公共场所从业人员和综合医院肺炎患者嗜肺军团菌尿抗原和血清抗体检测

目的调查公共场所从业人员和综合医院肺炎患者嗜肺军团菌尿抗原和血清抗体的阳性情况。方法于2012—2014年选择华东两城市集中空调系统嗜肺军团菌培养法阳性的7家公共场所从业人员(n=280)和华北、华东和华南共4城市的7家综合医院肺炎患者(尿样:n=262;血样:n=269)为研究对象,采集人群的尿和血清样本,以酶联免疫吸附法检测尿中嗜肺军团菌抗原和血清嗜肺军团菌抗体。结果从业人员嗜肺军团菌尿抗原和血清抗体阳性率为10.4%和36.1%,肺炎患者嗜肺军团菌尿抗原和血清抗体阳性率为11.8%和18.2%。从业人员嗜肺军团菌尿抗原和血清抗体阳性检出率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=7.133,P=0.000),肺炎患者嗜肺军团菌尿抗原和血清抗体阳性检出率差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.291,P=0.794)。结论本次调查的公共场所从业人员和综合医院肺炎患者均存在嗜肺军团菌感染。     

公共场所空气中嗜肺军团菌污染与从业人员感染率相关性研究

目的探讨公共场所空气中嗜肺军团菌浓度与从业人员感染率的关系。方法 2013年—2014年,随机选取江苏常州市和无锡市7家公共场所,采集空气样本,荧光定量PCR法检测样品中的嗜肺军团菌。同时,采集280名公共场所从业人员尿和血清样本,酶联免疫吸附法检测尿中嗜肺军团菌抗原和血清嗜肺军团菌抗体。结果共采集70份空气样本,嗜肺军团菌阳性率为30.0%(21/70)。共调查280名从业人员,嗜肺军团菌感染率40.7%(114/280)。不同城市(χ~2=10.000,P=0.002)和不同场所间(χ~2=13.213,P=0.031)空气中嗜肺军团菌阳性率差异有统计学意义。不同城市(χ~2=85.371,P=0.000)和不同场所间(χ~2=91.471,P=0.000)从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染率差异有统计学意义。公共场所空气中嗜肺军团菌浓度和从业人员感染率之间相关性有统计学意义(r=0.857,P=0.014)。结论公共场所空气中嗜肺军团菌浓度与从业人员感染率间存在相关性。     

大连市集中空调公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染调查

目的 了解集中空调公共场所从业人员血清嗜肺军团菌抗体水平,研究人群中嗜肺军团菌隐性感染及其影响因素.方法 于2005年8-10月随机抽取210名大连市集中空调公共场所从业人员,并检测其血清中嗜肺军团菌(Lp)8～10型抗体水平.结果 集中空调公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌Lp10型感染率较高(30.48%),且不存在年龄、性别、工作年限的差异.结论 大连市集中空调公共场所从业人员存在嗜肺军团菌隐性感染,应加强大连市公共场所集中空调系统的卫生管理及军团菌监测工作.     

石家庄市部分集中空调公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染状况调查

目的了解石家庄市集中空调公共场所从业人员军团菌感染情况及其影响因素。方法对石家庄市集中空调公共场所从业人员1011份血清标本,采用ELISA法检测军团菌抗体,并对受检者进行流行病学调查。结果石家庄市集中空调公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染率10.19%(103/1011)。结论石家庄市集中空调公共场所从业人员存在嗜肺军团菌隐性感染,并已对从业人员构成潜在危险,应加强军团菌监测。     

公共场所水环境军团菌污染及其从业人员军团菌感染状况分析

目的分析公共场所水环境中军团菌污染及其从业人员军团菌感染状况方法以公共场所为研究对象,采集集中空调冷却塔水、淋浴水和自来水进行军团菌分离培养,同时对从业人员进行军团菌血清抗体和尿抗原检测。结果公共场所中空调冷却塔水、淋浴水和自来水军团菌阳性率分别为75%(111/148)、27%(27/100)和44%(22/50),以嗜肺军团菌污染为主,其中LP1为优势菌性,其他LP2-8、LP10、L.micdadei、L.bozemanii均有检出。公共场所从业人员军团菌血清抗体阳性率66.0%(369/559),抗LP1-14有检出,以抗LP12(45.9%)、抗LP4(43.4%)为优势血清型,抗LP1阳性率8.8%。公共场所从业人员LP1尿抗原阳性率0.0%(0/202)。结论公共场所冷却塔水、淋浴水和自来水军团菌尤其是嗜肺军团菌污染严重,从业人员普遍存在军团菌既往感染,公共场所存在发生社区获得性军团菌病暴发的安全隐患。     

公共场所集中空调通风系统嗜肺军团菌污染对其从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染水平的Meta分析

目的系统评价我国公共场所集中空调通风系统嗜肺军团菌污染对其从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染水平的影响。方法检索Pub Med、中国期刊全文数据库、维普资讯网和万方数据库,收集2006—2014年发表的我国公共场所集中空调嗜肺军团菌污染对其从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染状况的研究文献,采用R 3.0.1软件进行综合分析,评价集中空调嗜肺军团菌污染对人群健康的影响。结果 16篇文献符合条件纳入研究,暴露组人群嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率为16.01%(95%CI 9.18%~26.47%),对照组人群嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率为9.60%(95%CI 5.10%~17.34%),暴露组抗体阳性率是对照组的1.68倍,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。分层分析结果发现不同性别和不同年龄的从业人员嗜肺军团菌抗体水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05),不同类别场所间从业人员嗜肺军团菌抗体水平差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中超市工作人员的嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率最高。结论对我国公共场所集中空调嗜肺军团菌的控制和监督监测管理仍需加强。     

上海市卢湾区公共场所从业人群嗜肺军团菌感染危险因素研究

目的了解公共场所从业人员嗜肺军团菌的感染情况并调查其认知水平及行为特征,探讨预防控制公共场所从业人群嗜肺军团菌感染方法。方法采取随机抽样的方法,抽取冷却水嗜肺军团菌阳性场所从业人群293人进行问卷调查及血清嗜肺军团菌抗体的测定。结果从业人员对公共场所空气质量满意率为54.6%;夏冬季分别有20.5%和22.9%的调查对象所在工作场所几乎不开窗换气;自觉症状发生率为30.4%;认知水平低,73.4%的从业人员认知正确率小于50%;血清学检测军团菌阳性率为23.4%,主要为米克型。使用集中空调是嗜肺军团菌感染的危险因素(OR=1.991,95%CI=1.103~3.593);采取不同的通风频率,自觉症状发生总频率评分的差异均具有统计学意义(夏天P=0.049,冬天P=0.006)。结论军团菌隐性感染、亚临床感染已经较为普遍。积极开展集中空调通风系统清洗消毒工作,加强从业人群空调安全使用行为及认知水平,加强开窗通风或新风量供给可有效预防控制军团菌感染。     

北京市丰台区集中空调公共场所嗜肺军团菌污染状况及从业人员感染水平

目的了解北京市丰台区使用集中空调的公共场所嗜肺军团菌污染状况及从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染水平。方法于2012年7—9月采集北京市丰台区20家使用集中空调的公共场所环境样品进行嗜肺军团菌的巢氏PCR检测,于2012年12月—2013年1月对集中空调公共场所701名暴露人群和非集中空调场所440名对照人群进行血清嗜肺军团菌1~7IgG抗体检测。结果空气、景观水、室外景观土、室内花卉土及作为对照的土壤样品中均未检出嗜肺军团菌。冷却水、自来水、积尘、淋浴水中均检出嗜肺军团菌,阳性率分别为84.2%,10.9%,8.7%,3.6%。暴露组和对照组血清嗜肺军团菌1~7IgG抗体活力中位数分别为13、11U/ml,血清嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率均为1.4%,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本次调查的公共场所集中空调系统存在嗜肺军团菌污染,需采取防治措施。     

综合医院肺炎患者嗜肺军团菌感染现况调查

目的调查综合医院肺炎患者嗜肺军团菌的感染现况。方法于2012年6月—2013年6月采集北京市丰台区、常州市、无锡市、深圳市共7家综合医院279例肺炎住院患者的痰、尿和血清,采用巢氏PCR法检测痰中嗜肺军团菌,酶联免疫吸附法检测尿中嗜肺军团菌抗原和血清嗜肺军团菌抗体。结果痰嗜肺军团菌、尿嗜肺军团菌抗原和血清嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率分别为10.4%(19/182),9.7%(22/226)和20.4%(46/226)。综合医院肺炎患者嗜肺军团菌感染率为27.6%(77/279),其中丰台、无锡、常州和深圳四地区感染率分别为14.7%(14/95),39.6%(19/48),32.7%(18/55)和32.1%(26/81),差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.860,P=0.005)。结论本次调查的综合医院肺炎患者中存在嗜肺军团菌感染。     

集中空调冷却塔军团菌污染对宾馆从业人员血清军团菌抗体的影响

目的尽管很多公共场所的冷却塔的进行定期消毒,但是我们江苏常州市进行的调查依然在89.6%冷却塔水样品中检出了的军团菌。本研究的目的是探索这些军团菌污染的冷却塔对从业人员健康的影响。方法从公共场所从业人员中随机选取364名对象进行血清抗体测试和问卷调查。暴露组来自1型嗜肺军团菌污染的冷却塔所在场所的从业人员,对照组对象来自没有使用的集中空调的场所。血清军团菌抗体的检测采用间接免疫荧光(IFA)的方法。结果暴露组对象的1型嗜肺军团菌抗体的阳性率显著性高于对照组(OR=2.845,P=0.019)。自来水和淋浴水中的军团菌污染可能是混杂因素。其中暴露组人群感冒症状的的发生频率显著性高于对照组,室内空气质量的满意度也与1型嗜肺军团菌抗体的阳性率相关。结论嗜肺军团菌污染的冷却塔与场所从业人员血清军团菌抗体的阳性率相关,自来水和淋浴水中的军团菌也是可能的污染源。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.