注意缺陷多动障碍混合型和注意缺陷型的神经心理特征分析

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍混合型、注意缺陷型与正常儿童的神经心理特征的差异。方法采用视觉记忆、Stroop效应、倒背数字、词汇流畅性、威斯康辛卡片分类、Temporal discounting等测验、分别测试124例注意缺陷多动障碍儿童（包括85例混合型和39例注意缺陷型）和124例正常儿童的视觉工作记忆、反应抑制能力、语音工作记忆、执行功能和延迟满足能力。结果ADHD儿童完成字义与字色相矛盾的字色命名时间[注意缺陷型：84（20）,混合型：98（31）]较正常组[70（28）]延长,错误数[注意缺陷型：3（3）,混合型：6（19）]较正常儿童[2（5）]增多（P〈0．01）;ADHD儿童倒背数字分数[注意缺陷型：3（3）,混合型：3（4）]较正常儿童[4（4）]低（P〈0．01）;延迟视觉记忆[注意缺陷型：19（5）,混合型19（5）]也较正常儿童[20（5）]低（P〈0．01）;ADHD儿童视觉工作记忆得分[注意缺陷型：21（3）,混合型：20（5）]较正常儿童[20（3）]明显偏低（P〈0．01）;ADHD儿童词汇流畅性错误数[注意缺陷型：1（1）,混合型2（1）]显著高于正常儿童[0（0）]（P〈0．01）;ADHD儿童的威斯康辛卡片分类错误数[注意缺陷型：15（17）,混合型：15（15）]显著高于正常儿童[13（13）],分类数[注意缺陷型：5（4）,混合型：5（4）]低于正常儿童[5（3）]（P〈0．01）;ADHD儿童的延迟满足能力显著低于正常儿童（P〈0．01）。ADHD的两种亚型之间在部分测试的结果差异有统计学意义,混合型的ADHD儿童受损更为明显（P〈0．01）。结论ADHD儿童存在视觉工作记忆、语音工作记忆、延迟满足能力、反应抑制等多项认知功能缺陷,其中混合型的儿童受损更为明显。     

多不饱和脂肪酸与注意缺陷多动障碍

注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童青少年期常见的心理行为障碍,其主要临床特征为注意力不集中、活动过度和行为冲动.ADHD的发病机制及病因至今不明,多数学者认同ADHD是生物-心理-社会因素共同作用形成的疾病模型.生物学因素包括生物化学、遗传学、免疫学、神经系统发育障碍、脑电生理、影像学等.近年来,人体营养状况与精神心理健康的关系愈来愈引起研究人员注意,也不断有学者报道儿童青少年营养状况与ADHD存在一定的相关性,其中多见多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)与ADHD关系的研究,以及锌元素、镁元素在脂肪酸(fatty acid)与ADHD中的作用.本文在查阅相关文献基础上,仅就此方面做一综述.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童智力水平分析

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍儿童(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)智力水平及其各亚型智力发育的特点.方法 采用韦氏学龄儿童智力量表对86例注意缺陷多动障碍患儿进行智力评估,并按各亚型分组进行组间比较.结果 研究组90%患儿的智商处于正常水平或边缘状态;各亚型间智力发育差异无统计学意义,语言智商(VIQ)明显落后于操作智商(PIQ).结论 注意缺陷多动障碍儿童智力水平多在正常范围或边缘水平,智力发展不平衡,以左脑半球功能缺陷为主.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童智力发育研究

目的研究注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的智力发育特点。方法采用韦氏儿童智力量表和注意力测试软件进行智力评估和注意力评定。结果研究组的智力水平、智力结构、注意力与对照组差异有显著性。结论注意缺陷多动障碍儿童智力发育不平衡，持续注意困难，视、听辨别能力低下。     

影响注意缺陷多动障碍患儿就诊因素的分析

目的分析探讨影响注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）患儿延迟就诊的因素。方法采用家庭环境量表（FES-CV）及自编简明就诊因素问卷对68例ADHD患儿的家长进行调查评定，分析影响延迟就诊的相关因素。结果61例患儿完成调查。所有因素经多元线性逐步回归分析，3个自变量差异具有统计学意义，分别为分型（Beta值：-0．449），接触知识（Beta值：0．369），父亲文化（Beta值：-0．268）。结论影响患儿就诊时间延迟的因素有3种情况，其顺序如下：（1）ADHD的注意缺陷型；（2）家长缺乏儿童心理卫重知识；（3）父亲的文化程度低。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的睡眠结构研究

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童的睡眠结构。方法2005-06—2006-04用多导睡眠监护仪(PSG)对首都儿科研究所神经内科就诊的41例ADHD患儿及30例正常儿童进行全夜睡眠结构检测。结果41例ADHD儿童中混合型(ADHD-C)24例、注意缺陷型(ADHD-I)11例、多动/冲动型(ADHD-H)6例。其中男35例,女6例(ADHD-I3、ADHD-C2、ADHD-H1例)。与对照组比较ADHD组REM潜伏期短、睡眠潜伏期延长、睡眠效率降低,差异有显著性(P<0·05);ADHD-C儿童睡眠Ⅱ期百分比较ADHD-I增加,差异有显著性(P<0·05);ADHD组睡眠周期性肢体运动(PLMS)发生率为41·5%,正常组PLMS发生率为13·33%,差异有显著性(P<0·05);ADHD组及正常对照组脑电图未见疒间性放电。结论(1)ADHD儿童存在REM睡眠结构的改变、入睡困难及睡眠效率降低;(2)PLMS也是导致ADHD儿童睡眠质量下降的原因之一;(3)ADHD儿童以男孩为主,女孩以注意力缺陷型为主。对学习困难的女孩应注意是否患有ADHD。     

注意缺陷多动障碍的定量脑电图研究进展

注意缺陷多动障碍是儿童期最常见的精神疾病之一,其临床表现为注意力不集中、多动和冲动,可严重影响患者的家庭生活、个人成就及社交关系,目前对该病仍缺乏客观指标进行诊断及评估疗效。脑电图检查可无创性地记录脑电活动,反映脑功能情况。该文就近年来定量脑电图在注意缺陷多动障碍方面的研究进展作一综述。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍脑电图特点与临床分析

注意缺陷多动性障碍(ADHD)，又名儿童多动症，是一种最为常见的儿童行为问题，临床上以注意力集中困难，多动或行为冲动但智力基本正常等表现为特征。现将我院1998～2003年在我科门诊就诊的ADHD患儿脑电图特点与临床特点分析报告如下。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的诊断进展

尽管对注意缺陷多动障碍 (ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｄｅｆｉｃｉｔｈｙｐｅｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ,ＡＤＨＤ)进行了大量的研究 ,但其仍是较难诊断的儿童精神障碍之一。由于ＡＤＨＤ缺乏具鉴别意义的病因学或病理学改变 ,主要靠特殊行为症状来确诊 ,因此给诊断一致性带来困难。一、ＡＤＨＤ的发展史早在 19世纪末 ,人们就认识到儿童的多动症状。Ｓｔｉｌｌ和Ｅｂａｕｇｈ等描述了在精神发育迟滞和严重神经系统损害儿童中的“不安宁、冲动、注意力不集中及多动”表现。 2 0世纪 4 0年代 ,Ｓｔｒａｕｓｓ等认为这类症状与脑损伤有关 ,…     

注意缺陷多动障碍的过去、现在与将来

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)目前已成为儿童时期最为常见的一种慢性心理行为障碍,患病率为3%～6%.此病主要表现为与年龄不相称的注意力不集中、活动过多、冲动任性等行为改变,常伴有不同程度的认知障碍和学习困难.ADHD患儿的这些行为异常不但影响其个人的生活、学习和交往,还常常会给其父母带来烦恼,给家庭带来不安,给学校带来麻烦,甚至可能会造成一些社会问题.ADHD已引起广大家长、教师、医务人员及全社会的广泛关注,成为一种人们高度关注的公共卫生问题.     

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目的探讨中国文化背景下汉族注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童在威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)中的反应特征。方法对2003-04—2004-03在中山大学附属三院儿童发育行为中心确诊的汉族ADHD儿童57例和63例正常儿童,采用修订版WCST进行了测试分析。结果WCST的13个指标中ADHD组儿童有7个指标成绩都显著比正常对照组儿童差(P<0·05,P<0·01)。ADHD儿童与正常儿童在WCST中持续性错误数(RPE)分别为(26·84±10·87)与(22·83±10·35),P<0·05,总错误数(RE)分别为(57·58±18·06)与(49·33±18·55),P<0·05,持续性反应数(RP)分别为(30·39±13·88)与(25·49±12·68),P<0·05,完成总应答数(RA)分别为(127·60±1·77)与(122·86±11·04),P<0·01,完成分类数(CC)分别为(2·86±1·46)与(3·78±1·81),P<0·01,正确应答数百分比(RCP)分别为(54·96±14·00)与(60·50±13·38),P<0·05,概念化水平(RFP)分别为(40·80±17·61)与(47·77±17·72),P<0·05。控制年龄的偏相关分析显示症状、诊断都分别与WCST的多个指标相关,其中完成分类数(CC)与症状、诊断均相关。结论汉族ADHD儿童的认知功能、认知转移能力、抽象概括能力、概念形成的洞察力不足。推测汉族ADHD儿童可能存在额叶功能缺陷。WCST可以考虑作为ADHD临床诊断的参考测验,其中较稳定的指标是完成分类数。     

Discrimination of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by the continuous performance test

Objective: To investigate the Continuous Performance Test in discriminating a group of 56 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children from 56 school children individually matched for age, sex and social class.
Methodology: The children all completed the Continuous Performance Task (CPT). The mothers and teachers completed a Conners' Parent-Teacher Rating Scale for the clinic children.
Results: The ADHD sample was selected so that the average IQ was 99.8 to match the school sample. A non-parametric discriminant function showed that the subtests of the CPT that best discriminated ADHD were age-normalized errors of commission (NCPTC) and age-normalized mean reaction time (NMNRT).
Conclusion: Optimal use of the CPT for discrimination of ADHD should include age normalization and mean reaction time to targets. Further evoked potential studies may show brief cortical events involved in reaction time over the course of the CPT, and the processes involved in behavioural control.     

Ferritin and hyperactivity ratings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Background: Iron is a co‐factor of tyrosine hydroxylase which is a critical enzyme in dopamine synthesis. Dopamine has been implicated in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Our objective was to investigate the association of ferritin level with parent and teacher ratings and cognitive measures after controlling for age, sex, ADHD subtype, comorbid conditions, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume and reticulocyte distribution width in a large sample. Methods: The study included 713 children and adolescents with ADHD (613 boys; age 7–15 years). Conners' Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) and Conners' Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) were obtained. In a subgroup of patients we conducted Digit Span, Digit Symbol, Trail‐making Tests as measures of attention and executive functioning. Results: Multiple regression analysis indicated that CPRS Hyperactivity score was significantly associated with ferritin level (B =?0.12; t =?3.1; P < 0.01). Other CPRS and CTRS scores as well as cognitive measures were not associated with ferritin level. Conclusions: Although it is not possible to make an inference on causality in cross‐sectional studies, the results of this largest‐scale cross‐sectional field study to date suggest that lower ferritin level might be associated with parent‐reported hyperactivity after controlling for important confounding factors.     

Thyroid function in a population of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

To determine the prevalence of thyroid hormone abnormalities and generalized resistance to thyroid hormone in a population of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as compared to reference ranges determined from a control population and hence to determine if routine thyroid hormone screening in children with non-familial ADHD is indicated.

Method:

Children attending the State Child Development Centre in Perth, Western Australia with ADHD, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition) provided the study population. The control population consisted of 353 normal children with a history of allergy in whom radioallergosorbent (RAST) testing was being performed.

Results:

The prevalence of thyroid hormone abnormalities in the study population was 2.3% (95% CI 0.6%, 5.7%). There were no cases of generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. The prevalence of thyroid hormone abnormalities in the general population of children and adolescents has been reported to vary between 1 and 3.7%.

Conclusion:

Routine thyroid hormone screening is not indicated in children with non-familial ADHD.     

The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an ALE meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent and commonly studied forms of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Causal models of ADHD have long implicated dysfunction in fronto-striatal and frontal-parietal networks supporting executive function, a hypothesis that can now be examined systematically using functional neuroimaging. The present work provides an objective, unbiased statistically-based meta-analysis of published functional neuroimaging studies of ADHD. METHODS: A recently developed voxel-wise quantitative meta-analytic technique known as activation likelihood estimation (ALE) was applied to 16 neuroimaging studies examining and contrasting patterns of neural activity in patients with ADHD and healthy controls. Voxel-wise results are reported using a statistical threshold of p < .05, corrected. Given the large number of studies examining response inhibition, additional meta-analyses focusing specifically on group differences in the neural correlates of inhibition were included. RESULTS: Across studies, significant patterns of frontal hypoactivity were detected in patients with ADHD, affecting anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, and inferior prefrontal cortices, as well as related regions including basal ganglia, thalamus, and portions of parietal cortex. When focusing on studies of response inhibition alone, a more limited set of group differences were observed, including inferior prefrontal cortex, medial wall regions, and the precentral gyrus. In contrast, analyses focusing on studies of constructs other than response inhibition revealed a more extensive pattern of hypofunction in patients with ADHD than those of response inhibition. CONCLUSIONS: To date, the most consistent findings in the neuroimaging literature of ADHD are deficits in neural activity within fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal circuits. The distributed nature of these results fails to support models emphasizing dysfunction in any one frontal sub-region. While our findings are suggestive of the primacy of deficits in frontal-based neural circuitry underlying ADHD, we discuss potential biases in the literature that need to be addressed before such a conclusion can be fully embraced.     

A follow-up pilot study of objective measures in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

OBJECTIVES: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood problem requiring stimulant medications in a significant proportion of cases. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the effects of prolonged stimulant medication therapy on a continuous performance test, the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), which measures objectively features of ADHD. METHODS: Eighteen children aged 8 to 16 years who were diagnosed with ADHD, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edn criteria, were included in the study. Assessment on a continuous performance test (TOVA) was performed initially and the children were administered stimulant medications for at least 12 months. The medications were stopped for 1 week, followed by a repeat TOVA assessment which was compared to the initial TOVA assessment. RESULTS: Follow up TOVA scores showed a significant improvement in mean commission errors (impulsivity) after the stimulant medication therapy. No significant improvement was found in omission errors (inattention), response time and variability. There was a significant positive correlation between commission and omission scores (P value 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this pilot study indicate that there is objective improvement in impulsivity in children with ADHD after a prolonged period of stimulant medication therapy. The study suggests that it would be useful to perform formal studies to investigate this further and also to assess the role of continuous performance test (TOVA) as a method for monitoring the need for ongoing therapy.     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童血催乳素水平变化

目的测定注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童血中催乳素(PRL)水平,探讨其在ADHD儿童血浆中的变化。方法32例ADHD儿童中混合型(ADHD!C)19例,注意缺陷型(ADHD!I)9例,多动-冲动型(ADHD!HI)4例,采用全自动微粒子化学发光法分别测定各组PRL水平,并与15例对照组进行比较。结果ADHD组PRL水平较正常对照组低,差异有显著性(P<0.05);ADHD3个不同亚型组间PRL水平比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论ADHD儿童PRL水平降低,提示PRL可能参与ADHD发病,但与ADHD不同亚型无关。     

托莫西汀在注意缺陷多动障碍儿童中的应用

非中枢神经兴奋剂托莫西汀在国内的上市,为注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的药物治疗提供了新的选择.托莫西汀是去甲肾上腺素递质再摄取抑制剂,能选择性抑制突触前去甲肾上腺素转运蛋白,增强去甲肾上腺索的翻转效应,延长在突触裂隙释放的去甲肾上腺素的活性,从而达到改善ADHD患者的症状.与中枢神经兴奋剂哌甲酯相比,因其并不影响多巴胺神经递质的浓度,故不致诱导抽动或加重运动障碍,因而更适宜ADHD合并抽动障碍的患儿选用.文章还就托莫西汀治疗ADHD的适应证、用药剂鼍调整方法以及不良反应和疗效评估等问题作了概述.     

Some reasons for concern about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Abstract: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not a disease. The symptoms of its three dimensions (activity, attention and impulsivity) are normally distributed in the population, with an arbitrary level of symptoms being designated pathological. The presence of the ADHD cluster is never grounds for any positive diagnosis; it is an indication for further assessment. Positive response to stimulants is not specific to the ADHD population, and is in no way diagnostic.     

注意缺陷多动障碍患儿的肠道菌群特征

目的探索注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)患儿肠道菌群分布特征,以及肠道菌群在其发病过程中的可能作用及其机制。方法采用病例对照研究方法,2019年1月至2019年6月选取6～12岁ADHD患儿17例,并征集同年龄健康儿童17例为对照,进行粪便菌群的宏基因组测序及分析,比较组间菌群α多样性及物种分类(属、种)的相对丰度等差异。结果 ADHD患儿与对照组肠道菌群的α多样性差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在菌属水平上,ADHD患儿的粪肠杆菌属Facelibacterium及韦荣球菌属Veillonellaceae丰度降低,气味杆菌属 Odoribacter丰度增高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。肠球菌属Enterococcus增高,差异有统计学意义(LDA2)。在菌种水平上,ADHD患儿普氏栖粪杆菌Faecalibacterium prausnitzii、毛螺科菌Lachnospiraceae bacterium以及活泼瘤胃球菌Ruminococcus gnavus丰度降低,而粪拟杆菌Bacteroides caccae、内脏拟杆菌Odoribacter splanchnicus、木假单胞菌Paraprevotella xylaniphila以及小韦荣球菌Veillonella parvula丰度增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ADHD患儿的肠道菌群构成存在异常。