Value of sympathetic skin response test in the early diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy

Diabeticperipheralneuropathyisoneofthemostcommoncomplicationsofthenervoussystemaffectingpeoplewithdiabetesmellitus 1　However,theearlystagesofdiabeticneuropathyareoftensymptomless ,providingpatientswithnowarningoftheirdevelopingcondition Onceclinicalsignsareapparent,damagetoperipheralnervesisalreadyirreversible Thus ,earlydiagnosisandtreatmentofdiabeticperipheralneuropathyhasprovenverydifficult Sincethedevelopmentofelectrodiagnosticmethods ,thenerveconductionvelocity (NCV)testhasbeenexplored…     

糖尿病患者交感神经皮肤反应的研究

目的 研究糖尿病患者交感神经皮肤反应（SSR）的变化。方法 对26例2型糖尿病患者进行SSR检测，并与28例健康自愿者进行对比分析。结果 对照组中28例均能清楚引出波形；患者组中SSR异常14例（53％），表现为潜伏期延长和波幅降低，异常反应与自主神经症状、周围神经病变有关。对部分病例同时行电刺激与磁刺激，发现噘刺激波形更稳定。重复性好。结论 对糖尿病患者SSR是一种简便易行、无创性的自主神经功能检测方法。     

Independent predictors of cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCTION: Although the clinical implications of diabetic autonomic neuropathy have been described, the clinical determinants of parasympathetic dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus are not clear. We investigated the clinical determinants of heart rate response to deep breathing in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: This study involved 207 randomly selected patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 141 healthy controls. Heart rate response to deep breathing was measured in all the subjects. Heart rate response to Valsalva manoeuvre and active standing was measured in lesser numbers. Data analysis was done using unpaired Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression. RESULTS: Heart rate response to deep breathing, Valsalva manoeuvre and active standing was lower in patients with diabetes mellitus than in controls (p-value is less than 0.0001, 0.01 and 0.01, respectively). Age, female gender and presence of somatic neuropathy were the independent predictors of reduced heart rate response to deep breathing (p-value is 0.001). Independent positive correlation was found between resting heart rate and heart response to deep breathing (p-value is 0.02). Factors associated with depressed heart rate response to deep breathing, but not independently predictive, were duration of diabetes mellitus, presence of hypertension, coronary artery disease, foot ulcer and retinopathy. Mean heart rate response to deep breathing of 47 patients with diabetes mellitus free of all complications was lower compared to controls (p-value is less than 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that parasympathetic dysfunction mainly coexists with somatic neuropathy. It may be isolated, or precede detection of other complications. Age and female gender are the other predictors of reduced heart rate response to deep breathing in type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Albuminuria and neuropathy in newly detected diabetics: profile and correlation

Neuropathy and nephropathy are two most common chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Albuminuria and neuropathy has been found to be associated in patients with long standing diabetes. In the present study, the profiles of proteinuria and neuropathy have been studied in newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus and attempt has been made to determine any relationship between the two. We studied 100 newly diagnosed ceases of type 2 diabetes mellitus and presence and type of neuropathy was assessed clinically and electrophysiologically. Albuminuria was detected by morning spot sample for albumin to creatinine ratio estimation. Results were analysed using appropriate statistical methods. It was found that 21 patients (21%) had proteinuria and 31 (31%) had neuropathy. Both were present in 16% patients and absent in 64% cases. The overall prevalence of neuropathy and proteinuria among study subjects was 36%. Isolated peripheral neuropathy was found in 9% patients, isolated autonomic neuropathy was found in 7% patients, and both were present in 15% cases. Proteinuria was mostly micro-albuminuria (90.5%). Occurrence of albuminuria and neuropathy has been found to be significantly associated with increasing age. Concurrence of diabetic neuropathy and albuminuria has been found to be significantly associated. The present study reveals that presence of neuropathy as well as nephropathy is common in newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Both these complications have been significantly associated with increasing age indicating the possibility of a longer duration of undetected diabetes among them. Concurrence of neuropathy and nephropathy found in this study suggests that microvascular complications go hand in hand.     

Assessment of lipid profile in Saudi type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic periodontal patients

OBJECTIVE: To study the extent of periodontal disease in diabetic and non-diabetic periodontitis patients, and to investigate the relationship of dyslipidemia and periodontal disease, in diabetic and non-diabetic periodontitis patients. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study at the Department of Preventive Dental Sciences (College of Dentistry) and Department of Physiology (College of Medicine), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, from February 2003 to June 2004. A total of 90 patients was recruited, and divided into 3 equal groups of 30 subjects, with age and gender matched, and divided as follows: group 1 healthy group: periodontally and systemically healthy subjects, group 2 periodontitis group: chronic periodontitis patients with no systemic disease, group 3 diabetic group: chronic periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured at the time of initial examination. The glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride, high density lipoprotein were also measured. RESULTS: Periodontal parameters (PPD and CAL) were of significantly higher value in the diabetic patients, when compared to the periodontitis patients (p<0.05). The total cholesterol, LDL, and triglyceride were also found to be significantly higher among the periodontitis patients than the healthy subjects (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study indicated that type 2 diabetic patients had a higher risk to develop advanced periodontal disease than the non-diabetic subjects. It also highlighted the association of dyslipidemia in periodontitis patients.     

糖尿病患者心率变异的研究

目的 :观察糖尿病患者心率变异性 (HRV)的变化 ,探讨其临床意义。　 方法 :对 30例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病 (NIDDM)患者 ,2 5例对照者进行了 HRV的检测。　 结果 :糖尿病患者中存在明显的 HRV异常 ,其平均心率增快 ,平均 R- R间期 ,平均 R- R间期标准差 ,平均 R- R间期变异系数及 R- R间期大于 50 ms百分率均明显降低 ;心率能谱分析中 ,低频段和高频段的能量均降低 ,总的趋向是交感神经活动增强 ,迷走神经作用减弱。　 结论 :糖尿病患者 HRV变小 ,自主神经系统活动及心血管系统功能异常。HRV检测为监测糖尿病患者植物神经功能动态改变提供了一种新的手段     

Utilizing diabetes registry for exploring sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of type II diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia

Objectives:To explore the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as the process and outcomes of diabetic individuals.Methods:Hospital Saudi registry at Prince Sultan Military Medical city, Chronic Illness Clinics (Family and Community Medicine), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia database was started in February 2019 and data were collected until February 2020. The data were collected by trained diabetes nurse specialists. The registry includes all patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and excluded patients with type I DM.Results:A total of 8,209 patients were enrolled in the registry with a higher proportion of females than males. The mean age was 59.3 years, BMI 32.5kg/m², and HBA1c levels was 8.2%. Significant gender differences for BMI, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, LDL, smoking status, and medication intake. From the first to the third visit, BMI was raised; however, LDL, diastolic blood pressure, and albumin creatinine ratio were reduced. The mean HBA1c values plummeted for all patients and 33% of the patients had a reduction in the HbA1c levels. However, HbA1c levels increased for 24.7% of the patients’ from baseline to the last visit.Conclusion:This registry provides great insights into the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of diabetic patients in Saudi Arabia. This registry data can be used to investigate the associations between sociodemographic or clinical characteristics and glycemic control among T2DM patients in Saudi Arabia.     

2型糖尿病患者体脂状况与糖尿病性神经病变的关系

目的：观察2型糖尿病患者体脂状况对心自主神经病变和末梢神经病变的影响.方法：133例2型糖尿病患者（平均年龄58.7岁,平均病程13.1年,平均HbA1c 10.4%）根据WHO体重指数（BMI）标准分为5组（各组年龄、病程、HbA1c无显著性差异）.利用心自主神经功能检测系统和神经电生理检测仪测定心自主神经功能和肢体末梢神经传导速度、皮肤痛温觉、振动觉,诊断心自主神经和末梢神经病变.结果：各组间心自主神经病变和末梢神经病变的患病率无明显差异（P＞0.05）,各项神经功能检测指标无显著性差异.Logistic回归分析显示BMI与心自主神经病变和末梢神经病变无显著相关性.结论：2型糖尿病患者体脂状况对糖尿病性心自主神经病变和末梢神经病变无显著影响.     

Autonomic neuropathy in African diabetic patients.

To determine the prevalence and extent of autonomic neuropathy amongst Africans with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), we investigated 50 such patients at our clinic. Mean age (+/- 1 s.d.) was 26 +/- 6 years, male:female ratio was equal (25M:25F) and duration of diabetes was 4.0 +/- 3.0 years. A battery of six validated tests of autonomic function was performed, testing both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. Overall 16 (32%) had evidence of autonomic damage, affecting parasympathetic only in 14, and both sympathetic and parasympathetic in two. Those with autonomic neuropathy had a significantly longer diabetes duration than those without (6.0 +/- 2.8 years versus 3.1 +/- 2.7 years, P < 0.005), but there was no difference in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1) between the two groups. Autonomic neuropathy was also not significantly associated with peripheral neuropathy or other diabetic complications. Autonomic neuropathy carries a poor prognosis in IDDM and this high prevalence in a group of patients with relatively short diabetes duration gives cause for concern.     

葡萄糖在目标范围内时间与2型糖尿病患者心脏自主神经病变的相关性研究

目的 研究葡萄糖在目标范围内时间(TIR)与2型糖尿病患者心脏自主神经病变(DCAN)的相关性.方法 选取2019年11月至2021年3月在安徽医科大学附属合肥医院内分泌科住院的343例2型糖尿病患者,根据Ewing试验结果将患者分为糖尿病心脏自主神经病变组(DCAN组,n=201)与无糖尿病心脏自主神经病变组(NDC...     

Auditory impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: We assessed the auditory function of 94 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 94 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. METHODS: To study the influence of the clinical characteristics of the disease on the auditory function, after a clinical interview with ophthalmological assessment, subjects were evaluated using pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, auditory brainstem responses, the Michigan Diabetic Neuropathy Score and albuminuria. The mean age when diabetes was diagnosed was 42.8 +/- 6.5 years (mean +/- SD) and the time elapsed since diabetes diagnosis was 7.2 +/- 5.4 years. RESULTS: Forty-eight patients (62%) had HbA1c >8%; diabetic retinopathy was evident in 14 patients (14%) and microalbuminuria was identified in 12 patients. Compared to healthy subjects, diabetic patients showed an increase of the perception threshold at 8000 Hz (p <0.01), higher hearing levels to discriminate at least 90% of 10 monosyllables (p <0.01), and longer latencies of wave V, interwave I-V and interwave III-V (p <0.01). Significant correlation was found between the hearing threshold at 8 KHz and patient age, and the former and the time elapsed since the diabetes was diagnosed (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus can have subclinical hearing loss and impaired auditory brainstem response, independent of peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy or nephropathy.     

老年女性2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白与心脏自主神经病变的关系

目的研究老年女性2型糖尿病患者尿微量白蛋白与自主神经病变的关系。方法收集干部病房及心内科2型糖尿病患者156例,根据年龄性别分为四组:老年女性组、非老年女性组、老年男性组、非老年男性组。老年女性组根据心率变异分析(HRV)结果分为两组,T2DM2组:T2DM伴有心脏自主神经病变者;T2DM1组:T2DM不伴有心脏自主神经病变者。所有病例测定24小时尿微量白蛋白(MAU)、空腹血糖、血脂、BMI,并与HRV作相关性分析。结果老年女性2型糖尿病患者MAU与HRV病变程度、BMI、空腹血糖呈正相关;与非老年女性比较,老年女性组合并微量白蛋白尿患者增多,空腹血糖、血脂、BMI显著增高,而TP、LF、SDNN、HF值均低于非老年女性组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论老年女性2型糖尿病合并心脏自主神经病变患者MAU水平对心脏自主神经功能损害发生发展有至关重要的作用。     

COVID-19 in patients with end stage kidney disease at a large community hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia. A prospective study

Objectives:To report the outcome of patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD) who were diagnosed with COVID-19 at a large community hospital in Eastern Saudi Arabia.Methods:A single center, prospective observational study at Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. Patients with ESKD who were maintained on dialysis and developed COVID-19 between June 15, 2020 and October 31, 2021 were enrolled.Results:In total, 30 patients with ESKD were diagnosed with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Twenty two (73%) patients developed the disease prior to COVID-19 vaccine rollout. The median age of the cohort was 63 (55-75) years. Most patients were diabetic (73%), hypertensive (97%) and had a median body mass index of 28 kg/m ² . Twenty seven (90%) patients required admission, 16 (52%) patients developed pneumonia, and 5 (17%) patients required mechanical ventilation. Patients who developed pneumonia were older, and the majority had diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Five patients died with a total mortality of 17%.Conclusion:Patients with ESKD who developed COVID-19 had a poor outcome with high mortality compared to the general population. Presence of diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease and older age were associated with a higher risk of severe disease. There was a sharp decline in the number of positive cases following implementation of the vaccination program.     

The impact of diabetic autonomic neuropathy on the incretin effect

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of diabetic autonomic neuropathy (AN) on the incretin effect in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). MATERIAL/METHODS: Forty patients with DM2 (20 with and 20 without AN) and 10 healthy controls were studied. The subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and 7-14 days later an intravenous infusion of 25 g glucose. Blood samples were drawn for glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) determination during the tests. The incretin effect was calculated from the total integrated amount of insulin or C-peptide during OGTT (A) and intravenous glucose infusion (B) according to the formula (A-B)/Ax100. RESULTS: Total insulin and C-peptide responses during OGTT were significantly higher than those after IV glucose infusion in the group of normal subjects, but not in the groups of diabetic patients. After the oral glucose load, GIP levels presented a significant increase in normal subjects and patients without AN, whereas GLP-1 levels increased only in normal subjects. Calculated either with the insulin or C-peptide responses, the incretin effect presented no significant difference between the two diabetic groups. However, using insulin responses, only the patients with AN had significantly lower incretin effect than controls, whereas when using C-peptide responses, both diabetic groups did. CONCLUSIONS: The incretin effect was impaired in both groups of diabetic patients. Autonomic neuropathy may further impair the incretin effect in DM2 through interference with GIP secretion or hepatic insulin extraction.     

Significance of Nueroelectrophysiological Tests in the Early Diagnosis of Sub-clinical Neuropathay with Diabetes Mellitus

Summary： To evaluate the application of nueroelectrophysiological tests in early diagnosis of sub-clinical neuropathy in diabetes mellitus （DM）, The routine nerve conductive velocity （NCV）, F-wave and sympathetic skin response （SSR） were detected in 27 patients with diabetes mellitus but without symptoms and signs of lesions of nerve system. Our results showed that 48.1%, 44.4 %, 51. 9 % of the patients were found to have abnormal NCV, F-wave and SSR respectively, The abnormalities were mainly characterized by prolonged latency, reduced velocity and absence of wave-form. There were significant differences between the controls and the DM group （P〈0,05）. Both the distal and proximal segments of nerves were affected and the distal lesions took place earlier than proximal ones and the changes in low extremities were more severe than those of upper extremities, F-wave can be used as a sensitive indicator for the early diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy and it can help to detect the subclincial lesions, SSR can be used for the evaluation of functional status of autonomic nerves in DM patients.     

神经传导速度及交感皮肤反应在糖尿病周围神经病监测中的临床研究

目的通过三种电生理方法单独及联合使用的比较，寻找较敏感且创伤性小的诊断糖尿病性周围神经病（DPN）的方法，以利DPN的早期诊断和治疗。方法分别测定120例2型糖尿病患者和20例健康者运动神经传导速度（MCV）、感觉神经传导速度（SCV）及交感皮肤反应（SSR），三者均为无创性检查。结果SSR异常率72．5％，其中下肢异常率72．5％，上肢异常率39．2％；SCV异常率为64．2％，MCV异常率59．2％，SCV及MCV下肢异常率64．2％，上肢异常率56．7％；SSR与SCV、MCV联合异常率87．5％。结论MCV、SCV和SSR均可作为DPN的诊断指标，三者联合检测可提高DPN的检出率，下肢较上肢异常检出率高，应着重下肢检查。     

糖尿病性心脏自主神经病变的新进展

糖尿病件心脏自主神经病变是糖尿病（DM）的慢性并发症，与DM患者发生无痛性心肌梗死和心源性猝死的关系密切，临床患病率和致死率都很高。糖尿病性心脏自主神经病变的病理机制主要有以下几个方面：高血糖引起一系列的代谢障碍影响神经系统；血管病变引起神经缺血；自身免疫性损害以及神经生长因子的缺乏。对其发病机制的进一步研究揭示和对临床新疗法的不断探索，预示了DM患者的光明前景。     

Blood flow in the skin of the foot related to posture in diabetes mellitus

Normal healthy subjects show a reflex rise in precapillary resistance in the skin of the foot when they rise from lying to standing. To investigate the integrity of this reflex in patients with diabetes mellitus blood flow in the plantar region of the big toe was measured, using a laser Doppler flowmeter. The responses of diabetic patients with and without peripheral sensory neuropathy and healthy control subjects matched for age and sex were studied, with the foot at heart level and the foot passively lowered to 50 cm below the heart. In normal subjects mean blood flow recorded during the third to fourth minute of dependency fell to 18.1 (SD 11.9)% of the preceding resting flow determined with the foot at heart level. In the diabetic patients without neuropathy blood flow fell to 28.9 (18.6)% of the preceding resting flow. In the diabetic patients with neuropathy blood flow fell to 53.5 (23.7)% of the preceding resting flow, which was significantly different from the value achieved by the diabetics without neuropathy (p less than 0.02) and the healthy controls (p less than 0.002). Six normal subjects were indirectly heated to release sympathetic tone and achieve the same mean skin temperature of the foot as the diabetic patients with neuropathy, and blood flow fell to 38.7 (24.3)% of the preceding resting flow, a value not significantly different from the response seen in the patients with neuropathy. These findings suggest that the postural control of blood flow in the foot is disturbed in patients with diabetic neuropathy, and this disturbance is compatible with a loss of sympathetic vascular tone. The resultant hyperperfusion on dependency may account for the oedema seen in some patients with neuropathy and may also act as a stimulus for the thickening of capillary basement membranes.     

2型糖尿病患者肺弥散功能检测分析

[目的]检测2型糖尿病患者的肺通气和弥散功能,探讨肺是否为糖尿病慢性病变的靶器官.[方法]检测107名2型糖尿病患者行肺通气及弥散功能,与61名健康者相比较.糖尿病患者行糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、尿白蛋白排泄率(AER)检测、眼底检查以及神经传导速度检查,以评价血糖控制水平以及糖尿病微血管病变状况.具有糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病、糖尿病周围神经病变者各记1分,总分以微血管病变积分表示.[结果]2型糖尿病组肺通气功能与正常对照组相比,差异无统计学意义.2型糖尿病组一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO)及单位肺泡容积的一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO/VA)较对照组明显降低(P＜0.05).DLCO、DLCO/VA与微血管病变积分呈负相关(r分别为-0.291、-0.324,P＜0.01).DLCO/VA与年龄、病程呈负相关(r分别为-0.269、-0.236,P＜0.05).糖尿病病程≥10年者与＜5年者相比,DLCO/VA明显下降.2型糖尿病患者微血管病变积分为≥2者与微血管病变积分＜2者相比,DLCO/VA明显下降.[结论]2型糖尿病患者肺弥散功能受损,肺脏可能也是糖尿病慢性病变的靶器官之一.     

糖尿病患者的交感皮肤反应检测

[目的]探讨糖尿病患者周围交感神经受损的情况。[方法]对61例2型糖尿病患者和50例健康对照组进行了上下肢的交感皮肤反应（sympathetic skin response,SSR）检测。[结果]SSR的起始潜伏期,上肢：糖尿病组（1385.3±246.7）ms与对照组（1361.2±123.2）ms差异具有显著性意义,P〈0.001;下肢：糖尿病组（1858.9±527.5）ms与对照组（1742.8±225.2）ms差异有显著性意义,P〈0.05;上下肢SSR波幅与对照组相比差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。糖尿病组SSR总异常率为41%,上肢异常率为17%,下肢异常率为41%,下肢异常率明显高于上肢,P〈0.001。[结论]SSR是检测糖尿病交感神经损害的一种客观的、敏感的方法。此方法简单且无创伤,可作为糖尿病的常规电生理检测。