罗哌卡因与布比卡因用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的对比低浓度的罗哌卡因与布比卡因联合芬太尼用于自控硬膜外分娩镇痛（PCEA）的效果及运动神经阻滞情况。方法选择160例健康、单胎、足月、无麻醉禁忌的初产妇为分娩镇痛组,随机分为2组,A组为0．125％罗哌卡因加2μg/ml芬太尼,B组为0．125％布比卡因加2μg/ml芬太尼;将未使用分娩镇痛药物进入产程的80例产妇作为对照组（C组）。对分娩镇痛组进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（VAS）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（MBS）。记录3组产程时间、分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿Apgar评分。结果A、B2组分娩镇痛效果良好,无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。MBS评分A、B2组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A、B组与C组第一、二产程时间比较均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。A、B、C3组分娩方式、产后出血及新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论分娩镇痛能缩短第一产程,延长第二产程。低浓度的罗哌卡因与布比卡因联合小剂量芬太尼用于分娩镇痛均可产生可靠的镇痛效果,但罗哌卡因比布比卡因的运动神经阻滞轻,产妇可下床活动,是1种可行走的分娩镇痛,两者相比,罗哌卡因分娩镇痛效果更佳。     

低浓度罗哌卡因伍用芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的观察硬膜外低浓度罗哌卡因伍用芬太尼行分娩镇痛的临床效果。方法 100例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级要求自然分娩的足月初产妇,均为单胎头位。随机分为分娩镇痛组和对照组,每组50例。分娩镇痛组在宫口开大2～3cm时,开始硬膜外泵入0.125%罗哌卡因辅以芬太尼(2μg/mL)镇痛液,宫口开全时停药;对照组未行分娩镇痛,按产科常规处理。用视觉模拟镇痛评分法(VAS)和改良Bromage评分法评估镇痛、运动神经阻滞情况,记录产妇产程时间、分娩方式和新生儿Apgar评分。整个产程持续监测胎心率、宫缩、血压、脉搏、心率和脉搏氧饱和度。结果分娩镇痛组产妇用药镇痛后生命体征平稳,产妇VAS评分低于对照组(P<0.01);且产妇运动不受影响,与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第一产程比对照组短(P<0.01),剖宫产率低于对照组(P<0.01);新生儿Apgar评分与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),结果 0.125%罗哌卡因复合芬太尼(2μg/mL)用于硬膜外分娩镇痛效果确切,对运动神经阻滞轻,可缩短产程,降低剖宫产率,且不影响新生儿。     

腰麻—硬膜外联合阻滞用于分娩镇痛的临床效果观察

目的探讨低浓度罗哌卡因联合芬太尼进行腰麻—硬膜外联合阻滞(CSEA)用于分娩镇痛的临床效果。方法选择自愿接受分娩镇痛、无产科及CSEA麻醉禁忌证、ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的产妇100例为观察组,另选择同期未采取任何分娩镇痛药物而进入产程的产妇100例为对照组。观察组在产妇宫口开至3cm时,行蛛网膜下腔穿刺注入布比卡因1.5mg后,并以0.1%罗哌卡因和2μg/kg芬太尼的混合液输注,速率6ml/h;对照组未进行分娩镇痛。比较2组产程、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分。结果观察组产痛明显减轻,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2组产程、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论低浓度罗哌卡因联合芬太尼进行CSEA是一种安全有效的分娩镇痛方法。     

腰麻—硬膜外联合阻滞用于分娩镇痛的临床效果观察

目的 探讨低浓度罗哌卡因联合芬太尼进行腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞(CSEA)用于分娩镇痛的临床效果.方法 选择自愿接受分娩镇痛、无产科及CSEA麻醉禁忌证、ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级的产妇100例为观察组,另选择同期未采取任何分娩镇痛药物而进入产程的产妇100例为对照组.观察组在产妇宫口开至3cm时,行蛛网膜下腔穿刺注入布比卡因1.5mg后,并以0.1%罗哌卡因和2μg/kg芬太尼的混合液输注,速率6ml/h;对照组未进行分娩镇痛.比较2组产程、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分.结果 观察组产痛明显减轻,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).2组产程、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 低浓度罗哌卡因联合芬太尼进行CSEA是一种安全有效的分娩镇痛方法.     

甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合芬太尼用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的探讨甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外隙间断注药用于分娩镇痛的效果。方法选择120例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级单胎头位足月初产妇,随机分为甲磺酸罗哌卡因硬外镇痛组(Ⅰ组),盐酸罗哌卡因镇痛组(Ⅱ组),对照组(Ⅲ组),每组40例。Ⅰ两组采用0.15%甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合2μg·mL-1芬太尼行硬外镇痛;Ⅱ两组采用0.15%盐酸罗哌卡因复合2μg·mL-1芬太尼。Ⅲ组为对照组。观察各组产妇的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、下肢运动神经阻滞MBS评分,同时观察3组的产程进展、催产素使用情况以及胎儿分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组与Ⅲ组相比较,在镇痛后的产程活跃期及第二产程时的VAS评分、宫颈口扩张速率、活跃期时间方面的差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ⅰ、Ⅱ两组VAS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组产妇的MBS评分、第二产程时间、分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外分娩镇痛效果良好,对母婴无明显不良影响。     

罗哌卡因联合芬太尼椎管内阻滞用于分娩镇痛临床观察

目的观察低浓度罗哌卡因加小剂量芬太尼行单纯硬膜外阻滞或蛛网膜下腔阻滞（腰麻）加硬膜外阻滞联合用于分娩镇痛的效果，并作对比分析。方法选择136例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，头位，单胎足月妊娠的初产妇，随机分为患者自控硬膜外镇痛（PCEA）组和腰麻．硬膜外联合阻滞（CSEA）组各68例，另选择68例条件相仿但不给予镇痛的自然分娩产妇为对照组。CSEA组鞘内注入芬太尼，PCEA组硬膜外注入镇痛合剂（罗哌卡因＋芬太尼），其后均行硬膜外持续背景剂量＋PCA模式。记录不同时点疼痛评分（VAS评分），自动监测BP、HR、脉搏血氧饱和度（Sp02），进行下肢运动神经阻滞评分（MBS），观察产程时间及分娩方式、新生儿1、5min的Apgar评分及其他可能出现的不良反应。结果两组均可达到满意镇痛，CSEA组快于PCEA组，早期PCA按压次数PCEA组多于CSEA组，镇痛前后产妇BP、HR、SpO2无统计学差异（P〉0．05）；产程时间、分娩方式及使用缩宫素率与对照组无明显差异（P〉0．05）；产程中两组患者皮肤瘙痒的发生率高于对照组，且以CSEA组明显。结论低浓度罗哌卡因复合小剂量芬太尼椎管内阻滞分娩镇痛效果确切，且腰麻．硬膜外联合阻滞快于硬膜外阻滞。     

罗哌卡因用于分娩镇痛对产程和分娩方式的影响

目的探讨罗哌卡因用于腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞(CSEA)分娩镇痛对产程和母婴的影响。方法回顾性分析我院2008年5月-2011年5月收治入院的行分娩镇痛的ASAI-Ⅱ级足月单胎初产妇40例(观察组),另选择我院同期收治的条件相近但不予分娩镇痛的产妇40例为对照组。观察组在宫口开大至3～4cm时进行CSE操作,蛛网膜下腔注入0.2%罗哌卡因1.5mL(3mg)。在腰麻后40min行PCEA镇痛,注入0.1%罗哌卡因与芬太尼2μg.mL-1混合液,基础输注速率6mL/h,单次PCA3mL,锁定时间10min。宫口开全时停泵。用视觉模拟评分(VAS)和下肢运动神经阻滞评分(MBS)评估镇痛情况和下肢运动神经阻滞情况,观察并记录产妇生命体征、产程时间、生产方式及新生儿Apgar评分。结果两组分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分等相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),观察组分娩镇痛不同宫口大小VSA、总体满意度等指标明显优于对照组,且差异有显著性意义,P<0.05;HR、SpO2、MAP等生命体征,两组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05);观察组患者在低血压、恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、排尿困难、肌力评分指标相比对照组差异显著,且具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论罗哌卡因用于CSEA分娩镇痛时可取得良好的镇痛效果,对运动神经阻滞轻且不影响产程和母婴。     

低浓度盐酸罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的观察低浓度盐酸罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)行分娩镇痛的效果。方法选择100例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,头位、单胎足月妊娠的初产妇行(PCEA)(A组),另选100例条件相仿但不给镇痛药物的自然分娩产妇为对照组(B组)。A组:0.15%盐酸罗哌卡因 芬太尼(2μg/ml)行硬膜外自控镇痛。观察镇痛效果,运动神经阻滞;分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分。结果A组镇痛效果确切,对运动神经阻滞轻。两组分娩方式、新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义。结论低浓度罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外自控分娩镇痛效果确切,对运动神经阻滞轻,对母婴无明显不良影响。     

腰麻和硬膜外联合阻滞应用于分娩镇痛的临床观察

目的 探讨腰麻和硬膜外联合阻滞(CSEA)用于分娩镇痛的效果,及对产程、分娩方式、母婴的影响。方法 选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级、无禁忌证的单胎头位临产病人300例,随机分为A组、B组和对照组(n=100)。行L_(2～3)椎间隙一点穿刺并一次成功。A组芬太尼2.5 μg+布比卡因2.5mg轻比重液(溶量2ml),B组布比十因1.7mm+芬太尼2μg轻比重液(容量2ml),30分钟后两组硬膜外持续滴注0.075％布比卡因与2μg/ml芬太尼混合液,速度为10～14ml/h,总限量50ml,宫口近全时逐渐减慢速度至最低限度。用视觉模拟评分(VAS)评估镇痛、阻滞效果,观察记录产妇的生命体征、产程时间、生产方式及新生儿Apgar评分。结果 镇痛效果、以及用药量无显著性差异;与对照组比较,B组宫颈扩张加速、第一产程明显缩短,而第二产程有延长的趋势(P<0.05),剖宫产率下降,而阴道助产率增高(P<0.05),A、B组胎儿宫内窘迫的发生率下降(P<0.05),而新生儿窒息、产后出血各组间无统计学差异。结论 腰硬麻联合用于分娩镇痛是一安全有效,更适合全产程镇痛的麻醉方法,B组用药剂量优于A组。     

微量泵控制下分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的探讨硬膜外微量泵注罗哌卡因与芬太尼在分娩镇痛的有效性及安全性。方法选择25ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级足月妊娠初产妇行分娩镇痛。经硬膜外给予0．1％罗哌卡因十芬太尼（1ug／ml），设定基础速率为6ml／h，进行视觉模拟评分（VAS）和下肢运动神经阻滞（MBS）记录产程时间、生产方式、新生儿APgar评分。结果分娩镇痛组VAS评分用药后15～30分钟均感到元痛或只感到轻度可耐受的疼痛，MBS镇痛前后无统计学差异。除2例剖宫产外所有产妇均能下床活动，分娩镇痛组第一产短于对照组第一产程（P〈0．05），第二、三产程与对照组无统计学差异（P〉0．05），分娩镇痛组新生儿1、5分钟APgar评分与对照组无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论微量泵持续泵注罗哌卡因和芬太尼取得良好的镇痛效果，是目前较为理想的分娩镇痛方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.