湖南省某市居民经大米途径镉暴露的风险概率评估

目的 了解湖南省某市市售大米中的镉含量,预测当地居民经大米暴露镉的致癌与非致癌风险概率.方法 采用分层抽样并以在当地市场模拟购买的方式收集大米样品70件;利用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测样品中的镉含量;结合当地居民食物消费数据、应用Crystal Ball软件对镉暴露水平进行致癌及非致癌风险概率模拟.结果 该市样品中大米镉含量均未超标,平均值为(0.073 ±0.054) mg/kg.根据风险商计算结果,约5％的该市居民存在非致癌风险,3.52％的存在致癌风险.结论 大米镉污染问题不容忽视,针对高暴露人群应进一步加强风险监测与控制,尽可能降低镉暴露危害.     

重金属污染区人群镉暴露水平的估算

目的了解环境镉污染状况和人群镉暴露水平。方法采集当地自产粮食和蔬菜样品进行镉含量检测,同时开展人群膳食调查。结果采集污染区样品833份,对照区样品124份,共完成546人的三日膳食调查。污染区农作物镉含量整体高于对照区。玉米、青菜、土豆和红芸豆是当地居民主要消费食物,青菜是膳食摄入镉的主要来源,污染区高年龄组居民日均摄镉量和累积镉摄入量均已超过WHO建议的允许最大限值,对照区居民未超过限值要求。结论污染区居民镉暴露的主要介质是当地产蔬菜,男性55岁以上(女性65岁以上)人群累积镉暴露已达到WHO建议的健康危害阈值2000mg水平。     

广州市市售大米镉污染及健康风险评估

目的了解广州市市售大米镉污染情况,评估镉暴露对居民的健康风险,为确定镉污染监测重点和保障居民膳食安全提供依据。方法采取分层随机抽样方法,于2014—2019年采集广州市11个区3～4个乡镇(街道)的农贸市场、超市、专卖店和种植户销售的大米。根据GB/T 5009.15—2014 《食品安全国家标准食品中镉的测定》,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定法检测大米样品中的镉含量,采用单因子污染指数(Pi)评估大米镉污染状况,采用化学致癌物健康风险模型评估镉暴露的健康风险。结果共采集市售大米600份,检出镉594份,检出率为99.00%。镉含量的中位数为0.093 mg/kg,镉含量超标20份,超标率为3.33%。大米中镉的P_i为0.367～0.545,平均值为0.478,污染等级均为优良。2014—2019年广州市居民经食用大米产生的镉暴露个人致癌年风险均值为(2.299～3.829)×10~(-5)a~(-1),平均值为3.221×10~(-5)a~(-1)。结论 2014—2019年广州市市售大米镉含量基本符合国家标准,污染等级均为优良,广州市居民经食用大米摄入镉的健康风险较低。     

中国南方某镉污染区人群膳食镉摄入调查

目的了解南方某镉污染区膳食累积镉摄入水平。方法采集污染区粮食、蔬菜、肉禽蛋三类样品进行镉含量的检测,同时进行人群膳食调查。结果共采集54户140份样品,其中,粮食类的大米镉含量超限量率为71.69%,蔬菜由于种类不同超限量率各不相同,肉禽蛋类未超限量;膳食调查显示被调查地区膳食主要为大米,米镉是膳食摄入镉的主要来源,不同年龄段人群米镉的摄入量不同,人群中每人平均一生摄镉总量≥4g。结论被调查地区应防止镉通过农作物—人食物链危害居民健康。     

广西环境镉污染地区人群健康影响评估

目的 建立环境镉污染人群健康影响评估技术,评价环境镉污染区居民健康风险及健康危害水平,为政府制定相关防治对策提供科学依据.方法 于2014—2015年,在广西3个重金属污染重点防控区选择污染较严重的4个行政村作为污染区,同时选择3个行政村作为对照区.采集18~75岁常住居民尿液及其家中粮食、蔬菜等食物及饮用水和调查村空气样本,检测样本中镉的含量及尿β2-MG、NAG,应用点评估方法计算居民环境镉暴露量,评价暴露风险和健康危害水平.结果 污染区食物(n=625)中的大米、干豆和蔬菜镉含量中位数分别为0.389 mg/kg、0.216 mg/kg、0.052 mg/kg,均高于对照区;污染区饮用水和空气中的镉含量的中位数分别为0.54μg/L、0.19μg/m3,也高于对照区.居民环境镉暴露主要来源于膳食摄入(约占99%),每月膳食镉摄入量污染区为61.8μg/kg bw、占PTMI的247.31%,对照区为20.9μg/kg bw、占PTMI的83.41%.污染区居民尿镉负荷(平均值4.58μg/g肌酐、中位数3.46μg/g肌酐)和NAG活性(中位数2.18 U/g肌酐)均高于对照区,但未发现尿镉、尿β2-MG含量和NAG活性这三项健康危害指标同时达到判定值的个体,即研究地区未出现镉污染所致慢性早期健康危害的个体.结论 广西环境镉污染区人群健康危害水平处于相对低的状态,但应持续关注居民尿镉高负荷和大米等食物镉富集对人群健康的影响.     

柳江河沿岸蔬菜和大米中镉污染的健康风险评价

目的调查柳江河沿岸居民自产蔬菜、大米镉污染状况及对人体健康危害的风险评价。方法在柳江河沿岸村屯随机采集居民自产蔬菜27份,大米20份,对重金属镉(Cd)含量进行检测,采用单因子污染评价指数法评价蔬菜、大米镉污染状况,按照美国国家环境保护署(USEPA)推荐的方法,建立蔬菜、大米中重金属镉污染健康风险评价模型,对镉通过饮食途径引起的健康风险作出评价。结果所采集的蔬菜样品中有14.8%(4/27)的蔬菜镉含量超标,叶菜类和根茎类蔬菜的单因子污染评价指数分别为0.55、0.56,均属良好;大米样品中有50%(10/20)的样品镉含量超标,单因子污染评价指数为1.32,属于轻度污染;蔬菜、大米中镉的年平均个人摄入健康风险评价结果分别为7.25×10-6、3.55×10-5。结论柳江河沿岸居民自产的大米有轻度的污染,蔬菜、大米中镉污染对人体健康潜在危害的个人年风险均低于USEPA推荐的最大可接受水平(1×10-4)。     

广州市农村菜地土壤镉污染状况及健康风险评价

目的检测广州市农村菜地土壤镉含量,评价镉污染状况和人群暴露健康风险。方法 2015—2018年,采集367份菜地土壤样品,检测镉和p H值,评价镉污染状况,用美国环境保护所(USPEA)健康风险评价模型评价镉污染对不同人群暴露的健康风险。结果土壤样品多呈酸性,pH值平均值为6.36。镉总合格率为80.65%,平均含量为0.27 mg/kg。pH值与镉呈正相关性。瓜果类土壤的镉含量水平最高,叶菜类土壤pH值高于瓜果类。各类人群的非致癌风险和致癌风险均在可接受范围内。成年男性经呼吸摄入途径的单污染物的非致癌危害指数(HI值)和致癌风险(CR值)最高,儿童经皮肤接触和口摄入途径的HI值最高。结论广州市各区菜地土壤镉污染状况与其经济发展程度有关,菜地土壤的pH值和镉可能与施肥方式关系密切。     

广西环境镉污染重点地区居民饮用水、食物和空气镉暴露量调查

目的 了解广西镉污染区饮用水、食用农产品和空气镉污染状况,对居民通过饮用水、食物和空气镉暴露水平进行评估。 方法 2014-2015年在广西污染区和对照区分别采集饮用水、食物和空气样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱测定法(ICP-MS)检测重金属镉指标,应用点评估方法计算居民环境镉暴露量,评价暴露风险。 结果 污染区和对照区饮用水镉含量中位数分别为0.000 25和0.000 05 mg/L,合格率均为100.0%,污染区饮用水镉含量高于对照区,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。污染区空气镉含量中位数为12.4 ng/m³,高于对照区的2.69 ng/m³,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);污染区食物中的大米、干豆类和蔬菜类镉含量中位数分别为0.389、0.216、0.052 mg/kg,均高于对照区(分别为0.119、0.161、0.025 mg/kg)。污染区和对照区调查对象每人每日从环境介质(饮水、食物和空气)摄入镉的暴露量分别为117.46、39.55 μg,其中食物镉摄入分别为116.77和39.41 μg,占比99%以上;每月膳食镉摄入量分别为61.78、20.85 μg/(kg·BW),每月通过膳食摄入镉的量分别是PTMI的2.47、0.83倍。 结论 广西污染区食物镉暴露对人群健康存在潜在影响。     

江西省居民主要膳食镉暴露风险的初步评估

目的 了解江西省主要食品中镉含量状况,对居民膳食镉暴露量及其引起的健康风险进行评估。方法 对江西省11类食品中的镉含量进行统计分析,结合居民膳食营养与健康状况调查数据,参考镉的暂定每月可耐受摄入量（PTMI）,对居民日常膳食镉暴露量进行评估,同时应用美国环保署（USEPA）的健康风险模型评价其安全性。结果 江西省11类食品中镉平均含量为0.00027~0.36mg/kg,总检出率和超标率分别为63.5%和1.68%,超标样品主要是动物肾脏、淡水蟹和大米;江西省居民膳食镉的月平均暴露量和偏高暴露量分别为0.021和0.054mg/kg·BW,分别占PTMI的84%和216%,镉暴露的来源主要是大米和蔬菜,二类食品的贡献率占到85.5%;应用USEPA模型评价,以平均暴露量引起的健康风险值略高于国际辐射防护委员会的推荐标准,但低于USEPA致癌风险评价指南推荐值,而高暴露人群的健康风险较高。结论 江西省大部分市售食品镉含量较低,大部分居民通过日常膳食摄入的镉基本上处于可接受水平,但高摄入量人群仍存在一定的健康风险,应引起重视。     

基于Monte Carlo模拟法对大米途径摄入镉的风险评估

目的调查武汉市市售大米中镉的污染状况,结合调查情况应用蒙特卡洛法(Monte Carlo)模拟对大米途径摄入的镉进行健康风险评估。方法对市售大米中镉进行随机抽样检测,大米镉含量采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GB/T 5009-2003)测定,使用水晶球风险评估软件(Oracle Crystal Ball)针对经大米来源镉暴露进行健康风险评估。结果检测结果显示市售大米镉含量均未超标,其均值为0.0619 mg/kg,标准差为0.0463 mg/kg,最大值为0.1800 mg/kg,95%分位值为0.1693 mg/kg;风险评估结果显示,有8.89%的高暴露人群可能面临大米镉污染的潜在致癌风险。结论市售大米中镉污染对于普通人群所带来的健康风险总体上处于可接受水平,但对于8.89%的高暴露人群需加强风险管理。     

典型重金属污染地区学龄前儿童镉暴露健康风险评价

目的 评价典型重金属污染地区学龄前儿童镉(Cadmium,Cd)暴露健康风险.方法 采集某典型重金属污染地区土壤样本和蔬菜可食用部位并检测其Cd浓度,查阅当地空气、小麦、水稻和水的Cd浓度,通过美国国家环境保护局推荐的健康风险评价模型评价当地学龄前儿童的Cd暴露健康风险,分别采用危险系数(hazard quotient...     

刁江沿岸土壤重金属污染状况及土地的合理利用模式

目的了解刁江沿岸土壤重金属污染区分布,寻求安全的污染区土地利用模式。方法于2003年在刁江沿岸设置了12个采样断面,采样分析土壤中重金属含量,分析了污染区大米、玉米和桑叶中的重金属(As,Pb,Cd、Zn)含量。结果土壤中的主要污染物为As(19.6～7441mg/kg)、Pb(53.4～1823mg/kg)、Cd(0.35～39.2mg/kg)、Zn(110～4199mg/kg)等,污染区范围与洪水淹没区一致。污染耕地上产出的大米中Cd和Pb含量超过国家食品卫生标准,尤其是大米中Cd的含量超标4.9倍,Pb超标0.905倍;玉米中Pb、Cd和Zn的含量分别超标1.345倍,0.56倍和0.598倍。结论受上游矿山开发影响,刁江沿岸土壤重金属污染十分严重,建议将污染区耕地划定为食用农作物禁止种植区,在污染区开展种桑养蚕试验,将严重尾砂覆盖污染区作为尾砂库并进行植被恢复与重建。     

The intake of cadmium in the Kempen, an area in the south of The Netherlands

In The Netherlands many areas with soil pollution have been detected. The largest polluted area is a zone of 350 km2 in the Kempen, in the south of The Netherlands. This Kempen zone is polluted with heavy metals, especially cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), emitted from metal factories in the Netherlands and in Belgium. Because of the high Cd in soil, vegetables grown in that area contain relatively high Cd concentrations. The Cd uptake by inhabitants of these areas--especially individuals consuming vegetables from their own gardens--therefore is considerably increased. This Cd intake is shown to be higher than the provisionally tolerated weekly uptake of Cd set by the WHO. The role of smoking in Cd intake is discussed.     

Spatial-Based Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils Surrounding a Non-ferrous Metal Smelting Zone

This work aimed to assess the degree of anthropogenic influence and severity of heavy metal from a non-ferrous metal smelting industrial zone. The results suggested that anthropogenic inputs played a dominant role in the enrichment of Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb and Cd. These metals showed similar spatial distribution patterns. Multivariate analysis showed strongly significant relationships between Cu–Zn,Cd–Zn, Cd–Sb, Sb, Sb, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Strong relationship was found between Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb and organic matter in soil. Risk evaluation results within the soil investigated profile was in the following order: Cd > Sb > Cu > Zn > Pb. Nemerow’s synthetical contamination index revealed that there is substantial ecotoxicological risk among the sampling sites with 8 of 9 of these locations exceeding the Nemerow criteria for seriously impacted sites and another site was close to moderately polluted domain.     

Selenium (Se) Does Not Reduce Cadmium (Cd) Uptake and Translocation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Naturally Occurred Se-Rich Paddy Fields with a High Geological Background of Cd

This study examined the selenium (Se) and cadmium (Cd) uptake by rice from soil and analyzed the relationship between Se and Cd in naturally occurred Se-rich paddy fields with a high geological background of Cd. Significant correlations were observed between soil Se and plant biomass Se, but not between soil Cd and plant biomass Cd. High concentrations of Cd were detected in rice plants and particularly in rice grains, suggesting potential health risks to human. Contrary to results from other previous studies, our results showed that high soil Se did not reduce Cd uptake by rice, although it decreased the availability of Cd in soil. Rather, soil Se and internal Se pool in rice were positively correlated to the transfer of Cd from root to straw. The effect of Se on the uptake and translocation of Cd in rice in field is therefore different from those in pot experiments.

     

镉污染区居民疾病死亡谱分析

目的 研究长期镉污染对居民健康状况的影响。方法 对镉污染地区的6个自然村作了5年死亡情况的回顾调查。结果 镉污染区婴儿死亡率和早产发生率偏高；污染区居民疾病死亡谱与福建省山区不同，也与同县的非污染区不同；恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统病、消化系统病及新生儿病的标化死亡率均高于非污染区。结论 污染区居民的健康已经受到镉污染的影响。     

Cadmium in urine of children and adults from industrial areas

Various human activities result in the release of significant quantity of cadmium to the environment. The study population included adults (230) and children (100) residing near the tobacco plant and a control group, unexposed to elevated cadmium concentrations, living in unpolluted area in the same city. Biomonitoring methods were used to assess the effects of contaminated air on the health of the public (urine samples). Ambient air samples were collected near the cadmium-related plant and in unpolluted area during the last ten years. Values of cadmium concentrations in urine found in polluted area were in range of 0.05-0.42 microg/g creatinine for children and 0.15-1.96 microg/g creatinine for adults. The results indicated statistical significant age-dependent differences in urine cadmium concentration between polluted and unpolluted area for adults. Boys and men had significantly higher urine cadmium levels than girls and women, but in children there were no significant gender-dependent differences in cadmium excretion found out. In conclusion, the results from the present study indicate that cadmium urine concentration in polluted area are very high, particularly in children.     

苏南农村地区土壤、大米和井水重金属污染现状

摘要:目的 了解苏南农村地区土壤、大米等重金属污染情况。方法 采用分层整群抽样方法,在苏南农村东、南、西、北、中5个方位及市区采集环境及食物样品,用ICP-MS检测其中重金属含量。结果 18份土壤样品重金属Cd、As、Pb平均含量为（1.150±0.860）mg/kg,（46.232±40.313）mg/kg,（55.855±32.690）mg/kg,超标率分别达77.78%、38.89%和27.78%,Cr、Hg含量均低于限值;内梅罗污染指数评价显示,苏南农村土壤整体达轻度污染,其中2、5号点土壤达重污染,1号点达中污染,其余各点土壤重金属污染已处警戒范围。井水、大米中重金属低于GB5749-2006和GB2715-2005标准限量。结论 苏南农村地区井水、大米尚未受Cd、As、Pb、Cr、Hg 5种重金属污染,但土壤已不同程度受到Cd、As、Pb污染,Cd＞As＞Pb,应引起重视。     

Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India

Heavy metal contamination of soil resulting from wastewater irrigation is a cause of serious concern due to the potential health impacts of consuming contaminated produce. In this study an assessment is made of the impact of wastewater irrigation on heavy metal contamination of Beta vulgaris (palak); this is a highly nutritious leafy vegetable that is widely cultivated and consumed in urban India, particularly by the poor. A field study was conducted at three major sites that were irrigated by either treated or untreated wastewater in the suburban areas of Varanasi, India according to normal practice. Samples of irrigation water, soil, and the edible portion of the palak (Beta vulgaris L. var All green H1) were collected monthly during the summer and winter seasons and were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn, and Ni. Heavy metals in irrigation water were below the internationally recommended (WHO) maximum permissible limits set for agricultural use for all heavy metals except Cd at all the sites. Similarly, the mean heavy metal concentrations in soil were below the Indian standards for all heavy metals, but the maximum value of Cd recorded during January was higher than the standard. However, in the edible portion of B. vulgaris, the Cd concentration was higher than the permissible limits of the Indian standard during summer, whereas Pb and Ni concentrations were higher in both summer and winter seasons. Results of linear regression analysis computed to assess the relationship between individual heavy metal concentration in the vegetable samples and in soil showed that Zn in soil had a positive significant relationship with vegetable contamination during winter. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Mn in soil and plant showed significant positive relationships only during summer. Concentration of Cr and Pb during winter season and Zn and Ni during summer season showed significant negative relationships between soil and plant contamination. The study concludes that the use of treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation has increased the contamination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in edible portion of vegetables causing potential health risk in the long term from this practice. The study also points to the fact that adherence to standards for heavy metal contamination of soil and irrigation water does not ensure safe food.