Acute and chronic symptoms of mononucleosis

BACKGROUND. The clinical symptoms and durations of illness of patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) are variable and are poorly documented in the scientific literature. METHODS. Patients who presented for care at the Student Health Service of a Canadian university between September 1985 and May 1988 and had been diagnosed as having IM were surveyed. Health experience during the acute and convalescent phases of IM was compared with that of a group of patients matched for age, sex, date of diagnosis, and year of study, who had suffered acute upper respiratory tract infections (URI), other than Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced, during the same period. RESULTS. Students were sicker for longer after IM than after non-EBV-induced URI. During the acute phase of illness, the symptoms of fatigue (P = less than .000001), night sweats (P = .000001), and painful neck swelling (P = .00003) were seen significantly more often in the IM group. The severity and duration of these symptoms were also significantly worse in IM patients. Getting tired easily (P = .002), diurnal somnolence (P = .002), and depression (P = .002) were significantly more common postacute symptoms. Eleven percent of IM patients reported persistence of symptoms longer than 100 days, and in 6% of patients the symptoms had persisted after 1 year. Convalescent cases showed a trend toward reduced alcohol intake and, perhaps, reduced alcohol tolerance. CONCLUSIONS. IM involves excessive morbidity in a student community compared with URI that was other than EBV-induced, during both the acute and the postacute phases of infection.     

Care-seeking behavior for upper respiratory infections

BACKGROUND: Many recent efforts to reduce unnecessary medical services have targeted care of upper respiratory infections (URIs). We tested whether patients who seek care very early in their illness differ from those who seek care later and whether they might require a different approach to care. METHODS: We surveyed by telephone 257 adult patients and 249 parents of child patients who called or visited one of 3 primary care clinics within 10 days (adults) or 14 days (parents) of the onset of uncomplicated URI symptoms. Those who contacted the clinic within the first 2 days of illness were compared with those who made contact later. RESULTS: Although 28% of adults and 41% of parents contacted their clinic within the first 2 days of symptom onset, we found very few differences in the characteristics of the caller or patient between those who called early and later. The illnesses of those who called early were not more severe, and they did not have different beliefs, histories, approaches to medical care, or needs. The only clinician-relevant difference was that adult patients calling in the first 2 days had a greater desire to rule out complications (84.7% vs 64.1% calling in 3-5 days and 70.6% calling after 5 days of illness, P < or = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Those who seek medical care very early for a URI do not appear to be different in clinically important ways. If we are going to reduce overuse of medical care and antibiotics for URIs, clinical trials of more effective and efficient strategies are needed to encourage home care and self-management.     

Clinical features and treatment of acute bronchitis

Although several surveys rank acute bronchitis as one of the ten most frequent diagnoses made by primary care physicians, its clinical features are poorly defined and treatment with antibiotics is controversial. This study was designed to determine the clinical characteristics that providers use to diagnose acute bronchitis and to examine the use of antibiotics in treating this illness. Charts of patients with the diagnosis of acute bronchitis or upper respiratory tract infection (URI) were randomly selected and progress notes from these visits were reviewed. Signs, symptoms, laboratory tests, and antibiotics prescribed were recorded. Patients with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis had more productive cough, purulent sputum, and abnormal lung examinations than patients with a diagnosis of URI (P less than .05 for each characteristic). Laboratory tests, including chest roentgenograms, were not frequently used in making the diagnosis of acute bronchitis. Antibotics were prescribed for 27 of 29 patients (92 percent) with a diagnosis of acute bronchitis but for only 4 of 19 patients (21 percent) with a diagnosis of URI. Erythromycin was prescribed for 60 percent of patients with acute bronchitis. From this study it can be concluded that providers use the term acute bronchitis to designate a specific clinical syndrome that they treat with antibiotics. Further clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of such antibiotic therapy.     

Use and perceptions of antibiotics for upper respiratory infections among college students

BACKGROUND: Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are mainly viral in nature, rendering antibiotics ineffective. Little is known about what college students believe concerning the effectiveness of antibiotics as a treatment for URIs. METHODS: Students (n=425) on 3 college campuses were surveyed using a survey describing 3 variations in presentation of an uncomplicated URI. Participants were questioned about their likelihood of using a variety of treatments for the URI and about their likelihood of seeking a physician's care. RESULTS: The percentage of students endorsing antibiotic use differed significantly by symptom complex. Likelihood of seeking medical care also differed significantly across symptom groups, with greater endorsement in the discolored nasal discharge and low-grade fever scenarios. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that belief in antibiotic effectiveness for cold symptoms decreased with tic and Therapeutic increasing years of higher education. Likelihood of antibiotic use across different scenarios increased with age. Likelihood of seeking care across different scenarios was related to type of health insurance and belief in antibiotic effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: Undergraduate college students show poor recognition of typical presentations of the common cold and have misconceptions about effective treatment. Although increasing years of college correlated with decreasing belief in antibiotics' effectiveness for a cold, more health education at the college level is recommended.     

The AHCPR guidelines on heart failure: comparison of a family medicine and an internal medicine practice with the guidelines and an educational intervention to modify behavior

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to apply the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) guideline for heart failure to the measurement of quality of care in the ambulatory setting, to compare the results for two large practices and to design an educational intervention for the two practices being studied. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted on a random sample of 50 patients with heart failure selected from each of two outpatient practices: the general internal medicine practice and the family medicine practice at a large academic medical center. Five medical review criteria were developed from the AHCPR guideline for heart failure to compare the two practices with each other and the guidelines. An educational intervention was developed to modify physician behavior in regard to compliance with guidelines. RESULTS: Assessment of left ventricular function occurred in 79% of all cases. Of eligible patients, 68% were treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is). Of those patients treated with enalapril and captopril, 30% and 12%, respectively, were receiving the target dose as defined in the AHCPR guidelines. Of patients not eligible for treatment with ACE-Is, none were treated with hydralazine and nitrates. When the ejection fraction was less than or equal to 40%, 81% of eligible patients were treated with ACE-Is, whereas 59% were treated with ACE-Is when the ejection fraction was greater than 40%. Calcium channel blockers were used in the treatment of 42% of patients. A statistical difference (P = .05) was found between the two practices for documentation of left ventricular function, the use of ACE-Is for patients with ejection fraction less than or equal to 40%, and the use of calcium channel blockers and beta blockers. CONCLUSIONS: In the practices studied, there is underutilization of the documentation of left ventricular function, ACE-Is in eligible patients, target doses of ACE-Is, and the use of hydralazine and nitrates for ineligible patients. A higher proportion of patients receive ACE-I therapy when the ejection fraction is less than or equal to 40%. There may be inappropriate use of calcium channel blockers in some patients. There is unexplained clinical variation between the two practices studied.     

阿司匹林维生素C分散片治疗急性上呼吸道感染的随机对照临床研究

目的评价阿司匹林维生素C分散片治疗上呼吸道感染的临床疗效和安全性。方法确诊的急性上呼吸道感染患者45例,其中治疗组23例,口服阿司匹林维生素C分散片,1片,3次/d;对照组22例,口服拜阿司匹灵维C泡腾片,1片,3次/d;疗程均为2～3d。结果单次用药后,治疗组和对照组解热的有效率分别为78.3%(18/23)和77.3%(17/22)(P=1.0)。综合疗效分析,治疗组和对照组有效率分别为82.6%(19/23)和94.5%(21/22)。两组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。两组不良反应发生率均较低且无统计学差异(4.4%VS0%,P>0.05)。结论阿司匹林维生素C分散片能安全有效地治疗急性上呼吸道感染。     

医院感染现患率调查变化趋势分

目的分析某院连续4次医院感染现患率调查结果的变化趋势。方法分别选取2006、2008、2010和2012年5月某日0∶00-24∶00所有住院患者医院感染情况进行调查。结果应调查患者4 497例,实际调查4 387例,实查率97.55%;发生医院感染184例、209例次,医院感染现患率4.19%,例次现患率4.76%。经趋势χ2检验,2006-2012年医院感染现患率逐次下降,由2006年的5.56%下降至2012年的2.76%（χ2=14.07,P＜0.001）。 感染部位以下呼吸道为主（55.03%）,其次为泌尿道（14.83%）和上呼吸道（9.57%）等。抗菌药物总使用率为38.50%,经趋势χ2检验,2006-2012年抗菌药物使用率逐次下降（χ2=5.13,P=0.023）;在治疗和治疗+预防用药中,病原学送检率逐次增高（χ2=40.81,P＜0.001）;抗菌药物单一用药率逐次上升（χ2=23.86,P＜0.001）。发生医院感染患者动静脉插管率、泌尿道插管率、呼吸机使用率和静脉输液率（分别为27.17%、35.33%、13.59%和84.78%）显著高于未发生医院感染患者（分别为9.80%、11.54%、4.33%和63.24%;均P＜0.001）。结论该院抗菌药物合理使用管理成效显著,医院感染控制逐年改进;但各种侵袭性操作相关感染的控制仍需加强,抗菌药物合理使用管理仍存在问题,需要探讨和改进。     

Outcomes of early nutrition support in extremely low-birth-weight infants.

BACKGROUND: Early nutrition intervention, both parenteral and enteral, is becoming a standard of care for the extremely low-birth-weight infant (ELBW; <1,000 g) in many neonatal intensive care units (NICU) across the United States. However, there are no published or widely accepted guidelines regarding nutrition support strategies for this population. Most NICU clinicians have developed their own guidelines, so nutrition practices vary widely. In an effort to standardize our practice, we implemented nutrition support guidelines for ELBW infants, initiating both parenteral nutrition (PN) and minimal enteral feedings (MEFs) within the first 24 hours of life, whenever possible. The purpose of this study was 2-fold: (1) to evaluate the adherence to the nutrition guidelines and (2) to compare pre- and postguideline outcomes such as time to regain birth weight, time to reach full enteral feedings, and average daily weight gains. METHODS: The study was conducted at a level III NICU from January 2002 until February 2003. Charts of 70 infants with a birth weight 相似文献   

Exposure to community violence and upper respiratory illness in older adolescents

PurposeTo examine the relationship between exposure to chronic community violence and upper respiratory illness (URI) symptoms among urban adolescents of color; and to test the generality of a model of the relationship between social stress and URI.MethodThe research used a cross-sectional correlational design. The sample was 769 first-semester first-year students in an urban nonresidential 4-year college from the academic years 1999–2002. Data were collected by a group-administered questionnaire in academic classes. The research used three multi-item additive scales (each with high reliability and validity): exposure to community violence, psychological distress, and URI symptoms. Multiple regression procedures were used to analyze the data.ResultsPositive correlations were obtained between: exposure to community violence and reporting of URI (r = .19), exposure and psychological distress (r = .22), and psychological distress and URI (r = .51). The relationship between exposure to community violence and URI is greatly reduced when level of psychological distress is statistically controlled.ConclusionsExposure to community violence is related to experiencing URI symptoms among older urban adolescents of color; the effect size of the relationship is small-medium. Psychological distress mediates the impact of exposure to community violence on URI. The findings expand the range of social stressors that are empirically related to URI, and populations in which a relationship between social stressors and URI may be found.     

An evaluation of the impact of a national health demonstration project on testing and management for Chlamydia trachomatis infections in two regions of Scotland

OBJECTIVES: To compare clinical practice relating to testing for, and management of, genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the Lothian and Grampian regions of Scotland as part of an evaluation of a Government-funded health demonstration project in Lothian, Healthy Respect. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical audit against standards developed from a national clinical guideline. METHODS: Clinical practice relating to testing for, and management of, genital C. trachomatis infection was assessed against standards for good quality care developed from a national clinical guideline (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network Guideline 42). Audit methods comprised: postal survey of primary care clinicians; review of referral letters from primary to secondary care; and review of primary and secondary care patient case records. Findings from Lothian and Grampian were compared. RESULTS: Questionnaires were returned by 167 primary care clinicians in Lothian and 96 in Grampian. Clinicians in Lothian and Grampian gave similar responses relating to: testing of symptomatic patients (87 vs 88%); offer of testing for asymptomatic young patients (55 vs 55%); choice of antichlamydial agent (47 vs 42% azithromycin as first line); and follow-up strategies (50 vs 51% offer follow-up in primary care). Clinicians in Lothian were significantly more likely to participate in partner notification work (57 vs 44%; P=0.04) and to agree with statements reflecting 'perceived self-efficacy' in chlamydia-related care (57 vs 48%; P=0.006). Referral letters from primary to secondary care were reviewed for 31 women with genital symptoms in Lothian and 28 in Grampian. More women in Lothian were tested for chlamydia prior to referral (65 vs 39%; difference not significant). Review of primary care records for consultations in young people (145 in Lothian; 203 in Grampian) showed a higher level of chlamydia testing in Grampian (Lothian, 14%; Grampian, 34%; P<0.0001). However, review of secondary care records (n=39) showed a much higher level of testing in Lothian (Lothian, 75%; Grampian, 9%; P<0.0001). Review of secondary care records relating to proven chlamydia-positive women (n=159) suggested better care in Lothian in relation to ensuring antibiotic treatment (Lothian, 91%; Grampian, 74%; P=0.004), and use of the preferred antibiotic, azithromycin (Lothian, 78%; Grampian, 37%; P<0.0001). However, documented referral to a health adviser appeared to be better in Grampian (Lothian, 32%; Grampian, 48%; P=0.048). CONCLUSIONS: During the period of activity of the Healthy Respect demonstration project, few differences were detected between clinicians in Lothian and Grampian with regard to chlamydia-related practice. In both regions, clinicians appeared to be very aware of the need to test for chlamydia in patients with relevant symptoms, but were less likely to offer opportunistic testing to young patients without specific symptoms. These findings suggest that Healthy Respect in Lothian has had little impact on clinicians. However, these findings must be considered within the context of a broader evaluation, and it is noteworthy that the few significant differences that were detected tended to suggest better practice in Lothian.     

Calling acute bronchitis a chest cold may improve patient satisfaction with appropriate antibiotic use

BACKGROUND: Overuse of antibiotics for acute respiratory infections is an important public health problem and occurs in part because of pressure on physicians by patients to prescribe them. We hypothesized that if acute respiratory infections are called "chest colds" or "viral infections" rather than "bronchitis," patients will be satisfied with the diagnosis and more satisfied with not receiving antibiotics. METHODS: Family medicine patients were presented with a written scenario describing a typical acute respiratory infection where they were given one of 3 different diagnostic labels: chest cold, viral upper respiratory infection, and bronchitis, followed by a treatment plan that excluded antibiotic treatment. Data was analyzed for satisfaction with the diagnosis and treatment plan based on the diagnostic label. A total of 459 questionnaires were collected. RESULTS: Satisfaction (70%, 63%, and 68%) and dissatisfaction (11% 13%, and 13%) with the diagnostic labels of cold, viral upper respiratory infection, and bronchitis, respectively, showed no difference (chi(2) = 0.368, P = .832). However, more patients were dissatisfied with not receiving an antibiotic when the diagnosis label was bronchitis. A total of 26% of those that were told they had bronchitis were dissatisfied with their treatment, compared with 13% and 17% for colds and viral illness, respectively, (chi(2) = 9.380, P = .009). Binary logistic regression showed no difference in satisfaction with diagnosis for educational attainment, age, and sex (odds ratio (OR) = 1.09, 1.00, 0.98, respectively), or for satisfaction with treatment (OR = 1.1, 1.02, 1.00, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Provider use of benign-sounding labels such as chest cold when a patient presents for care for an acute respiratory infection may not affect patient satisfaction but may improve satisfaction with not being prescribed an antibiotic.     

The content of adult primary care episodes.

In a research project undertaken to describe the content of adult primary care, episodes of illness for six common primary care conditions were analyzed: URI (upper respiratory infection, UTI (urinary tract infection), HYP (hypertension), AP (abdominal pain), CP (chest pain), and PE (physical examination). Data from the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Care Program-Oregon Region were used in the project. Episode of the six conditions studied tended to be of brief duration; at least half of the episodes of each condition except hypertension involved only a single medical visit. The physical examination episodes typically involved both laboratory and radiology services, but these services were less frequently used for the other five conditions. Few episodes involved a referral to a consultant physician, the use of sophisticated ancillary procedures, repeat tests, or a hospitalization. If patients had been billed for the episode-related care involved in treating each episode, the average charge incurred (in 1980 dollars) would have bee: URI $38.67, UTI and HY $52.27 each, AP $66.59, CP $46.54, and PE $91.65, excluding the costs of pharmaceuticals. Ancillary services accounted for one-third or more of the costs for each type of episode except URI. The results suggest that cost savings in primary care are likely to depend less on the control of sophisticated medical technology than on efficiently meeting patient-initiated demands for care and on influencing physician-generated ordering of simple ancillary procedures. The results also suggest the utility of analyzing the distinctive demands on the medical care system that are generated by diverse primary care conditions.     

How family physicians distinguish acute sinusitis from upper respiratory tract infections: a retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND: The purpose of our study was to examine how physicians diagnose sinusitis in practice. We addressed three specific questions: (1) what clinical factors do physicians look for in evaluating and caring for patients with suspected sinusitis, (2) to what extent do physicians use transillumination and radiograph evaluations in diagnosing sinusitis, and (3) how does the diagnosis of sinusitis influence the decision to prescribe antibiotic therapy? METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review using charts from 25 local family physicians who volunteered to participate in the study. After selecting a random sample of charts of adult patients treated for sinusitis and for upper respiratory tract infection (URI) by each physician, we reviewed the charts to determine the nature of the information collected to differentiate between sinusitis and URI. RESULTS: Rhinorrhea, sinus tenderness, visualization of purulent secretions, and a history of sinusitis were significant predictors of the diagnosis of sinusitis. Antibiotics were prescribed for 98.4% of patients with sinusitis and 13.1% of patients with URI. CONCLUSIONS: This sample of physicians based the diagnosis of sinusitis on three prominent clinical findings, which were also significant factors in diagnosing sinusitis in previous studies. The history of sinusitis might influence patient and physician expectations for the diagnosis.     

Patient participation in decision‐making on the introduction of home respiratory care: who does not participate?

Objectives In this study we examined home respiratory patients' participation in decision‐making on whether to begin home respiratory care therapy, and this participation in decision‐making during the latest visit to the clinic. Subjects and methods The target population consisted of patients who were using home respiratory care devices and who were visiting the outpatient clinics. Postal questionnaires were sent to 4159 patients (40% of respiratory care device users in Finland). A total of 3336 answered (response rate 80%) and 3153 were eligible for analysis. Odds ratios, chi‐square tests, Mann–Whitney U‐test and stepwise logistic regression analysis were used in the data analyses. Results Patients who did not participate in decision‐making were more frequently older people, women and had lower income than the other patients. While these results parallel those of previous studies, in contrast we found more women with high education to be non‐participants. Non‐participants were not participating in decision‐making during their latest visit to the clinic in spite of the fact that they considered participation almost as important as did the other patients. Non‐participants were less satisfied with the quality of care given and felt that their life had improved less than did the other patients. Conclusion The ethical principle of equal opportunities to participate in care decisions was not applied among home respiratory care patients in this study. The results challenge health‐care professionals to notice inequalities and improve their practices. The results can be generalized to all home respiratory care patients in Finland.     

ICU患者MRSA定植与感染的危险因素研究

目的比较重症监护室(ICU)、呼吸内科监护室(RICU)和神经外科监护室(NSICU)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)定植与感染状况,探讨患者MRSA定植/感染的危险因素。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,连续收集2013年5月1日—7月31日入住某院3个ICU患者的临床资料,采集患者(医护人员)鼻拭子及其周围环境标本进行MRSA检测。结果 197例患者,检出MRSA22株,MRSA定植率为11.17%;ICU、RICU和NSICU定植率分别为4.00%、11.90%和15.87%,差别无统计学意义(χ2=4.04,P=0.133)。患者临床标本MRSA检出率为2.03%(4/197),医护人员MRSA鼻前庭定植率为1.72%(2/116)。MRSA定植患者周围环境中MRSA检出率为22.73%(5/22),高于非定植患者4.00%(7/175)(χ2=8.93,P=0.003)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥60岁、侵入性操作、住ICU时间长和近期使用抗菌药物是MRSA定植/感染的独立危险因素。结论临床应主动对入住ICU的患者进行MRSA定植筛查,采取有效措施,防止MRSA在医院环境与患者间的双向传播;同时,尽量避免使用侵入性操作,减少患者住院日和合理使用抗菌药物,减少ICU患者MRSA定植与感染的发生。     

Does employment improve the health of lone mothers? The ALSPAC Study Team. Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood.

In Britain the government is currently proposing legislation that will encourage welfare recipients to gain employment. A central tenet of this 'welfare to work' policy is that employment will not only reduce the poverty of welfare recipients, but also improve their health. This research assessed the extent to which the movement from 'welfare to work' is likely to benefit the mental and physical health of lone mothers with preschool children. The sample was 719 lone mothers and a comparison group of 8779 women with partners drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood (ALSPAC). Data collected by self completion questionnaire at 33 months postpartum provided information about average weekly take home family income and the mother's employment status. The health outcomes measured were general well being, both minor and major depression (using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), self report of respiratory symptoms (cough/cold, wheeze, influenza) from 18-33 months postpartum and self report of symptoms common in the childbearing years (backache, haemorrhoids) also from 18-33 months postpartum. Lone mothers who were not employed were the poorest group in the sample; 94% of this group (402) had a family income of less than pound sterling 200 per week, compared with 72% (188) of lone mothers who were employed, 25% (905) of partnered women who were not employed and 12% (466) of partnered women who were employed. Lone mothers were significantly more likely than women with partners to report poorer well being (chi2 = 11.7, df = 3, P = 0.01), to have a major depressive disorder (chi2 = 92.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001) and to report wheeze (chi2 = 31.1, df = 1, P = 0.0001), but significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi2 = 9.9, df = 1, P = 0.0001) or haemorrhoids (chi2 = 16.6, df = 1, P = 0.0001). Lone mothers who were unemployed and living on less than pound sterling 100 per week were significantly more likely to be depressed (chi2 = 3.9, df = 1, P = 0.05) than those who were employed and living on pound sterling 200 or more per week, and significantly less likely to report cough/cold (chi2 = 3.8, df = 1, P = 0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed no significant independent association between employment and better health for lone mothers. Rather, when compared with lone mothers who were not working, those who were employed were more likely to report minor respiratory symptoms such as cough/cold (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.00,2.31). Overall, the results suggested that the movement from 'welfare to work' is unlikely to improve the health of lone mothers.     

利用综合医院门诊病例数据开展呼吸道疾病症候群监测的探讨

目的 了解综合医院门诊呼吸道症候群信息的来源与构成,描述不同呼吸道症候群的分布特征与相互关系;探讨呼吸道症候群数据应用于呼吸道疾病暴发、流行预警监测的可行性.方法 回顾性调查广州市某综合医院的信息系统(HIS)资料,对门诊病例信息进行症候群分类;比较不同呼吸道症候群数据的时间分布,选择与流感样病例(ILI)有相似趋势的数据,通过交叉相关分析探讨其应用于呼吸道疾病预警监测的意义.结果 门诊主要呼吸道症候群包括上呼吸道感染(51.20%)、气管/支气管感染(18.80%)、哮喘(17.52%)等,肺部感染仅占2.26%.上呼吸道感染、气管/支气管炎、肺部感染、咳嗽、哮喘等症候群以及门诊X线检查例数、肺炎/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)表现病例数的时间分布趋势类似,均存在两个季节高峰.对1～28周数据进行时间交叉相关分析,显示肺部感染与前移4周的ILI相关性最佳(r=0.739,P＜0.01),上呼吸道感染与前移5周的ILI相关性最佳(r=0.714,P＜0.01);X线检查例数及肺炎/ARDS表现病例数均与前移1周的ILI相关性最佳(r=0.858,P＜0.001;r=0.821,P＜0.001).结论 HIS中的门诊病例信息可应用于流感等呼吸道传染病的症候群预警监测.门诊肺部感染数据具有良好的特异性与及时性,可作为首选预警症候群资料;上呼吸道感染、咳嗽数据的意义次之;X线检查及肺炎/ARDS表现病例数据的监测及时性稍差,但特异性较好,可辅助预警监测.     

Improving mammography screening using best practices and practice enhancement assistants: an Oklahoma Physicians Resource/Research Network (OKPRN) study

PURPOSE: In 2004 only 68% of women in Oklahoma over the age of 40 reported having a mammogram in the past 2 years, compared with 75% nationally. Strategies to improve mammography rates have been numerous but have generally included single strategies, such as physician education, practice audit and feedback, and reminders; flow sheets and results have been mixed. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the impact of a practice facilitator and "best practice" interventions on mammography rates in a practice-based research network. METHODS: A total of 16 practices participated; 8 were assigned to intervention and 8 to usual care. Pre- and post-audits of mammography rates were conducted. Intervention practices received feedback with benchmarking, academic detailing, and the assistance of a practice enhancement assistant to help with practice redesign over a 9-month period. RESULTS: The groups differed significantly for both the proportion of mammograms offered to eligible patients (P = .043) and for the proportion of patients with current mammograms (P < .015). For the control group, 38% of eligible women were offered a mammogram and 202 (35% of those eligible) actually did have documentation that a mammogram had been performed. Fifty-three percent of the eligible patients in the intervention group were offered a mammogram and 52% of those eligible (n = 332) did have documentation in the chart that the mammogram had been completed. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that these interventions can improve mammography rates in a range of practice settings. These findings are consistent with other studies that have tested multicomponent interventions.