Left-sided gallbladder with accessory liver accompanied by intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]

A 66-year-old female of left-sided gallbladder with accessory liver was reported. These anomalies were recognized during an operation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The gallbladder was located with its liver bed at the lateral segment of the liver. The cystic duct branched from the right side of the common bile duct, and turned in hairpin form in the left direction. The cystic artery branched from the right hepatic artery. There was the accessory liver on the wall of the gallbladder. A careful identification of the cystic duct and the portal vein was advocated in surgery of the left-sided gallbladder.     

Left-sided gallbladder associated with congenital hypoplasia of the left lobe of the liver: a case report and review of literature

Left-sided gallbladder is a rare anomaly that is often associated with other abnormal anatomy in the hepatobiliary system. We report our experience of a case of left-sided gallbladder associated with the congenital hypoplasia of the left lobe of the liver. A 71-year-old woman underwent cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. Intraoperative findings revealed the absence of the left lobe of the liver. The gallbladder was located in the left side of the round ligament, which was associated with abnormal intrahepatic portal branching. The incidence of left-sided gallbladder without situs inversus is very rare. The following anomalous anatomy associated with left-sided gallbladder should be a concern when a surgeon encounters a left-sided gallbladder: right-sided round ligament associated with abnormal intrahepatic portal branching and ectopic gallbladder attached to the left lobe of the liver that connects to the left hepatic duct via the cystic duct or the accessory bile duct.     

What's right when the gallbladder's left? A case report

During laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis in a 40-year-old woman, we came upon a case of incidentally discovered left-sided gallbladder (LSG). Two anatomic variants of LSG are known: (a) "true LSG," in which, according to Gross, an accessory gallbladder originates from the left hepatic duct (LHD), the right embryonic bud is readsorbed, and the cystic duct joins either the CBD from the left or the LHD directly. Otherwise, a normal right-sided gallbladder adheres to the inferior left hepatic lobe, and the cystic duct joins the CBD from the right side (as in our case); (b) gallbladder under the fourth hepatic segment, medial to a right-sided round ligament, probably resulting from a prenatal obliteration of the right umbilical vein. Left-sided gallbladder is a paraphysiologic condition that when identified before surgery, must be studied by CT or MRI, when incidentally discovered during surgery must be promptly recognized by the surgeon, who must be aware of the unpredictable confluence of the cystic duct into the CBD. The following operative precautions are useful for avoiding a lesion of the CBD: The surgeon should start dissection of Calot's triangle as close as possible to the gallbladder margin, prepare and clip the cystic duct as close as possible to the infundibulum, and a 30 degrees angled telescope. If in doubt, the surgeon should perform an intraoperative cholangiography.     

Resection of metastatic liver cancer in a patient with a left-sided gallbladder and intrahepatic portal vein and bile duct anomalies: A case report

INTRODUCTIONThe presence of left-sided gallbladder is closely associated with multiple combined anomalies of the portal vein, hepatic vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct. This requires special attention for preoperative evaluation for the purpose of preventing postoperative complications.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 70-year-old woman with metastatic liver cancer and intrahepatic portal vein, biliary system and hepatic artery anomalies with left-sided gallbladder is reported. On computed tomography (CT), a solitary low density mass occupied from the right anterior to the posterior segment of the liver. The gallbladder bed was on the left of the hepatic fissure. On drip-infusion-cholangiography (DIC) CT three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, the left medial bile duct arose from the right umbilical portion after arising from the left lateral bile duct. Following a right hepatectomy and lymph node dissection of the hepatoduodenal ligament, hepaticojejunostomy was conducted separately to the left medial and left lateral bile duct.DISCUSSIONThe left-sided gallbladder accompanies with several anomalies of hepatic vascular and bile duct anomalies in a frequent manner. A safe hepatectomy needs accurate operative plans to ascertain the range of hepatectomy, because it often has the diversity of a combined anomaly.CONCLUSIONPreoperative DIC-CT 3D reconstruction was extremely useful because it provided an important information that could not be obtained with 2D-DIC-CT. 3D imaging has the ability to demonstrate complex anatomical relationships, this devise is a effective new tool for making appropriate preoperative strategy.     

Bile leak from duct of Luschka after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: We report a case of bile leak from an accessory duct of Luschka during cholecystectomy during liver transplantation. METHODS: Radiological findings suggested that the collection was septated. An intra-operative cholangiogram was obtained by cannulation of the accessory hepatic duct. RESULTS: An infected biloma with Clostridium perfringens was drained surgically. The bile leak that emanated from the gall bladder fossa was found to communicate with an accessory right hepatic duct draining a segmental duct in the right liver lobe. The bile leak resolved completely after direct suture of the accessory duct. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive use of electrocautery to the liver bed during donor cholecystectomy may injure subcapsular ducts in the gallbladder fossa. In liver transplantation, dissection should be kept close to the serosal lining of the gall bladder, preserving the areolar tissue in the gall bladder bed, to avoid injury to the duct of Luschka.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右副肝管及右肝管损伤的预防及处理

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中防治右副肝管及右肝管损伤的经验. 方法回顾性分析21例腹腔镜胆囊切除术右副肝管或左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管病例资料.结果 通过术中解剖肝门及胆道造影相结合的方法,21例病例中发现右副肝管18例(I-V型),左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管3例(Ⅵ型).其中,18例具有右副肝管病例中,术中发现11例,保留副肝管未做处理3例;夹闭7例,术后皆无胆漏;术中缝合1例,术后出现胆漏,保守治疗成功.损伤右副肝管7例,2例术中夹闭损伤肝管;2例中转开腹端端吻合损伤肝管;3例术后出现胆漏,二次腹腔镜探查证实右副肝管夹闭损伤.3例左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管病例,其中术中发现2例;损伤1例,中转开腹行右肝管端端吻合.21例随访2年,皆无腹痛、黄疸、肝功能不良.结论 为防止在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中损伤右肝管及右副肝管,应熟悉胆管变异的各种类型、正确解剖胆囊三角、合理应用术中胆道造影、困难病例术后放置腹腔引流管及术后剖视胆囊等多种方法相结合.不同类型的胆道损伤处理上应分别对待.     

Accessory gallbladder originating from the right hepatic duct

A patient with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy after confirmation of the diagnosis by sonography. Intraoperative cholangiography was normal and the operation was completed laparoscopically. Due to the postoperative persistence of right upper abdominal pain, another sonogram and then an endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERCP) were performed. To our surprise, an accessory gallbladder with a remaining gallstone was revealed. The accessory cystic duct was shown as arising directly from the right hepatic duct. The patient underwent a second laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but due to hemorrhaging the operation had to be converted to an open procedure. The two gallbladders and their corresponding cystic ducts and arteries were entirely separate. To our knowledge, this is the first publication of a duplicate gallbladder where the cystic duct arose directly from the right hepatic duct.     

Anomalous gallbladder septum—A case report

IntroductionAnomalies and diseases of the biliary system are common with over 20 million cases of biliary disease and an estimated 1.8 million ambulatory visits each year in the United States. Congenital anomalies of the gallbladder are rare and include complete and partial duplications, floating gallbladders, and agenesis. Septations have also been reported in the literature. Case reports have typically described these as longitudinal. Transverse septa, when reported, are associated with inflammation or cholelithiasis. Variations in the cystic duct and vasculature in the portal triad have also been well described.Presentation of caseDuring the dissection of a 91-year-old female cadaver, an enlarged gallbladder with a partial transverse septum was observed. The gallbladder contained approximately 350 ml of bile, no stones, and had a partial transverse septum near the infundibulum. The hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts were enlarged, but of normal configuration. Vascular anomalies were also present, including an accessory left hepatic artery from the left gastric artery and an anomalous origin of the right hepatic artery from the superior mesenteric artery.DiscussionThis is the first described case of a partial transverse septum with a markedly enlarged gallbladder, dilated duct system, and vascular anomalies in a patient with no evidence of gallstones, inflammation, or scarring.ConclusionWith the prevalence of biliary disease and frequent subsequent surgery it is essential to appreciate all anatomical variations to avoid iatrogenic injuries to these structures during surgery.     

An extrahepatic biliary tract anomaly. Suggested technic for early identification at surgery

An accessory right hepatic duct was noted to enter the cystic duct, which joined the common hepatic duct near the ampulla of Vater. The advantages of dissecting out the gallbladder from the fundus down and of obtaining an operative cholangiogram are emphasized.     

Ectopic gallbladder revisited,laparoscopically: a case report

A case of the rare congenital anomaly ectopic gallbladder is presented. A 16-year-old girl suffered attacks of epigastric pain unrelated to eating. On abdominal ultrasonography, the gallbladder could not be found in its usual position. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography demonstrated the gallbladder on the left side of the common duct and the cystic duct arising from the right hepatic duct. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done without complication. This appears to be the first reported case of laparoscopic removal of an ectopic gallbladder. The importance of preoperative cholangiography is emphasized for accurate diagnosis and preoperative location of the gallbladder.     

Right hepatic lobectomy and subsegmental resection of the left caudate lobe for gallbladder carcinoma involving the hepatic hilus: Preservation of the ventral portion of the left caudate lobe

A case of gallbladder carcinoma in a 75-year-old woman with familial hyperbilirubinemia and preoperative hepatic dysfunction is presented. Tube cholangiography through a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) catheter demonstrated a stricture and the hepatic confluence without filling of the gallbladder and showed two bile duct branches arising from the left caudate lobe. Cholangiography also disclosed that the left dorsal branch, which joined the right hepatic bile duct, was involved with tumor, while the left ventral branch, which joined the left hepatic duct, was not. Extended right hepatic lobectomy with resection of the dorsal portion of the left caudate lobe, preserving the ventral portion of the left caudate lobe, was performed. Postoperative cholangiography showed that the ventral branch of the left caudate lobe bile duct was preserved. Precise preoperative anatomic diagnosis of the biliary system in patients with hepatobiliary cancer allows successful subsegmental resection of the caudate lobe. Received for publication on July 23, 1997; accepted on Oct. 6, 1997     

Anatomical alteration of the vascular tree observed during living related liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: The number of available cadaveric donor organs has reached a plateau. One current solution has been to increase number of living related liver transplantations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Since October 1999 in the Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, 40 living related liver transplantation have been carried out. RESULTS: In 31 (77.5%) cases, a normal arterial supply was observed: the common hepatic artery arose from a celiac trunk. In two cases (5.0%), there was a partial arterial blood supply by the right accessory hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric artery. In two cases (5.0%), a right hepatic artery arose completely from the superior mesenteric artery (replaced artery). In one case (2.5%), a common hepatic artery originated from the superior mesenteric artery. In two cases (5.0%), an accessory left segmental artery originated from the left gastric artery. In two cases (5.0%), the function of an absent left hepatic artery was assumed by a replaced left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery. In two (5.0%) cases, there were two separate ducts draining the right hemiliver. There were two (5.0%) cases of an accessory duct draining segment IV, originating within the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. In one (2.5%) case, the common hepatic duct showed a trifurcation. CONCLUSION: During harvesting from a living donor knowledge of anatomical variants must be used to optomize the liver graft.     

Accessory cystic duct discovered by intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy]

The study aim was to report a rare biliary variation detected with an intraoperative cholangiography during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. After the ligation of the cystic duct, the gallbladder was opacified via an accessory cystic duct flowing into a branch of the right hepatic duct. This accessory cystic duct was clipped and the postoperative course was uneventful.     

Left-Sided gallbladder with intrahepatic portal venous anomalies

The congenital anomaly in which the gallbladder is found on the left of the round and falciform ligaments (left-sided gallbladder) is rare. We report two patients with left-sided gallbladder in whom intrahepatic portal venous anomalies were identified. Computed tomography and intraoperative ultrasonography were used to define the portal venous anomaly. A long straight left main portal vein was demonstrated, which did not have the typical umbilical portion. The right anterior segmental portal branch (case 1), or the right main portal vein (case 2) were shown to course in a ventral direction and terminate as a cul de sac. The round ligament (right round ligament) was attached to this venous termination, forming the right umbilical portion. The left medial segmental portal venous branches originated from the right umbilical portion, and coursed to the left. In contrast, cholangiography disclosed that the left medial segmental bile duct coursed to the right after arising from the left hepatic duct (case 1), or the common hepatic duct (case 2). The essence of this anomalous condition is not a left-sided gallbladder, but a right round ligament, which is an embryologic abnormality of the umbilical vein. A review of the English language literature revealed no reports of left-sided gallbladder with intrahepatic portal venous anomalies.     

Bile leak from the hepatic bed after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

The aim of our study was to identify the best treatment for bile leakage from the gallbladder or hepatic bed as a result of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Two hundred and fifty laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed in our department from January 1997 to January 1999 and bile leak was identified in 5 cases (2%). In one case, a right subphrenic collection was detected and resolved with a percutaneous drainage. At ERCP all cases showed a small leak from an accessory hepatic duct (2 pts.) or from the hepatic bed (3 pts.), successfully managed with an immediate endoscopic sphincterotomy, with placement of a nasobiliary tube or a biliary endoprosthesis. The incidence of leakage from an accessory hepatic or from Luschka's duct is not well known. This complication can be successfully managed with endoscopic treatment.     

Double cancer of the cystic duct and gallbladder associated with low junction of the cystic duct

We report a case of double cancer of the cystic duct and gallbladder associated with low junction of the cystic duct. A 73-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital complaining of upper abdominal pain. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography showed a stenotic lesion in the lower common bile duct and no visualization of the cystic duct or gallbladder. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a heterogeneously enhanced tumorous lesion around the lower bile duct in the pancreatic head. A diagnosis of cancer arising from the cystic duct that entered the lower part of the common hepatic duct was made by intraductal ultrasonography, which showed an intraluminal protruding lesion in the cystic duct. Isolated gallbladder cancer was also diagnosed, by abdominal computed tomography. She underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy with dissection of regional lymph nodes. Histological examination revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of the cystic duct and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder. Double cancer of the cystic duct and gallbladder is extremely rare, and this case also suggests a relationship between a low junction of the cystic duct and neoplasm in the biliary tract.     

肝管的应用解剖研究

目的：探讨肝管的长度，直径及其与周围结构的毗邻关系，为临床肝脏手术提供解剖学资料。方法：用丙烯腈－丁二烯－苯乙烯树脂（ABS）对10例新鲜肝脏进行血管灌注铸型，同时观测副肝管的数目，来源，注入部位和毗邻关系，用游标卡尺测量60例成人尸体肝脏的肝左，右管及肝总管的长度，外径和汇合角度，结果：与右肝管相比，左肝管粗，短，直；副肝管的出现率为15．7％（11／70），左、右肝管在长度，外径方面在差异（P＜0．01），副肝管的出现率高（15．7％），结论：在胆道外科手术时应注意副肝管与周围的胆道和血管的关系，以免损伤。     

胆囊切除术中胆道造影的价值

目的 探讨临床诊断为单纯胆囊病变拟行单纯胆囊切除术中胆道造影的价值。方法 分析904例术前诊断为胆囊结石、胆囊息肉样病变的患者在胆囊切除术中胆道造影发现胆道病变、变异的情况。结果 在904例中通过术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石79例、胰胆管合流异常21例、胆囊管冗长11例、胆囊管异常开口17例、右侧副肝管4例。结论 术前临床诊断为单纯胆囊病变行单纯胆囊切除时术中胆道造影可以发现术前未能确诊的胆总管结石，避免胆道二次探查，并有利于胰胆管合流异常和胆道解剖变异的诊断。     

顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用

目的 :探讨顺逆结合胆囊切除在腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (LC)中的应用价值。方法 :对 6 0 0例结石性胆囊炎、胆囊息肉患者 ,采用顺逆结合法行LC手术。结果 :6 0 0例患者术后均顺利康复 ,无胆管损伤等并发症发生。术中将胆囊完全游离后发现 ,把 8例的胆总管误认为胆囊管夹闭 ,2例各有一与肝总管平行的副肝管汇入钛夹远端的胆囊管 ,11例在钛夹近端的胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ,而术前B超未提示胆囊管内有结石嵌顿 ;均及时取除钛夹后 ,重新夹闭胆囊管的近端和远端 ,再切除胆囊。结论 :在LC手术中 ,采用顺逆结合法切除胆囊 ,可有效地减少胆管损伤、胆囊管残余结石等并发症的发生     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术预防胆管损伤的术式研究

目的探讨改良术式对腹腔镜胆囊切除手术预防胆管损伤的影响。方法选取2013年3月~2014年3月收治的100例良性胆囊疾病患者,术前磁共振胰胆管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)显示:肝外胆管显示清楚者92例(92%);胆囊管显示清楚者85例(85%);左右肝管低位汇合者4例,胆囊管汇入右肝管1例(见图1),副肝管汇入胆囊管者1例。均采取改良的三步法腹腔镜胆囊切除术,即第一步处理胆囊动脉、第二步剥离胆囊、第三步处理胆囊管。术后每2 h观察有无腹痛、发热、黄疸等表现,连续观察3 d,术后第3 d进行肝功能和超声检查,观察是否有急性胆管损伤发生。术后1、3、6个月随访观察有无迟发性胆管损伤。结果术中发现胆囊管变异5例,其中胆囊管极短者1例;胆囊管汇入右肝管者2例;胆囊管汇入右后叶肝管者1例;副肝管汇入胆囊管者1例,100例患者中有96例(96%)成功实施了改良的手术方式,有4例患者(4%)未能实现最后切断胆囊管的操作步骤;平均手术时间(42.74±10.53)min。住院期间未发生出血、胆漏、腹痛、腹腔感染等胆管损伤及其他并发症发生,术后平均住院时间为(3.36±0.72)d。术后1、3、6个月进行的体检、肝功能和腹部超声检查结果显示胆总管轻度扩张16例,无腹痛、黄疸及肝功能异常等迟发性胆管损伤情况发生。结论改良的手术方式能够有效地预防腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的发生,具有重要的临床价值。