水中挥发性有机物曝气处理进展

自从70年代初发现用氯消毒的饮水中存在挥发性有机致癌物以来,人们越来越关心饮水中的有机污染问题。迄今为止,已从自来水中鉴定出1200多种有机物。     

汽车涂料挥发性有机物暴露对雄性小鼠血液学指标的影响

目的探讨汽车涂料中挥发性有机物(VOCs)暴露对雄性小鼠血液指标的影响。方法选取54只CL级昆明种雄性小鼠,完全随机分成9组,每组6只。4种汽车涂料(黑漆、面漆、清漆和底漆)分别设低、高剂量组,采用静式吸入染毒,每天2 h,连续染毒28 d。染毒完成后,检测小鼠的全血血常规。结果与对照组比较,4种喷漆各剂量染毒组均造成小鼠不同程度白细胞数和淋巴细胞数降低;与其它喷漆组比较,黑漆组白细胞、淋巴细胞降低程度更明显;除清漆组外,3种喷漆组小鼠红细胞计数和血红蛋白水平有所升高,但血红蛋白含量降低;4种喷漆不同剂量染毒组小鼠血小板数量均降低。结论汽车涂料挥发性有机物对雄性小鼠血液系统有明显毒性作用;喷漆的成分与比例不同,对其血液的损伤有一定差异;应保护喷漆作业工人职业健康,预防血液系统疾病。     

挥发性有机物混合标准气体的配制

介绍一种简单、易操作、方便、灵活的配制标准有机气体混合物装置。以恒定压力作用在挥发性有机物混合液液面上,液体以恒定流速穿过一根长毛细管流出,由此制成标准发生源,流速的平均相对标准差为３．０％。将毛细管出口插入零空气流中,使液体挥发并混匀,以配成恒定浓度的有机物混合气体,改变发生源压力及稀释气流量即可改变混合气浓度,用气相色谱法测定浓度值,混合气浓度的平均相对标准差为５．７％,绝对误差±８％。比较实测值与计算值,两者无显著性差异。此配气方法适合于沸点在１５０℃以下有机混合物气体的配制     

坦克作业条件下驾驶室内挥发性有机物定性分析

目的：了解某型坦克作业条件下驾驶室内挥发性有机物的污染状况,为制定防治措施提供科学依据。方法：应用气相色谱－质谱联用技术（ＧＣ－ＭＳ）对某型坦克单纯行进,行进打炮,停车打炮等工作状态下驾驶室内以及废气排放口的挥发性有机物（ＶＯＣｓ）进行了全谱分析,结果：共检出１３４种污染物质,包括脂肪烃类,单环芳烃类,多环芳烃类以及机酸,碱,酯,醛,酮,杂环化合物等。结论：实验结果表明这些物质主要来源于油类蒸汽,     

上海金山区河流挥发性有机物特征分析

目的 掌握上海市金山区河流中挥发性有机物污染特征,为制订辖区内河流水污染防治方案提供数据支撑。方法 选择风险较高、流经石油化工产业的河流为研究对象,监测河流中挥发性有机物浓度,分析挥发性有机物时空分布特征。结果 共检出13种挥发性有机物,浓度低于国家标准限值。与2014年相比,检出率和浓度均下降。运石河上游挥发性有机物浓度占50.5%,主要为苯系物、二氯甲烷、呋喃。漕泾地区受影响较大。1月—2月挥发性有机物浓度最高。6月—10月检出三氯甲烷。结论 金山区河流水质明显改善,但仍有挥发性有机物检出,重点关注1月—2月运石河上游地区。     

挥发性有机物引起荨麻疹机制的实验研究

目的探讨挥发性有机物(VOC)诱发慢性荨麻疹的发病机制。方法以36只Wistar大鼠为研究对象,采用大气采样机采取混有VOC的空气样本,作用于大鼠长期接触组(VOCL组),3个月后再取尘螨、蟑螂、蚕丝变应原液注射于大鼠,观察皮肤及胸腺组织改变。并与双蒸水组、短期接触组(VOCS组)对照。结果VOCL组真皮浅层水肿,可见炎性细胞浸润,同时可见少数嗜酸性粒细胞,其胸腺组织CD4,CD8阳性表达细胞减少,阳性表达细胞的百分比降低,CD8的百分比较CD4的百分比高;双蒸水组、VOCS组炎性细胞较少;VOCS组有少许炎性细胞浸润,CD4,CD8阳性表达细胞增多,阳性细胞的百分比增高。结论VOC低水平长时间作用可导致机体的超敏反应,使变应原诱发慢性荨麻疹发生成为可能,同时对人体的免疫功能有抑制作用。     

室内挥发性有机物的来源及其健康效应

挥发性有机物 (VOCs)作为一大类空气污染物 ,是近几年来室内空气污染的热点问题 ,现代人一天之中有 90 %的时间在室内度过 ,所以VOCs对人体健康有着极大的危害 ,本文主要综述了VOCs的来源、种类及其对人体健康的影响。     

坑道空气净化装置对典型挥发性有机物的净化效果

目的观察研制的坑道空气净化装置对多种挥发性有机物的净化效果。方法将坑道空气净化装置放入5,5m^3的聚酯袋中,用充气泵将洁净空气吹入气袋,同时用采样器吹入所配有害气体,待气袋充盈,用风扇混匀后测定配气袋中有害气体的浓度,观察空气净化装置中等离子体、光触媒、滤料等部分及整机对典型挥发性有机物(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)的净化率。结果整机、滤料、光触媒及等离子体对典型挥发性有机物的最大净化率分别为99.38％～100％,90．69％～100％,83.33％～100％及33.50％～72.22％。结论研制的坑道空气净化装置中等离子体、光触媒、滤料等部分以及整机对典型挥发性有机物均有明显的净化效果,适合用于坑道及室内空气中有害气体的消除。     

室内用品中挥发性有机物的挥发模式

选择不同形态的室内用品，包括壁纸、地板蜡、调和漆、彩喷涂料、空气清新剂和萘丸６种室内用品，在选定的温度、湿度、空气交换率等环境条件下，做测试室模拟试验。用四种挥发模式对挥发性有机物总浓度－时间关系做回归分析，同时计算出表面挥发速率。结果表明，对于像调和漆、彩喷涂料这样的液态高挥发溶剂型材料，四种挥发模式结果是一致的。而对于像壁纸、地板蜡和萘丸等固态低挥发型材料，考虑了吞吐效应的回归模式和经验模式优于单纯挥发模式和蒸汽压模式。只有空气清新剂不宜采用挥发性有机物总量做为浓度的参数     

装饰材料挥发性有机物致小鼠遗传损伤作用的研究

目的　研究装饰材料挥发性有机物 (VOC)对小鼠骨髓细胞和外周血淋巴细胞的遗传损伤作用。方法　选择 5 5间新装修 (装修半年内 )及 18间 3年内未装修的宾馆客房 ,分别测定其空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和甲醛浓度 ,并根据现场测得的各种有机物浓度 ,用装饰材料在染毒柜内配制接近新装修现场 5、10、2 0、4 0倍的浓度进行动物 (小鼠 )染毒 ,用单细胞凝胶电泳法(SCGE)和骨髓微核试验检测其遗传损伤效应。结果　装修半年内室内空气中苯、甲苯、二甲苯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯和甲醛平均浓度分别为 6 .5 0、3.0 0、6 .70、4 1.33、1.70、0 .14mg m3,均高于未装修的客房(0 .0 8、0 .94、1.38、0 .2 5、0 .2 5、0 .0 1mg m3) ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。SCGE检测发现 ,10、2 0、4 0倍浓度组VOC对小鼠染毒 15d后 ,其外周血淋巴细胞DNA断裂高于对照组 ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ;而骨髓微核试验则在 4 0倍浓度组小鼠微核率明显高于对照组 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　较高浓度的装饰材料VOC可引起小鼠遗传损伤作用 ,且SCGE试验比微核试验更敏感。     

三种汽油增氧剂对小鼠成纤维细胞DNA损伤的研究

目的 比较3种汽油增氧剂对小鼠成纤维细胞DNA的损伤作用。方法 采用单细胞凝胶电泳试验（彗星试验）对3种汽油增氧剂甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）、无水乙醇（EA）和碳酸二甲酯（DMC）所致的L－929小鼠成纤维细胞的DNA损伤进行了研究。结果 在一定浓度范围内（37.500-150.000mg/ml)，MTBE可直接引起L－929小鼠成纤维细胞的DNA损伤，出现拖尾的彗星细胞。其拖尾细胞百分率和DNA迁移长度均随受试物浓度的增加而增加，且有明显的剂量－效应关系，即MTBE浓度从9.375mg/ml增加到150.000mg/ml时，彗星率从接受阴性对照组的4％增加到接近阳性对照组的85％,彗尾长度也发生了相应的改变。而EA和DMC无此关系。结论 在本试验条件下（浓度为150.00mg/ml)，MTBE对DNA具有明显的损伤作用；未发现EA和DMC对DNA的损伤作用。     

Occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline emissions and lung cancer in Canadian men

The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies diesel exhaust as a probable human carcinogen; this decision is based largely from lung cancer evidence. Gasoline exhaust is classified as a possible carcinogen. Epidemiological studies are needed that improve upon some of the limitations of previous research with respect to the characterization of exposure, and the control for the potential confounding influence of smoking and other occupational exposures. Our objective was to investigate associations between occupational exposure to diesel and gasoline engine emissions and lung cancer. We used a case-control study design that involved men 40 years of age and older at the time of interview. Analyses are based on 1681 incident cases of lung cancer and 2053 population controls. A self-reported questionnaire elicited a lifetime occupational history, including general tasks, and information on other potential risk factors. Occupational exposures to diesel and gasoline emissions, crystalline silica, and asbestos were assigned to each job held by study subjects by industrial hygienists who were blind to case-control status. Exposure metrics for diesel and gasoline emissions that were modeled included: ever exposure, cumulative exposure, and concentration of exposure. We found a dose–response relationship between cumulative occupational exposure to diesel engine emissions and lung cancer. This association was more pronounced for the squamous and large cell subtypes with adjusted odds ratios across the three increasing tertiles of cumulative lifetime exposure relative to those with no exposure of 0.99, 1.25, and 1.32 (p=0.04) for squamous cell carcinoma, and 1.06, 1.19, 1.68 (p=0.02) for large cell carcinoma. While the association with cumulative exposure to gasoline was weakly positive, it was not statistically significant. Our findings suggest that exposure to diesel engine emissions increases the risk of lung cancer particularly for squamous and large cell carcinoma subtypes.     

沥青烟致小鼠肺损伤及细胞周期改变的研究

目的研究沥青烟致癌和致突变作用的机制。方法用沥青烟对小鼠进行不同剂量(55、165 mg/m~3)和不同时间(30、60 d)的染毒,观察小鼠肺组织病理形态改变,并用流式细胞仪进行小鼠肺组织细胞DNA含量的检测和细胞周期的分析。结果随着沥青烟染毒时间和剂量的增加,小鼠肺组织病变表现为不同程度的不典型增生和原位癌；同时小鼠肺组织细胞各周期指数发生变化,G_1期细胞数下降,S期阻滞,进入G_2/M期的细胞减少,细胞增殖指数(PI)增加,异倍体指数(DI)升高,与对照组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。染毒相同时间时,55 mg/m~3和165mg/m~3剂量组的PI均高于对照组,165 mg/m~3剂量组的DI高于55mg/m~3剂量组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0．05或P＜0．01)。相同染毒剂量下,60 d处理组的DI[(1．16±1．51)×10~(-2)、(1．20±2．30)×10~(-2)]均高于30 d处理组[(1．14±0．88)×10~(-2)、(1．16±1．47)×10~(-2)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0．05)。结论沥青烟所致小鼠肺组织产生的癌前病变可能与细胞周期的改变有关。     

Risk assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds in different indoor environments

The lifetime cancer risks of exposure of cooks and food service workers, office workers, housewives, and schoolchildren in Hong Kong to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in their respective indoor premises during normal indoor activities were assessed. The estimated cancer risk for housewives was the highest, and the second-highest lifetime cancer risk to VOC exposure was for the groups of food service and office workers. Within a certain group of the population, the lifetime cancer risk of the home living room was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that in other indoor environments. The estimated lifetime risks of food service workers were about two times that of office workers. Furthermore, the cancer risks of working in kitchen environments were approximately two times higher than the risks arising from studying in air-conditioned classrooms. The bus riders had higher average lifetime cancer risks than those travelling by Mass Transit Railway. For all target groups of people, the findings of this study show that the exposures to VOCs may lead to lifetime risks higher than 1 x 10(-6). Seven indoor environments were selected for the measurement of human exposure and the estimation of the corresponding lifetime cancer risks. The lifetime risks with 8-h average daily exposures to individual VOCs in individual environments were compared. People in a smoking home had the highest cancer risk, while students in an air-conditioned classroom had the lowest risk of cancer. Benzene accounted for about or more than 40% of the lifetime cancer risks for each category of indoor environment. Nonsmoking and smoking residences in Hong Kong had cancer risks associated with 8-h exposures of benzene above 1.8 x 10(-5) and 8.0 x 10(-5), respectively. The cancer risks associated with 1,1-dichloroethene, chloroform, methylene chloride, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene became more significant at selected homes and restaurants. Higher lifetime cancer risks due to exposure to styrene were only observed in the administrative and printing offices and air-conditioned classrooms. Higher lifetime cancer risks related to chloroform exposures were observed at the restaurant and the canteen.     

光气染毒造成小鼠肺脏的氧化损伤

目的　研究小鼠光气染毒后不同时间对肺脏的氧化损伤作用。方法　 4 0只雄性小鼠 ,随机分为 4组。正常对照组小鼠以空气为对照 ,染毒组小鼠给予 11.9mg/L剂量的光气 ,时间为5min ,分别染毒后 2h、4h、8h ,测定各组小鼠肺脏的湿干比和肺匀浆液的丙二醛 (MDA)含量、总超氧化物歧化酶 (T SOD)活力、还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量。结果　随着光气染毒时间的增加 ,小鼠肺脏的湿干比显著增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;染毒后 4h ,肺组织MDA含量和T SOD活力显著升高(P <0 .0 5 ) ,GSH含量在染毒后 2h显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　光气染毒可引起小鼠肺水肿和肺脏氧化损伤。     

Exposure to volatile organic compounds in residences adjacent to dyeing industrial complex

Objectives The present study was designed to evaluate residential exposure to selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) relative to the proximity of the Daegu dyeing industrial complex (DDIC).Methods A series of surveys was conducted to measure the concentrations of five aromatic VOCs (toluene, benzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and o-xylene) and methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in the industrial outdoor air within the DDIC and in residential outdoor and indoor air based on the relative proximity of the DDIC.Results The geometric mean (GM) toluene value for the outdoor air samples from residential area R1 located near the DDIC (255 g/m³) was about seven-times higher than that from residential area R2 located further away from the DDIC (36.9 g/m³), whereas no significant difference was found in the outdoor air concentrations of the other target compounds between the two residential areas. Moreover, the elevated outdoor toluene levels outweighed the indoor sources with respect to the environmental exposure of residents near the DDIC. However, for the other target VOCs there was no significant difference between the residential exposure of residents living close to and a certain distance away from the DDIC.Conclusions The present study confirmed that residents in neighborhoods near the DDIC were exposed to elevated outdoor toluene levels compared with residents living further away from such a source. Furthermore, it appeared that the DDIC was a potential contributor to the nearby residential outdoor toluene levels.Essential results have not been and will not be published elsewhere