severed, direct repair is indicated. In the case of neurological damage, plication of the levators can provide significant improvement; while the post-anal repair has become popular, anterior sphincter plication and levatorplasty, provide equivalent results. Rectal prolapse: Full thickness rectal prolapse is frequently associated with incontinence. Two categories of operations have been described: local operative procedures (Delorme's plicature, perineal resection) provide poor results in term of restoration of continence and should be reserved to unfit and elderly patients; abdominal operations combine an extensive rectal mobilisation and they differ by the type of fixation. The Ripstein operation (fixation to the promontory by an encircling sling of non absorbable mesh) has long been popular in the United States, but is followed by severe constipation. In the simple suture rectopexy, the rectum is fixed to the pelvic floor and the presacral fascia by non absorbable procedures. In the Ivalon sponge rectoprexy, a polyvinyl alcohol mesh in secured between the sacrum and the rectum, and provides a dense fibrous reaction. In the antero-posterior Marlex rectopexy, a sheet of Marlex mesh is fixed posteriorly to the rectum, and a sling is interposed anteriorly in order to support the anterior wall. In the resection rectopexy, a sigmoid resection in added to the rectal fixation in order to suppress the redundant sigmoid which is responsible for the constipation frequently following rectopexy. Results of abdominal rectopexy are satisfactory in terms of recurrence and restoration of continence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)