空调风管内壁积尘中的嗜肺军团菌巢式PCR检测研究

目的应用巢式PCR方法检测集中空调风管内壁积尘中嗜肺军团菌的污染情况。方法于2009年8月随机抽取上海市4个城区集中空调冷却水嗜肺军团菌培养法阳性的公共场所,采集集中空调风管内壁积尘。巢式PCR方法扩增嗜肺军团菌种Mip基因,琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增产物。结果共采集空调风管内壁积尘40份,嗜肺军团菌阳性样品11份,阳性率为27.5%(11/40)。4个城区风管内壁积尘中嗜肺军团菌阳性率的差异没有统计学意义(χ2=7.446,P=0.064)。当冷却塔与新风口直线距离处于0～4m范围内,风管内壁积尘中嗜肺军团菌的阳性率随距离增加有升高趋势。结论巢式PCR方法检测积尘中嗜肺军团菌特异性较好,集中空调风管内壁积尘中存在嗜肺军团菌污染。     

花卉培育土中嗜肺军团菌污染状况初步调查

目的 调查花卉培育土中嗜肺军团菌的污染状况.方法 于2009年7-9月采集公共场所室内盆栽花盆中的花卉培育土、市售袋装花卉培育土和有机肥花卉培育土.以巢式PCR方法 扩增嗜肺军团菌种Mip基因,以琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测扩增产物.同时以荧光定量PCR进行检测.结果 花卉培育土中嗜肺军团菌巢式PCR检测阳性率为51.9%(27...     

2009年-2014年五地区公共场所嗜肺军团菌环境污染现况调查

目的调查公共场所嗜肺军团菌的污染现况。方法 2009年-2014年选取北京市丰台区、南京市、常州市、无锡市和深圳市的公共场所,采集冷却水、淋浴水、自来水、景观水、景观土、空调风管内壁积尘、冷却塔旁土、花卉土、气溶胶,采用巢式PCR法检测样品中的嗜肺军团菌。结果气溶胶、冷却水、自来水、淋浴水、景观水、冷却塔旁土、空调风管内壁积尘、景观土和花卉土的嗜肺军团菌阳性检出率分别为26.6%(129/485)、81.4%(92/113)、17.2%(17/99)、36.4%(39/107)、24.1%(7/29)、51.6%(16/31)、33.8%(46/136)、38.9%(7/18)和24.7%(37/150)。五地区公共场所环境中嗜肺军团菌阳性总检出率差异无统计学意义(χ2=8.907,P=0.063)。结论我国公共场所普遍存在嗜肺军团菌污染。分析不同时间、不同地区嗜肺军团菌污染水平特征,为环境中嗜肺军团菌的污染特征、扩散传播途径研究以及风险预警手段和卫生管理措施制定等提供数据基础。     

空气中嗜肺军团菌的巢式PCR和荧光定量PCR测定方法比较

目的评价巢式PCR和荧光定量PCR方法在嗜肺军团菌气溶胶检测中的应用。方法于2012年8—10月在北京、南京、苏州和深圳四城市选取38家公共场所,使用带有虚拟浓缩器的Bio-sampler生物冲击式采样器采集气溶胶样品,分别应用巢式PCR和荧光定量PCR法检测样品中的嗜肺军团菌。结果共采集气溶胶样品165份。巢式PCR法测定嗜肺军团菌的阳性率为8.5%(14/165),荧光定量PCR法测定嗜肺军团菌的阳性率为26.1%(43/165),后者高于前者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用荧光定量PCR法测定空气中嗜肺军团菌的灵敏度优于巢式PCR法。     

南京市公共场所嗜肺军团菌污染状况调查

目的了解南京市公共场所的嗜肺军团菌污染状况,为制定其控制措施提供依据。方法选取13家公共场所采集气溶胶、土壤和水样本,采用巢式PCR检测嗜肺军团菌。结果南京市公共场所嗜肺军团菌阳性检出率16.10%,其中空调冷却水为85.71%,花卉土为21.54%,淋浴水为20.00%,景观水旁土为12.50%,自来水为4.00%,风管积尘为1.56%,气溶胶为1.49%。结论南京市公共场所存在较严重的嗜肺军团菌污染,须针对各类环境介质的特点选择适宜方法除菌抑菌,以降低其潜在危害。     

北京市丰台区集中空调公共场所嗜肺军团菌污染状况及从业人员感染水平

目的了解北京市丰台区使用集中空调的公共场所嗜肺军团菌污染状况及从业人员嗜肺军团菌感染水平。方法于2012年7—9月采集北京市丰台区20家使用集中空调的公共场所环境样品进行嗜肺军团菌的巢氏PCR检测,于2012年12月—2013年1月对集中空调公共场所701名暴露人群和非集中空调场所440名对照人群进行血清嗜肺军团菌1~7IgG抗体检测。结果空气、景观水、室外景观土、室内花卉土及作为对照的土壤样品中均未检出嗜肺军团菌。冷却水、自来水、积尘、淋浴水中均检出嗜肺军团菌,阳性率分别为84.2%,10.9%,8.7%,3.6%。暴露组和对照组血清嗜肺军团菌1~7IgG抗体活力中位数分别为13、11U/ml,血清嗜肺军团菌抗体阳性率均为1.4%,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论本次调查的公共场所集中空调系统存在嗜肺军团菌污染,需采取防治措施。     

集中空调系统嗜肺军团菌扩散传播途径研究

目的探讨集中空调系统嗜肺军团菌扩散传播途径。方法 2009年8和9月选取江苏省南京市4家公共场所,采集集中空调冷却塔底泥、冷却水上清液、风管内壁积尘及塔旁和室内送风气溶胶,采用巢式PCR方法检测嗜肺军团菌并进行核酸序列系统发育分析。结果共检测177件环境样品,冷却塔底泥、冷却水上清液、塔旁气溶胶、风管内壁积尘和室内送风气溶胶中嗜肺军团菌阳性率分别为100%(9/9),78.6%(11/14),25.4%(17/67),16.7%(2/12)和17.3%(13/75),系统发育分析显示气溶胶与冷却水中嗜肺军团菌核酸序列相似性大于92%,具有不同集中空调系统特征的场所环境样品嗜肺军团菌的总阳性率差异没有统计学意义。结论冷却水是嗜肺军团菌的主要污染源,可通过集中空调系统传播至室内空气中,且这一结果具有一定代表性。     

传统细菌培养法与荧光PCR法分离公共场所嗜肺军团菌结果比较

目的：对公共场所环境样本（水、土壤、气溶胶）进行嗜肺军团菌监测,掌握南京市公共场所中军团菌的污染情况和菌型分布。方法：对12家商场、医院中央空调系统采集水样（冷却水、景观水、淋浴水、自来水）,土壤类样品（背景土、花卉土、风管积尘、景观土）,采用传统细菌培养法及荧光PCR法进行嗜肺军团菌的分离鉴定。结果：12家单位共采样234份（水样88份、土壤146份）,传统细菌培养法检出嗜肺军团菌9份（主要类型为Lp1型）,检出率为3.85%;而实时荧光PCR法检出47份阳性（主要类型为Lp1型）,检出率为20.08%。两者检出阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：南京市公共场所存在嗜肺军团菌污染,荧光PCR法总检出率明显高于传统细菌培养法,荧光PCR方法较培养法灵敏性较好。     

不同环境中嗜肺军团菌FlaA和CsrA基因表达水平初步研究

目的 初步探讨多种环境介质中嗜肺军团菌FlaA和CsrA基因表达水平的差异.方法 于2010年8月和9月随机选取南京市四家公共场所采集集中空调系统的冷却水、冷却塔旁土壤、风管内壁积尘和室内送风口气溶胶,喷泉水、喷泉旁土壤,宾馆淋浴水样品.采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测环境样本中嗜肺军团菌FlaA和CsrA基因的表达水平...     

公共场所集中空调水系统中嗜肺军团菌传统分离和PCR检测

目的了解江干区公共场所集中空调水系统中嗜肺军团菌的污染状况,比较传统分离和PCR 2种检测方法的检出率。方法依据WS 394—2012《公共场所集中空调通风系统卫生规范》对样品进行分离培养及鉴定;同时对样品进行荧光定量PCR检测。结果共采集20份样品,传统分离和PCR法洗脱液中嗜肺军团菌检出率分别为10.0%和45.0%,2种方法检出率差异有统计学意义(P0.05);冷却水中嗜肺军团菌检出率显著高于冷凝水;分离出38株嗜肺军团菌,其血清型以LP7和LP1为主,分别占44.7%和21.1%。结论本区集中空调水系统嗜肺军团菌污染较严重,应加强冷却水塔的规范清洗消毒。在嗜肺军团菌检测中,传统分离和PCR检测可根据需要结合使用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.