经眶翼点入路切除鞍区颅底肿瘤14例

目的：探讨眶翼点入路在显露和切除鞍区及其附近部分病灶的优势。方法：经眶翼点入路切除颅底肿瘤14例，其中颅咽管瘤4例，巨大垂体腺瘤4例，海绵窦旁蝶骨嵴脑膜瘤3例，颅眶沟通型神经鞘瘤2例、淋巴瘤1例。结果：全部病灶均获满意显露，实现全切除7例，次全切除6例，大部分切除1例。术后并发尿崩症4例，动眼神经和外展神经损伤各1例，1例右视力从术前的0.5m指数变为全盲。无颅内感染，无脑脊液漏，无手术死亡。结论：眶翼点入路使翼点入路通道向颅底进一步扩展，脑牵拉小，显著增大了鞍区及周围结构的显露，尤其适宜于鞍上后、鞍旁较大病灶和颅眶沟通性病灶的显露和切除。     

鞍区肿瘤的显微外科手术治疗

目的：介绍两种入路显露鞍区不同部位及不同类型肿瘤48例显微外科手术治疗经验。方法：经额颞联合耳前颞下入路露，经翼点入路晕露，显微外科手术切除颅中窝底鞍旁肿瘤，显微外科手术切除鞍内及鞍上肿瘤。手术入路根据肿瘤具体位置而定，颅中窝底鞍旁多采用经额颞联合耳前颞下入路^[1]，鞍内及鞍上肿瘤则经翼点入路。结果：全切除47例，1例脊索瘤向海绵窦颅底生长行次全切除。结论：经额颞联合耳前颞下入路显露及翼点入路，鞍区肿瘤显露良好，采用显微手术治疗，是提高全切除率、降低死亡率的重要手段。     

鞍区及鞍旁脑膜瘤35例显微外科治疗体会

目的：总结鞍区及鞍旁脑膜瘤的影像学特点、手术入路及手术效果，以提高其治疗效果。方法：回顾分析1997年至今收治的35例鞍区及鞍旁脑膜瘤，瘤体最大径为3—6．7cm，平均5．36cm，其中单侧额下经纵裂或不经纵裂入路切除18例，采用翼点或扩大翼点入路切除17例。结果：肿瘤全切除(Simpson I、II)31例，近全切除4例，无手术死亡。术后颅高压症状均有缓解，18例有视力视野障碍者，改善11例，无改变5例，变差2例。结论：对于鞍上向前方、上方生长以及鞍内脑膜瘤甚至向蝶窦内生长者，可以采用单侧额下经纵裂入路；而对于向侧方或后方生长的鞍区脑膜瘤，可采用翼点入路或扩大翼点入路，两者均能获得良好的肿瘤暴露，全切除率较高。     

影响鞍区脑膜瘤全切除的局部病理因素

用显微外科技术连续切除鞍上与鞍旁区脑膜瘤３８例，术中着生观察了肿瘤附着部位、肿瘤颅底侵犯与颅底外生长、颅内扩展部位及对邻近结构的影响。３１例（８１．６％）获肿瘤全切除，余获次全或大部切除，无死亡。本资料表明，肿瘤直接包裹脑底动脉，侵蚀海绵窦、眶上裂、视神经孔与蝶骨体等结构是影响肿瘤全切除或根治的主要因素。     

影响鞍区脑膜瘤全切除的局部病理因素

用显微外科技术连续切除鞍上与鞍旁区脑膜瘤３８例，术中着重观察了肿瘤附着部位，肿瘤颅底侵犯与颅底外生长，颅内扩展部位及对邻近结构的影响，３１例（８１．６％）获肿瘤全切除，余获次全或大部分切除，无死亡。本资料表明，肿瘤直接包裹脑底动脉，侵蚀海绵窦，眶上裂，视神经孔与蝶骨体等结构是影响肿瘤全切除或根治的主要因素。     

前外侧颅底手术硬脑膜外入路的临床应用

目的 总结临床上采用前外侧硬脑膜外入路手术的病例，验证该区域显微解剖临床应用的实际意义。资料与方法：资料1998—2003年收治的采用前外侧硬脑膜外入路的手术：前床突脑膜瘤8例，眶颅沟通瘤12例，海绵窦内肿瘤4例，巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤2例。方法 对前床突脑膜瘤，采用眶上翼点联合入路，肿瘤累及海绵窦者采用额颞眶颧联合入路。对眶颅沟通瘤：采用眶上入路。对海绵窦内肿瘤，肿瘤主要位于海绵窦前部或前中部，无骑跨中后颅窝，采用额颞眶颧联合入路。对巨大侵袭性垂体腺瘤：采用眶额入路，切除眶板达眶上裂，打开视神经管，磨除前床突。结果 12例颅眶区肿瘤中，全切除10例，次全切除2例，全切除率为83．33%。前床突脑膜瘤全切除5例，次全切除2例，部分切除1例。全组无手术死亡。4例海绵窦内肿瘤，2例全切除，1例次全切除，1例大部分切除。2例侵袭性垂体瘤，1例为全切除，1例为次全切除。结论 前床突脑膜瘤采用硬脑膜外入路，磨除前床突，有利于肿瘤基底部的血供阻断，有利于前床突下肿瘤与颈内动脉的分离。眶颅沟通瘤采用前外侧硬脑膜外入路，肿瘤显露范围充分，可同时处理眶内肿瘤和颅内肿瘤，眶上裂的显微解剖有利于在处理切开总腱环时保护颅神经。前外侧硬脑膜外入路可充分显露海绵窦，Zinn腱环切开并向后切开海绵窦上壁可显露海绵窦内肿瘤。侵袭性巨大垂体腺瘤采用前外侧硬脑膜外入路，可充分显露海绵窦上外侧壁，为在硬脑膜外切除海绵窦内的垂体腺瘤创造了必要的条件；磨除前床突，打开视神经管对硬脑膜下切除肿瘤可增加视神经和颈内动脉的活动度，为切除鞍内肿瘤提供了较好的手术空间。     

鞍区脑膜瘤手术显露程度分级与评估

经不同手术入路应用显微外科技术切除鞍区脑膜瘤３５例。按术中是否需要脑牵拉与脑组织的直观反应，将手术显露程度分四级。Ⅰ级：肿瘤自然显露，毋须脑牵拉便将肿瘤切除１２例，占３４．３％；Ⅱ级：对脑间断性略加牵拉，去牵拉后，局部外观与未牵拉部无异１７例，占４８．６％；Ⅲ级：牵拉处脑组织有伤痕３例，占８．６％；Ⅳ好：脑损伤较明显或呈不同程度的肿胀３例，占８．６％。全组Ⅱ～Ⅰ级显露２９例，占８２．９％，以经眶颧额颞下入路切除鞍旁脑膜瘤时最多见。本显露程度分级可作为衡量颅底肿瘤手术方法是否合理的一项指标。     

垂体腺瘤与鞍区脑膜瘤的MRI鉴别诊断

目的提高MRI检查对垂体腺瘤与鞍区脑膜瘤的鉴别诊断,有助于临床采取正确治疗方法。方法经MRI检查和手术证实的垂体腺瘤患者45例,鞍区脑膜瘤5例,分析垂体腺瘤与鞍区脑膜瘤的信号特点、生长范围及生长方式。结果垂体腺瘤组中32例肿瘤突破鞍隔向鞍上生长,其中21例视交叉受累;26例向下破坏鞍底进入蝶窦;17例向一侧或两侧侵犯鞍旁和海绵窦,推压或包裹颈内动脉。鞍区脑膜瘤组中鞍隔脑膜瘤2例,鞍旁脑膜瘤3例。结论MRI能鉴别垂体腺瘤与鞍区脑膜瘤,对临床确定正确的手术入路的选择具有重要意义。     

扩大前颅底经纵裂入路切除鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的 介绍扩大前颅底经纵裂入路切除鞍结节脑膜瘤。方法 双额骨瓣开颅包括眶嵴及部分眶板,扩大颅底侧暴露,经纵裂显微镜下切除肿瘤。结果 2例全切肿瘤,嗅神经及周围结构保护良好。结论 扩大前颅底经纵裂入路切除鞍结节脑膜瘤,肿瘤显露满意,脑牵拉轻,可直视下切除肿瘤,手术操作方便。肿瘤切除彻底,周围组织几无损伤。     

岩尖斜坡区脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的：探索岩尖斜坡区脑膜瘤手术入路和手术效果。方法：通过显微外科手术治疗21例岩尖斜坡区脑膜瘤,根据肿瘤的生长方式和MRI的表现分为三种类型：Ⅰ型5例,主要向中颅窝生长(包括海绵窦);Ⅱ型4例,主要向后颅窝生长;Ⅲ型12例,骑跨岩骨分别向中、后颅窝生长。额颞开颅断颧弓颞下入路切除肿瘤5例。颞枕开颅颞下小脑幕入路切除肿瘤4例,乙状窦前入路10例和乙状窦后入路切除肿瘤2例。结果：肿瘤全切除9例,近全切除11例,部分切除1例;无手术死亡。Ⅰ型岩斜坡肿瘤全切除2例,次全切除3例;Ⅱ型岩斜坡肿瘤全切除3例,次全切除1例;Ⅲ型全切除4例,次全切除7例,部分切除1例。结论：Ⅰ、Ⅱ型多数能全切除,术后效果良好;若Ⅰ型岩斜坡脑膜瘤侵犯海绵窦则难以全切除,术后容易并发动眼神经损伤。Ⅲ型岩斜坡脑膜瘤全切除非常困难,乙状窦前入路是Ⅲ型岩斜坡脑膜瘤最佳的的手术入路。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.