自体肌腱V型解剖重建内侧髌股韧带治疗髌骨脱位

目的探讨自体半腱肌肌腱移植V型解剖重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）治疗髌骨脱位的手术技术及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年5月至2013年11月广州市中西医结合医院收治的12例（14膝）髌骨外脱位及半脱位患者的临床资料,患者均行自体半腱肌肌腱V型解剖重建MPFL手术。测量手术前后患者膝关节Q角和胫骨结节-股骨滑车间距（TT-TG）指数,依据Kujala和Lysholm膝关节评分标准评估患者术前和末次随访时的膝关节功能,记录随访期间并发症发生情况。结果平均手术时间50 min（55-65 min）,术中平均出血量25mL（15-35 mL）,手术切口平均长度4.5 cm（3-6 cm）。患者均获随访,随访时间4-48个月,平均随访时间20.5个月。术后均无髌骨再脱位,未出现髌骨不稳及髌骨骨折。术前和术后1周患者膝关节Q角、TT-TG指数分别为（18.8±2.8）。和（15.0±1.3）。、（20.5±2.1）mm和（17.6±1.9）mm,术前和末次随访Kujala评分、Lysholm评分分别为（65±5）分和（93±6）分、（68±5）分和（93±5）分。各指标手术前后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论自体半腱肌肌腱V型移植重建MPFL治疗髌骨脱位可有效维持髌骨稳定,生物力学功能恢复良好,创伤小,并发症少,疗效满意。     

早期内侧髌股韧带重建治疗急性创伤性髌骨脱位疗效分析

目的评估早期内侧髌股韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)重建治疗急性创伤性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法急性髌骨创伤性脱位病人15例,伤后早期行MPFL重建手术治疗。术后定期随访,评估髌骨稳定性,并比较病人伤前及术后末次随访的膝关节Lysholm评分、Kujala评分和Tegner评分。结果所有病人术后随访平均18.6个月。末次随访时,均未出现髌骨再次脱位,体检髌骨外推试验及恐惧试验均为阴性。伤前膝关节Lysholm评分、Kujala评分和Tegner评分分别为(90.6±13.1)分、(92.3±12.4)分和(5.9±1.3)分;术后末次随访评分分别为(91.2±12.5)分、(95.1±13.2)分和(6.2±1.6)分,与伤前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论急性创伤性髌骨脱位早期行MPFL重建手术,能够良好恢复髌骨稳定性和膝关节功能。     

儿童髌骨不稳手术治疗的回顾性分析

目的回顾分析应用半腱肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）联合股内侧肌成形治疗儿童髌骨不稳临床疗效。方法本组患者11例13膝应用半腱肌进行MPFL重建及股内侧肌成形及选择性的膝关节外侧软组织松解治疗髌骨不稳,平均随访32个月。结果Kujala评分…由术前的（46．35±17．12）分增加到随访时的（91．77±9．31）分,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论应用半腱肌重建MPFL同时联合股内侧肌成形能有效治疗髌骨不稳,改善膝关节功能。且不损伤骨骺,是治疗儿童髌骨不稳定的一种有效的治疗方法。     

内侧髌股韧带重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的介绍采用内侧髌股韧带(medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL)重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位的手术技术和效果。方法 2005年6月-2007年9月,采用MPFL重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位29例。男6例,女23例;年龄13～45岁,平均20.3岁。髌骨脱位2～10次。末次髌骨脱位至手术时间为1～144个月,平均43.9个月。术前CT检查测量胫骨结节-股骨滑车间距(tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance,TT-TG);并行Kujala、Lysholm和Tegner评分,分别为(72.03±17.38)、(72.65±14.70)、(5.25±1.83)分。手术采用同种异体肌腱作为移植物,在股骨侧使用骨隧道技术,可吸收挤压螺钉固定;在髌骨内侧缘制作双L形隧道,调节移植物张力后,缝合固定移植物的游离端。同时行关节镜检查、游离体取出和髌外侧支持带松解。对于TT-TG>20 mm的16例患者,同时行胫骨结节内移截骨。结果 27例获随访,随访时间40～67个月,平均45.5个月。患者术后均无髌骨再脱位,也无髌骨错动或半脱位。0°位和屈膝30°位髌骨外推试验和外推恐惧试验均为阴性。术后1年患者膝关节屈伸活动度均恢复正常,能够完全下蹲。末次随访时Kujala评分、Lysholm评分分别为(94.10±7.59)、(95.44±6.25)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Tegner评分为(4.33±1.00)分,与术前比较差异无统计学意义(t=1.302,P=0.213)。术前TT-TG>20 mm的患者末次随访时TT-TG为(16.88±5.92)mm,与术前(23.38±3.70)mm比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.822,P=0.026)。结论 MPFL重建治疗复发性髌骨脱位能够明显改善髌骨稳定性,且术后膝关节功能评分和运动等级评分均较术前明显改善。     

内侧髌股韧带重建术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效研究

目的探讨游离肌腱移植重建内侧髌股韧带的手术方法及治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法自2006年6月至2012年7月收治复发性髌骨脱位患者共40例（47膝）,男10例（12膝）,女30例（35膝）,年龄7～51岁,平均19．4岁。全部经膝关节镜检最后确诊,其中43膝采用游离自体半腱肌,4膝采用异体肌腱,通过髌骨双隧道移植重建内侧髌股韧带,镜下动态调整移植肌腱的张力,使髌股关节对合达到正常,并用挤压螺钉将肌腱游离端固定在股骨止点。其中8例（10膝）同时行髌韧带止点内移术。结果有36例（42膝）患者获得随访,随访时间3—70个月,平均随访23个月。临床疗效评价包括髌骨主观稳定性评估、Lysholm膝关节评分及Insall疗效标准（1976年）。术后髌骨外推试验和恐惧试验均为阴性。手术前后Lysholm评分术前平均为（63．1±9．1）分,术后评分为（87．1±6．4）分,手术前后的差异有统计学意义（t=21．7,P〈0．05）。按Insall疗效标准,优良率为85．7％。结论采用以游离肌腱重建MPFL为主的综合术式治疗复发性髌骨脱位,手术效果满意。     

同种异体胫前肌腱重建治疗陈旧性髌韧带断裂的临床研究

目的探讨利用同种异体胫前肌腱重建治疗陈旧性髌韧带断裂的治疗方法和疗效。方法2001年至2010对8例陈旧性髌韧带断裂患者,采用同种异体胫前肌腱通过髌骨骨道,以可吸收挤压螺钉固定于胫骨结节部重建髌韧带并加用减张钢丝的治疗方法。主观评估：应用Lysholm评分标准对随访患者手术前、后膝关节功能进行评估。临床评估：术后测量大腿周径、膝关节活动度和拍片测量髌骨高度,并与对侧比较。结果8例患者均得到随访,平均随访26个月,平均在术后10个月恢复受伤前水平,按Lysholm评分,术前为（42．75±3．92）分,末次随访时平均分达到（85．25±4．10）分（t=-21．20,P〉0．01）,末次随访时测量大腿周径、膝节活动度及拍片测量髌骨高度,并与对侧比较,差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论利用同种异体胫前肌腱重建治疗陈旧性髌韧带断裂疗效可靠。     

关节镜辅助下小切口重建内侧髌股韧带治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜辅助下小切口同种异体肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2006年1月～2010年4月共收治28例创伤性复发性髌骨脱位,所有患者在第一次脱位均为膝关节外伤所致,伤后患膝明显肿胀及髌骨脱位-复位感,此后出现髌骨脱位3次以上者。手术方法:先行关节镜检查,髌骨外侧支持带紧张者行松解术,关节镜监视下调整MFPL的张力并于其解剖止点以同种异体肌腱重建MFPL,术后接受正规功能康复锻炼。结果术后平均随访26个月(12～36个月)。重建术后无髌骨再次脱位发生,髌股关节稳定。术前、术后均采用Lysholm和Kujala膝关节评分标准,手术前后评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论选择适当的病例,重建内侧髌股韧带是治疗创伤性复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法。     

一期关节镜下重建前交叉韧带的临床治疗体会

目的探讨一期关节镜下应用同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前交叉韧带（ACL）的临床疗效。方法自2009年1月～2011年12月,本组对36例ACL断裂的患者应用深低温同种异体胫前肌腱在膝关节镜下进行重建,术后指导患者行功能锻炼。采用Lysholm评分系统评价其效果。结果36例中34例恢复正常的关节活动度,Lysholm评分由术前平均（46．3±3．2）分提高到术后平均（87．4±5．6）分,Lysholm评分优良率为88．9％。结论一期关节镜下应用同种异体肌腱重建ACL手术操作简便、安全,疗效满意。     

部分腓骨长肌肌腱移植重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨不稳的疗效观察

目的探讨关节镜辅助下取自体部分腓骨长肌肌腱游离重建内侧髌股韧带(MPFL)治疗复发性髌骨不稳的手术方法及临床疗效。方法采用关节镜下外侧髌股支持带松解、自体部分腓骨长肌肌腱游离移植重建MPFL、部分患者配合Fulkerson截骨术(6例)的综合术式治疗复发性髌骨不稳21例。术前进行膝关节Lysholm、IKDC功能评分。结果本组随访9~24个月(平均14.6个月)。术后无髌骨不稳复发,髌股关节改善,髌骨轨迹良好,恐惧试验均为阴性。1例仍有膝前疼痛,但症状较术前明显改善,术后膝关节Lysholm、IKDC功能评分均较术前有所改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论自体部分腓骨长肌肌腱游离移植重建MPFL为主的综合术式治疗复发性髌骨不稳,能有效防止其复发,并有利于缓解症状,是治疗复发性髌骨不稳的一种有效方法。     

关节镜下同种异体肌腱双束法重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨同种异体肌腱移植重建关节内韧带，双束韧带即前内束（AM）、后外束（PL）重建前交叉韧带（ACL），完善韧带修补重建的条件，以期达到ACL重建后膝关节的生物力下曲率运动的均衡和对膝关节回旋稳定的调控。方法对67例ACL患者应用同种异体肌腱重建ACL。股骨髁侧椭圆形隧道，应用Arthrax公司提供的横钉固定肌腱法固定；胫骨侧建立ACL—AM和ACL—PL双隧道，挤压钉固定。结果67例均获随访，时间12—36（18．4±3．8）个月，Lysholm评分：术前（34．47±1．5）分，术后3个月（78．35±3．4）分，术后6个月（81．88±3．3）分，术后12个月（87．76±2．1）分，术后18个月（89．70±3．5）分。有关节软骨损伤者，影响术后Lysholm评分。结论同种异体肌腱可以满足韧带受区的要求，双束ACL重建符合膝关节韧带4连杆曲率生物运动模式，膝关节回旋稳定度高。手术操作简单，效果良好。     

Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in patellar instability

Background:

Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is one of the major static medial stabilising structures of the patella. MPFL is most often damaged in patients with patellar instability. Reconstruction of MPFL is becoming a common surgical procedure in treating patellar instability. We hypothesised that MPFL reconstruction was adequate to treat patients with patellar instability if the tibial tubercle and the centre of the trochlear groove (TT-TG) value was less than 20 mm and without a dysplastic trochlea.

Materials and Methods:

30 patients matching our inclusion criteria and operated between April 2009 and May 2011 were included in the study. MPFL reconstruction was performed using gracilis tendon fixed with endobutton on the patellar side and bio absorbable interference screw or staple on the femoral side. Patients were followed up with subjective criteria, Kujala score and Lysholm score.

Results:

The mean duration of followup was 25 months (range 14-38 months). The mean preoperative Kujala score was 47.5 and Lysholm score was 44.7. The mean postoperative Kujala score was 87 and Lysholm score was 88.06. None of the patients had redislocation.

Conclusion:

MPFL reconstruction using gracilis tendon gives excellent results in patients with patellar instability with no redislocations. Some patients may have persistence of apprehension.     

A “sandwich” method of reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using a titanium interference screw for patellar instability in skeletally immature patients

Background

No standard surgical procedure for medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction exists in skeletally immature patients with patellar instability. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a novel reconstruction technique for the MPFL in patients with patellar instability because of non-closure of the epiphyseal line.

Methods

The “sandwich” method was fixation of the patella between a double-stranded semitendinosus tendon through the posterior third of the femoral insertion of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) as a pulley with a titanium interference screw in a single patellar tunnel. Five knees in five patients were studied: four with recurrent and one with habitual patellar dislocations. Subjects underwent MPFL reconstruction with or without lateral release. Patients were evaluated using pre-operative and post-operative physical and radiographic examinations, including apprehension testing, assessment of tilting and congruence angles, medial and lateral shift ratios under stress measured using X-ray imaging, and Kujala and Lysholm scores.

Results

No patient experienced recurrent post-operative episodes of dislocation or subluxation. By the final follow-up, patellar apprehension had disappeared in all patients. In addition, all patients showed significant improvement in the following: tilting angle, congruence angle, lateral shift ratio, Kujala score, and Lysholm score.

Conclusions

The MPFL reconstruction methods, using a double-stranded semitendinosus autograft and sparing the femoral physeal line in non-closure of the epiphyseal line, provide acceptable short-term results for the treatment of patellar instability.     

改良髌骨双骨道法自体股薄肌腱重建髌骨内侧支持带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨改良髌骨双骨道法自体股薄肌腱重建髌骨内侧支持带（medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL）治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果,同时探讨解剖高危因素对术后效果的影响。方法2007年1月-2010年2月,对36例髌骨复发性脱位（单侧31例,双侧5例）采用改良髌骨双骨道法自体股薄肌腱重建MPFL,在髌骨内上缘由后内向前外向髌骨内1／2表面平行钻2个3．5mm骨道,将股薄肌腱引过骨道,将股薄肌腱的两游离端拉入股骨内侧骨道,屈膝30。位可吸收螺钉固定。对所有患者的Beighton评分,Q角,Insall指数,滑车发育不良分级,胫骨结节一滑车沟距离（TT—TG）等进行测量。临床评分采用Kujala,Lysholm和Tegner评分,同时调查患者的满意度。结果32例对手术的效果非常满意,3例满意,1例不满意。Kujala、Lysholm、Tegner评分分别由术前（64．34-15．0）、（65．1±18．6）、（3．2±1．1）分显著提高到术后（92．4±9．2）分（t=4．657,P=0．002）,（92．0±10．1）分（t=3．936,P=0．006）和（5．2±1．0）分（t=6．633,P=0．001）。80．6％（29／36）的患者在术后6—8个月恢复到受伤前的运动水平。1例术后1年再次髌骨脱位。97．6％（40／41）的膝关节存在股骨滑车发育不良,Beighton评分（5．2±2．5）分,Insall指数为1．22±0．14,Q角（13．6±3．9）°,TT-TG值（13．7±4．4）mm,与功能评分无相关性（P〉0．05）。结论自体股薄肌腱改良髌骨双骨道法重建MPFL是一种可靠安全经济的手术方法。高危解剖因素如高位髌骨、滑车发育不良、关节松弛等情况广泛存在于髌骨复发性脱位的患者中,虽未发现其严重程度会直接影响手术效果,但当复合因素存在时,仅重建MPFL的软组织手术可能不足以完全防止髌骨脱位复发。     

关节镜下双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移治疗骨骺未闭合青少年复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下自体半腓骨长肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗骨骺未闭合青少年复发性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-07—2018-09诊治的20例骨骺未闭合且胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟间距>20 mm的青少年复发性髌骨脱位,在关节镜下采用自体半腓骨长肌腱经大收肌肌腱止点悬吊双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗。结果 20例均获得随访,随访时间平均21.2(12~36)个月。所有患者术后复查均未再发生髌骨脱位或半脱位,膝关节功能恢复满意。末次随访时髌股适合角为(-1.79±3.26)°,髌骨倾斜角为(11.11±1.08)°,较术前明显减小;末次随访时膝关节功能Lysholm评分为(94.60±2.58)分,髌股关节功能Kujala评分为(91.05±2.33)分,较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于骨骺未闭合且胫骨结节-股骨滑车沟间距>20 mm的青少年复发性髌骨脱位患者,关节镜下采用自体半腓骨长肌腱双束重建内侧髌股韧带联合半髌韧带内移手术治疗可获得稳定的髌骨滑动轨迹,髌骨脱位矫正良好。     

Medial reefing versus medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction for patellar instability

The standard surgical treatment for patellar instability has been lateral release and medial reefing proximally, with a Roux-Goldthwaite tendon transfer distally. More recently, reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) has become popular. The aim of this study was to determine whether MPFL reconstruction improved the functional outcomes over patients treated with medial reefing. A group of 28 knees in 25 patients treated with a MPFL reconstruction were identified and matched for age and gender with 28 operated knees in 27 patients treated with a medial reefing. Clinical assessment included pre-operative and 1 year Kujala scores. Radiological assessment used the Dejour protocol. The two groups were comparable with respect to gender, age, pre-operative Kujala score, type of trochlear dysplasia, tibial tubercle–trochlear groove distance and patellar tilt angle. It was concluded that although there was better patellar tracking at 1 year with an MPFL reconstruction compared to medial reefing, there was no significant functional improvement as measured by the Kujala score.     

Reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament for chronic patellar instability

Background:

Disruption of the capsule, medial patellar retinaculum, and/or vastus medialis obliqus has been associated with recurrent patellar instability. Biomechanical studies have shown that the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the main restraint against lateral patella displacement and reconstruction of the MPFL has become an accepted surgical technique to restore patellofemoral stability in patients having recurrent patellar dislocation. We report a prospective series of patients of chronic patellar instability treated by reconstruction of medial patellofemoral ligament.

Materials and Methods:

Twelve patients (15 knees) with recurrent dislocation of patella, were operated between January 2006 and December 2008. All patients had generalised ligament laxity with none had severe grade of patella alta or trochlear dysplasia. The MPFL was reconstructed with doubled semitendinosus tendon. Patients were followed up with subjective criteria, patellar inclination angle, and Kujala score.

Results:

The mean duration of followup after the operative procedures was an average of 42 months (range 24–60 months) 10 knees showed excellent results, 3 knees gave good results, and 2 knees had a fair result. The average patellar inclination angle decreased from 34.3° to 18.6°. The average preoperative Kujala functional score was 44.8 and the average postoperative score was 91.9.

Conclusion:

MPFL reconstruction using the semitendinosus tendon gives good results in patients with chronic patellar instability without predisposing factors like severe patella alta and high-grade trochlear dysplasia, and for revision cases.     

Isolated reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament with autologous quadriceps tendon

Background

Since the role of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) as the primary soft-tissue restraint against lateral patellar translation has been recognized, several different reconstruction procedures for the treatment of patellar instability have been proposed over recent years. Many of these techniques require bony procedures and hardware fixation at the patellar and femoral side, leading to complications as described previously in the literature. The purpose of the present study is to describe the technique of isolated MPFL reconstruction using the quadriceps tendon and report the results at a mean follow-up of 38 months. The hypothesis is that this technique, not requiring drilling of bone tunnels on the patellar and femoral side, may be a "simple and safe" mean to manage patellar instability, giving good clinical results with low complication rate in selected patients with normal osseous anatomy.

Materials and methods

Sixteen consecutive patients (9 male, 7 female; mean age 22 years) with chronic patellar instability underwent medial patellofemoral reconstruction with the superficial layer of the quadriceps tendon. All the patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively by physical examination and subjectively with Kujala and Lysholm scores.

Results

The average follow-up was 38 months (range 28–48 months). No recurrent episodes of dislocation or subluxation and no complications occurred. The mean Kujala score increased from 35.8 preoperatively to 88.8 postoperatively and the Lysholm score improved from 43.3 preoperatively to 89.3 postoperatively.

Conclusions

Isolated MPFL reconstruction using an autologous quadriceps tendon and not requiring bone tunnels, may be a safe, simple and effective procedure for the treatment of patellar instability without complications such as patellar fracture as reported by clinical studies using hamstring grafts. For the same reason it may also be indicated in skeletally immature patients.

Level of evidence

Level IV.

     

内侧髌股韧带重建联合胫骨结节移位和关节镜下外侧支持带松解术治疗持久性髌骨脱位

目的观察内侧髌股韧带重建联合胫骨结节移位和关节镜下外侧支持带松解术治疗持久性髌骨脱位的效果。方法对6例持久性髌骨脱位患者的10个膝关节行内侧髌股韧带重建联合胫骨结节移位和关节镜下髌骨外侧支持带松解术。手术前后采用Lysholm膝关节功能评价表和Kujala评分表进行评估,并通过CT观测手术前后髌骨外移度。结果 6例均获随访,时间24～36(29±7.21)个月。Lysholm评分术前为47.10分±10.31分,术后24个月为83.11分±5.21分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Kujala评分术前为41.26分±13.36分,术后24个月为82.33分±5.31分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患膝运动能力均较术前明显改善。髌骨外移度术前为35.61 mm±5.37 mm,术后为4.30mm±1.13mm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论内侧髌股韧带重建联合胫骨结节移位和关节镜下髌骨外侧支持带松解术能够有效纠正持久性髌骨外侧脱位,缓解症状,恢复膝关节功能。