联合检测血清肿瘤标志物对胸腔积液鉴别诊断的意义

目的探讨肿瘤标志物联合检测在良、恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的临床意义。方法采集80例有胸腔积液患者的血清样本，其中恶性胸腔积液患者48例，良性胸腔积液患者32例，用多肿瘤标志物蛋白芯片检测系统检测血清糖链抗原CA125、CA153、CA199和癌胚抗原（CEA）的含量。结果恶性胸腔积液组血清CA125、CA153、CA199和CEA水平明显高于良性胸腔积液组（P〈0．01）。结论联合检测肿瘤标志物CA125、CA153、CA199和CEA可提高恶性胸腔积液的诊断率，对胸腔积液的鉴别诊断有较好的临床价值。     

肿瘤标志物CEA、CA153联合检测对胸腔积液鉴别诊断的意义

目的 探讨肿瘤标志物联合检测在良、恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的临床意义。方法 采集有胸腔积液患者的血清和胸水样本各79例，其中恶性胸腔积液患者36例，良性胸腔积液患者44例。用放射免疫法检测其血清和胸水CEA、CA153的含量。结果 恶性胸水组血清CEA、CA153的阳性率分别为58.82％、70．59％，胸水CEA、CA153的阳性率分别为75．76％、70．67％。其中，肿瘤标志物CEA、CA153血清及胸水的阳性率明显高于良性胸腔积液组，有统计学意义（P〈0．02）；两组含量的检测也得出相似的结果。联合检测血清CEA、CA153诊断恶性胸腔积液的敏感度为85．71％，特异度为97．81％。结论 肿瘤标志物CEA、CA153联合检测，对胸腔积液的鉴别诊断有较好的临床价值。     

电化学发光免疫法测定CEA、CA12-5其胸腔积液/血清比值的分析

目的探讨患者胸腔积液与血清中的CEA（癌胚抗原）、CA12-5（糖类蛋白12-5）水平及其比值（胸腔积液/血清）对肺部良、恶性胸腔积液诊断价值。方法采用电化学发光免疫法检测76例胸腔积液患者胸腔积液与血清CEA、CA12-5水平及其比值分析。结果恶性组患者胸腔积液与血清的CEA、CA12-5水平及其比值均明显高于良性组,两组差异有统计学意义。结论检测患者胸腔积液与血清CEA、CA12-5水平及其比值对于鉴别患者胸腔积液的性质有指导性意义。     

神经元特异性烯醇化酶、细胞角质蛋白19片断、癌胚抗原联合LDH、ADA检测对良、恶性胸腔积液鉴别的意义

目的探讨血清、胸水中神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、细胞角质蛋白19片断（CYFRA21—1）、癌胚抗原（CEA）对良、恶性胸腔积液的鉴别价值。方法对40例经病理确诊的胸腔积液患者按胸水的性质分为恶性胸水组（23例）和良性胸水组（17例）。2组患者均采用电化学发光法检测血清及胸腔积液中NSE、CYFRA21—1、CEA的含量．生化检测胸腔积液中乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）和腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）。结果恶性胸水组的血清NSE、CYFRA21—1及CEA均显著高于良性胸水组（P=O,02、0．02及0．01）;胸水CYFRA21—1及CEA均明显高于良性胸水组（严如．01或P=0．04）,ADA显著低于良性胸水组（P=0．01）。2组胸水NSE、LDH比较差异无统计学意义（均P〉O．05）。结论血清、胸腔积液中NSE、CYFRA21—1、CEA和ADA联合检测,对良、恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊断有重要价值,能提高准确率。     

血清CA125等4种肿瘤标志物联合检测对胸腔积液鉴别诊断的意义

目的：探讨肿瘤标志物联合检测在良、恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中鲫临床意义。方法：采集有胸腔积液患者的血清样本80例，其中恶性胸腔积液患者48例，良性胸腔积液患者32例，用多肿瘤标志物蛋白芯片检测系统检测血清CA125、CA153、CA99和CEA的含量。结果：恶性胸腔积液组血清CA125、CA153、CA199和CEA的水平明显高于良性胸腔积液组（P〈0．02）；联合检测可提高恶性胸腔积液诊断率。结论：肿瘤标志物CA125、CA153、CA199和CEA的联合检测，对胸腔积液的鉴别诊断有较好的临床价值。     

胸腔积液病人ADA LDH CEA TB—Ab联合检测的临床价值

目的探讨胸腔积液病人腺苷脱氨酶（ADA）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、癌胚抗原（CEA）、结核抗体（TB—Ab）联合检测在胸水定性中的价值。方法对胸腔积液病人311例（结核胸膜炎组168例，恶性胸水组98例，炎性胸水组45例）进行ADA、LDH、CEA、TB—Ab的测定。结果三组ADA测定值均有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。恶性组与结核组、炎性组CEA测定值有显著性差异（P〈0．01），结核胸水组与炎性胸水组CEA测定值无差异（P〉0．05）。结核胸水组与恶性胸水组LDH测定值无明显差异（P〉0．05）；两组与炎性胸水痘组LDH测定值有差异（P〈0．01）。结核胸水组与恶性胸水组及炎性胸水组结核抗体均有显著差异（P〈0．01），恶性胸水组与炎性胸水组无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论ADA、TB—Ab、CEA联合测定对胸腔积液定性很有意义，LDH测定对胸水定性意义不大。     

联检CEA、CA125在肺癌并胸腔积液中的诊断价值

目的探讨CEA、CA125在良、恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对46例恶性胸腔积液、44例良性胸腔积液患者于治疗前分别抽取血清及第1次胸腔积液标本进行CA125、CEA测定。结果恶性胸腔积液组血清和胸腔积液CA125、CEA测定值高于良性胸腔积液组(P<0.01)。在胸腔积液中,CA125假阴性56.5%(26/46),假阳性86.4%(38/44);CEA假阴性67.4%(31/46),假阳性81.8%(36/44);CEA和CA125联合检测假阴性69.6%,假阳性90.9%。结论胸腔积液CA125和CEA联合检测有利于良恶性胸腔积液的鉴别,且比血清中更具有临床价值。     

胸水与血清中癌胚抗原对良恶性胸腔积液诊断的价值

目的 :探讨胸腔积液患者胸水与血清的癌胚抗原 (CEA)水平及其比值对良恶性胸腔积液 (以下简称胸液 )的诊断价值。方法 :采用放射免疫分析法 (RIA)分析 48例胸腔积液患者胸水与血清的癌胚抗原水平及其比值。结果 :恶性胸液患者胸水与血清中的CEA(ug L)水平明显高于良性胸液患者 ,恶性胸液患者胸水 血清CEA比值超过 1 5 ,恶性胸液组血清和胸水CEA水平与良性胸液组差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。结论 :检测患者胸水与血清CEA水平及其比值有助于临床胸水性质的诊断。     

胸腔积液肿瘤标志物在良恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值

目的探讨胸积液肿瘤标志物的检测在良恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值。方法选择28例恶性胸腔积液患者作为恶性组及30例良性胸腔积液患者作为良性组,分别检测其血清和胸腔积液中癌胚抗原(CEA)、糖类抗原(CA)125、CA199、CA153、铁蛋白(FeR)的含量,并进行比较。结果恶性组血清和胸积液肿瘤标志物均明显高于良性组(P<0.01);而恶性组中,胸积液肿瘤标志物亦明显高于血清肿瘤标志物(P<0.01)。结论胸积液肿瘤标志物检测在良恶性胸腔积液的鉴别诊中有重要的价值,且优于血清肿瘤标志物检测。     

癌胚抗原及粘液样糖蛋白检测在良恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的意义

目的评价癌胚抗原（CEA）、粘液样糖蛋白（CA-125）在良、恶性胸腔积液临床鉴别诊断中的意义。方法分别采用放射免疫分析、电化学发光免疫法对已确诊的良性胸腔积液组、恶性胸腔积液组患者血清及胸腔积液进行CEA、CA-125进行检测结果恶性胸腔积液组血清及胸腔积液CEA、CA-125水平显著高于对照组与良性胸腔积液组。结论对患者血清及胸腔积液进行CEA、CA-125检测有利于良恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断。     

现代残疾康复理念、政策与社区康复体系研究

本研究分析了当代残疾康复的理念和理论架构,构建了以国际公约、决议和政策、国内法律和政策以及操作性工具3个层次的康复理论体系;运用包容性发展,分析探讨了当代社区康复的体系和特点;就发展康复事业、为残疾人提供全面系统的康复服务提出相关的政策建议。     

国内外唇腭裂专科护理发展现状的文献研究及分析

目的了解和分析国内唇腭裂专科护理工作发展的现状。方法检索并分析万方医学网、中国知网、Springer Link及PubMed英文数据库近6年有关唇腭裂手术的围术期护理、患儿的喂养、手术安全管理、围术期疼痛研究以及心理护理的相关文献。结果共检索出国内文献89篇(核心期刊20篇)、国外文献22篇,其中围术期护理38篇、患儿的喂养16篇、手术安全管理10篇、围术期疼痛研究10篇、心理护理15篇。结论与国外文献相比,国内论文总结和回顾性居多,应增加研究探讨性论文,从而促进唇腭裂临床护理工作专科化的发展。     

城乡学童个性行为特征调查

目的探讨农村与城市儿童的个性行为特征。方法将97名农村学龄儿童设为农村组,97名城市学龄儿童设为城市组,采用艾森克个性问卷一儿童版和Achenbach’s 行为量表一儿童版进行评定分析。结果两组学龄儿童艾森克个性问卷各维度评分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）,且与全国常模相一致（P均〉0．05）;农村组男学童Achenbach’s行为量表违纪行为、攻击行为及外向型因子分均显著高于城市组,女学童退缩、社交问题因子分均显著高于城市组（P〈0．05或0．01）,其他因子分均无显著性差异（P均〉0．05）。结论农村与城市儿童个性无显著差异,而农村儿童存在较多的行为问题,可能与其所受教养和生活方式有关。     

Comparison of short-term and long-term protocols for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA of Leishmania, Trypanosoma, and Plasmodium

Molecular tools continue to be important in the prevention and control of parasitic diseases. However, using these techniques directly in the field remains a major challenge. Therefore, the preservation of clinical samples collected from endemic field areas for later analysis remains an important preanalytical process. This study aimed at identifying a suitable protocol for stabilization and preservation of RNA and DNA in bioclinical specimens for Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Plasmodium research. Both spiked and unspiked blood samples were preserved in 7 protocols (different media; storage temperatures). Samples were evaluated for possible degradation of DNA and RNA along the storage duration up to the 10th week. Nucleic acid targets were assessed as follows: (i) Trypanosoma and Plasmodium RNA analysis was done using real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (RT-NASBA) for 18S rRNA and for stage-specific Pfs25 mRNA, respectively; (ii) Trypanosoma DNA assessment analysis was conducted by using a conventional PCR for 18S rDNA; (iii) Leishmania RNA analysis was performed with a quantitative NASBA for 18S rRNA and Leishmania DNA assessment with an RT-PCR for 18S rDNA. Findings suggested that a newly developed L3™ buffer proved to be reliable and suitable for both short- and long-term preservation of parasite nucleic acid material. This buffer is envisaged to be suitable for utilization in field situations where resources are limited.     

Rates and risks of transmission of smallpox and mechanisms of prevention

In 1980, the World Health Organization declared smallpox eradicated from the world; the last known natural case had occurred in Somalia in 1977, and the United States had stopped routinely vaccinating its citizens in 1972. However, with increasing concerns regarding domestic and international terrorism, smallpox has resurfaced as a potential threat to global health. We review the direct and indirect modes of smallpox transmission and how patterns of transmission vary substantially, depending on the severity of circulating disease, vaccination status, environmental and socioeconomic factors, and the setting of an outbreak. We examine mechanisms for controlling outbreaks of disease and preventing further transmission in the event of an outbreak, with an emphasis on smallpox vaccination.     

History of violence and subjective health of mother and child

Objective: To study the self-reported prevalence of experienced violence among a cohort of women about two years after giving birth, their health during pregnancy, pregnancy outcomes and their experience of their child’s health.

Setting and subjects: In 2011, a total of 657 women participated in phase III of the Childbirth and Health Cohort Study in Icelandic Primary Health Care, 18 to 24 months after delivery. The women had previously participated in phase I around pregnancy week 16 and phase II 5–6 months after delivery. Data were collected by postal questionnaires.

Main outcome measures: Women’s reported history of experienced violence, sociodemographic and obstetric background, self-perceived health, the use of medications and their child’s perceived health.

Results: In phase III, 16% of women reported experiencing violence. These women felt less support from their current partner (p?p?p?p?p?p?=?0.008).

Conclusions: Our study confirms that a history of violence is common among women. A history of violence is associated with various maternal health problems during and after pregnancy, a higher rate of caesarean sections and maternal reports of health problems in their child 18–24 months after birth.

• KEY POINTS

• Violence is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the impact of violence on human health and developing effective preventive measures are important elements of any public health agenda.

• ??The reported prevalence of experiencing violence was 16% among women attending antenatal care in the primary health care setting in Iceland.

• ??Women with a history of violence reported worse health in general during pregnancy and delivered more often by caesarean section, compared to women with no such history.

• ??Mothers with a history of violence also evaluated the general health of their child as worse than women with no such history.

• ??The findings of this study support the importance of recognizing and addressing experienced violence among women in primary care.

     

我院文职护士管理和培训的实践与体会

目的构建文职护士培训、使用及管理的科学方法。方法通过规范管理、科学施训、作为骨干大胆任用等多种管理方式,使文职护士得到充分的发展。结果文职护士群体成长为医院优秀骨干,首批满3年的文职护士顺利通过续聘考核。结论科学的管理培训是文职护士成长的重要基石,对医院护理管理有着重要作用。     

Prevalence and severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and effect of vitamin supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Although nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is the most common medical condition during pregnancy, there are many unanswered questions regarding its cause, epidemiologic features and optimal management. The objectives of this study were to ascertain the prevalence of nausea and vomiting in a sample of Canadian women, to characterize the distribution of their severity and to investigate the role of vitamin B6 deficiency in their etiology. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Antenatal counselling service for pregnant women. PATIENTS: Three cohorts of women: a prospective, population-based cohort of 193 women, to estimate the rate and severity of nausea and vomiting (cohort A); a cohort of 555 women who sought advice for nausea with or without vomiting, to study the correlation between the maximal daily number of episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss (cohort B); and a prospective cohort of 301 women who reported vomiting, to correlate vitamin supplementation with vomiting (cohort C). INTERVENTIONS: All 3 cohorts were interviewed during the counselling session, and cohort B was followed up prospectively. OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of nausea and vomiting, weight loss, maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting, rate of multivitamin supplementation. RESULTS: Overall, 67% of the women in cohort A reported experiencing nausea or vomiting, or both; 22% reported vomiting, and 9% experienced weight loss. In cohort B there was a significant correlation between the maximal number of daily episodes of vomiting and maximal weight loss, although there was wide variation (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss (r2 = 0.99). In cohort C, vomiting was significantly associated with lack of supplementation with multivitamins before 6 weeks' gestation (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: The relation between number of daily vomiting episodes and mean weight loss may serve as a clinical tool to assess the severity of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and the success of anti-emetics and rehydration regimens. Further study is needed to elucidate the biologic basis of the observed association between vomiting and lack of multivitamin supplementation in early pregnancy.     

通用设计原则与产品研发策略

本文介绍了通用设计的概念和设计原则,并阐述了根据此原则实施通用设计的产品研发策略。通用设计惠及的不仅是残疾人,也惠及了包括普通公众在内的广泛人群,以及企业。应将通用设计的原理应融入政府相关政策和未来发展的规划中,为残疾人以及更多人群提供合理便利的通用设计产品。     

糖尿病视网膜病变筛查与防治中存在的问题及对策

目的探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患者筛查和防治中存在的问题及对策。方法以76例糖尿病DR患者为对象,调查未能早期接受眼科诊治的原因。结果存在问题主要是患者对DR防治知识不了解、血糖控制不理想、内科医生未建议进行专科检查等。结论眼科医护人员应密切与糖尿病专科的联系,尽早对DM患者进行DR健康教育,并开展社区DR防治工作。