A型肉毒杆菌毒素的眼科应用

肉毒杆菌毒素是革兰氏阳性厌氧芽孢肉毒杆菌产生的一种外毒素。在眼科诸多疾病的治疗中有重要的意义。我们回顾了近几年来国内外这方面的相关文献,简要的阐述了肉毒杆菌毒素A在眼科疾病中的应用。     

Botulinum toxin in ophthalmology

Since its introduction into clinical medicine in 1980, botulinum toxin has become a major therapeutic drug with applications valuable to many medical sub-specialties. Its use was spearheaded in ophthalmology where its potential applications have expanded to cover a broad range of visually related disorders. These include dystonic movement disorders, strabismus, nystagmus, headache syndromes such as migraine, lacrimal hypersecretion syndromes, eyelid retraction, spastic entropion, compressive optic neuropathy, and, more recently, periorbital aesthetic uses. Botulinum toxin is a potent neurotoxin that blocks the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction of cholinergic nerves. When used appropriately it will weaken the force of muscular contraction, or inhibit glandular secretion. Recovery occurs over 3 to 4 months from nerve terminal sprouting and regeneration of inactivated proteins necessary for degranualtion of acetylcholine vesicles. Complications are related to chemodenervation of adjacent muscle groups, injection technique, and immunological mechanisms.     

Botulinum toxin in ophthalmology

Alan B. Scott selected, researched and developed Type A Botulinum toxin for clinical use in ophthalmology. This unique drug has proved invaluable for treatment of a number of conditions which are difficult to treat in ophthalmology and in a variety of other disciplines. The indications, methods and problems of its use are described and the results of treatment of 133 patients are discussed. Up to December 1986 over 13,000 patients have been treated in a multicentre international trial without significant complications.     

Botulinum A toxin (Oculinum) in ophthalmology

Botulinum A toxin has been used to treat strabismus and a variety of spasmodic neuromuscular diseases. Botulinum toxin treatment of strabismus is not as definitive and stable as the traditional surgical approach, but it has been found most useful in postoperative overcorrection, small deviations, sensory deviations, and acute sixth nerve palsy. This toxin has been effective in the treatment of essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm, for which it produces temporary relief of symptoms. In addition, this treatment has been applied to lower lid entropion, myokymia, aberrant regeneration of the seventh nerve, lid retraction, corneal exposure, nystagmus, spasmodic torticollis, and adductor spastic dysphonia.     

A tracker for ophthalmology

Real-time tracking of eye movements offers a solution to various problems in ophthalmology. Different types of image analysis and processing techniques is discussed and an advanced pattern recognition eye-tracking system has been developed; it can track a retinal target (in real time) under conditions typical for ophthalmologic examination and therapy. The sensor is a modified low-light video fundus camera. An example illustrates how a retinal target is automatically found again when it has been "lost".     

A decade of clinical negligence in ophthalmology

Background  

To present an overview of the clinical negligence claims for ophthalmology in the National Health Service (NHS) in England from 1995 to 2006. To compare ophthalmic subspecialties with respect to claim numbers and payments.     

眼科首诊颅咽管瘤一例

患者,女,13岁,江西省玉山县人。因双眼视物不清1个月,于2009年7月18日来我院就诊。病程中无视物变形、头痛头晕、恶心呕吐等症状。既往无外伤或手术史。患者体型较为矮小,身高125cm,体重30kg,智力正常,面部表情较淡漠。专科检查：双眼视力FC／50cm,无明显屈光不正。双眼前节正常,右眼玻璃体细胞（-）,左眼玻璃体细胞（＋）。     

Smartphone applications in ophthalmology: A quantitative analysis

Purpose:There is limited information in literature about the scope and usability of Smartphone Applications (Apps) in ophthalmology. Eye care professionals are therefore skeptical about the benefits of smartphone Apps and are reluctant to adopt it in their day to day practice. The purpose of this study was to provide an updated overview of all Apps exclusive to ophthalmology.Methods:This study was a quantitative analysis of Smartphone Apps exclusively designed for ophthalmic care. The Apple iPhone and Google play store were searched for eye care themed Apps. Any App related to eye treatment and management such as visual acuity screening, eye education, calculators, eBooks, Low Vision Aids were included in the study. Data on the purpose of the Apps, target end-users, validation, App usage, user ratings, and App developer qualifications were documented.Results:As of March 2020, a total of 131 Apps exclusively dedicated for eye care were identified. 53% (69/131) were available in iPhones, 44% (58/131) in Android smartphones, and 3% in both. 32% (41/131) Apps were designed for visual acuity (VA) screening, 13% (17/131) for eye relaxation exercises, 12% (15/131) for professional education, and the remaining for Apps detecting color blindness, low vision aids, and assistance and patient education. Among the 131 Apps, 6 (4.5%) Apps are claimed by the developers as validated.Conclusion:This study unveils a wide range of smartphone Apps exclusive to ophthalmology and suggests guidelines to choose an appropriate App. The study also highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in the design, development, and validation of such Apps.     

A型肉毒毒素治疗半侧面肌痉挛

目的:探讨A型肉毒毒素治疗半侧面肌痉挛疗效。方法:局部注射A型肉毒毒素,注射前后观察,复发后重新注射。结果:121例痉挛患者,IV级痉挛18例,III级痉挛55例,II级痉挛47例,I级痉挛1例。完全缓解111例,部分缓解10例。结论:A型肉毒毒素是治疗半侧面肌痉挛有效、完全、方便的治疗药物。     

A virtual COVID-19 ophthalmology rotation

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic temporarily suspended medical student involvement in clinical rotations, resulting in the need to develop virtual clinical experiences. The cancellation of clinical ophthalmology electives and away rotations reduces opportunities for exposure to the field, to network with faculty, conduct research, and prepare for residency applications. We review the literature and discuss the impact and consequences of COVID-19 on undergraduate medical education with an emphasis on ophthalmic undergraduate medical education. We also discuss innovative learning modalities used from medical schools around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic such as virtual didactics, online cases, and telehealth. Finally, we describe a novel, virtual neuro-ophthalmology elective created to educate medical students on neuro-ophthalmology foundational principles, provide research and presentation opportunities, and build relationships with faculty members. These innovative approaches represent a step forward in further improving medical education in ophthalmology during COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.