介入栓塞治疗后手术切除肝母细胞瘤

目的 评价介入栓塞对肝母细胞瘤的手术切除率及预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年12月介入栓塞后经手术治疗的肝母细胞瘤33例患儿的临床资料.本组术前予介入栓塞治疗2～4个疗程后,均可手术切除,术后2周均予辅助化疗.结果 所有病例均获得肿瘤的完整切除,手术效果良好,术后随访6个月～5年,存活30例.结论 术前介入栓塞治疗可减少肿瘤血供,缩小肿瘤体积,提高手术切除率,综合治疗后可提高生存率.     

Combined treatment of hepatoblastoma with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and surgery

Hepatoblastoma (HB) frequently presents at an advanced and unresectable stage. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) had been attempted to improve the feasibility of removing the bulky tumor in the authors' hospital and the results were presented here to evaluate the effectiveness and therapeutic role of TACE in the HB infants. Eight patients (6 boys, 2 girls), ranging in age from 2 months to 12 months, had unresectable HB based on clinical manifestation, B-ultrasound (B-US), chest X-ray film, computed tomography (CT), blood chemistry, and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and were subjected to TACE 1-3 times. On each TACE, Adriamycin (ADR, 20 mg/m2), vincristine (VCR, 1.5 mg/m2), and cisplatin (CDDP, 40 mg/m2) dispersed in 5-10 mL lipiodol were infused into the tumor, and stainless-steel embolization coils were released into the main feeding artery until completely embolized. Then, all the patients were reexamined once a month. Digital subtractive angiography was performed and the therapeutic strategy of further TACE or surgery was individualized in terms of the changes of tumor stain and the newly forming feeding artery. Six children (75%) had a marked response after the first TACE and were judged as being surgically resectable, but one boy died of pneumonia just before the scheduled operation and another boy preferred further TACE. The other 2 patients had only a partial response and required further TACE before the operation. Thus 6 children eventually underwent complete surgical resection and 1 boy achieved successful disappearance of tumor after 3 episodes of TACE alone. Seven children had an excellent recovery and remained tumor-free for 15-49 months. The results indicate that TACE is an effective and useful preoperative therapeutic choice for unresectable hepatoblastoma, and can improve the resectablity of the bulky tumor and the survival rate of HB patients. Multiple TACE could enhance the therapeutic effect and should be considered if indicated.     

Hepatic arterial chemoembolization as an initial treatment for hepatoblastoma

Hepatic arterial chemoembolization using Lipiodol Ultra-fluid (Laboratoire Guerbet), doxorubicin HCl, and Gelfoam (Upjohn)(L-TAE) produced good results in an infant with a hepatoblastoma initially considered to be difficult to resect. Lipiodol selectively accumulated in the tumor, and a marked reduction in tumor size with decrease of alpha-fetoprotein was observed. One month after L-TAE, left hepatectomy was performed uneventfully with a good postoperative course. L-TAE appears to be a useful treatment for hepatoblastoma. Offprint requests to: I. Yamagiwa     

经导管动脉化疗栓塞联合手术治疗儿童肝母细胞瘤

目的 探讨对不能切除的小儿肝母细胞瘤实行动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)治疗的临床可行性、疗效及作用.方法 8例常规不能切除的肝母细胞瘤经TACE治疗20次,再行Ⅱ期外科手术切除,比较分析治疗前后临床症状、体征和血AFP的变化、术中情况及随访远期疗效.结果 TACE术后4～6周复查,和术前相比.肿瘤体积缩小67.68%～95.91%,平均缩小87.91%(t=3.754,P=0.007),血AFP下降94.46%～99.97%,平均98.45%(t=2.931,P=0.022),无明显的化疗毒性反应,所有患儿手术完整切除肿瘤,术后病理显示肿瘤明显坏死.随访8～24个月,所有患儿均获无瘤生存.结论 TACE治疗肝母细胞瘤安全有效,无严重并发症,能使部分不能Ⅰ期手术的患儿重新获得手术机会,并对减少术中肿瘤细胞的扩散和术中出血、改善预后有较大作用,可作为无远处转移肝母细胞瘤的术前辅助治疗.     

Cure of hepatoblastoma with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization

Until now surgical resection was still considered as the only choice of successful treatment of hepatoblastoma. Therefore, successful use of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) alone to cure the unresectable hepatoblastoma in an infant was firstly reported. A 6-month-old boy presented with a huge abdominal mass and was found to have a hepatoblastoma of 17.5 cm x 11.5 cm x 10 cm on computed tomography (CT) scan. The serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was elevated to 6250 ng/mL. On the first TACE the main feeding arteries were completely occluded by stainless steel embolization coils. After one month tumor shrinkage was 75%, but a newly formed feeding artery was found and embolized on second TACE. Since the third TACE no newly formed feeding artery was found and 6 courses of intravenous chemotherapy were consolidated. On the last DSA and CT the tumor was completely disappeared and AFP returned to normal. During the follow-up he remained disease-free for 33 months until the present report. TACE may provide an additional promising choice in the treatment of hepatoblastoma.     

Successful treatment of multifocal unresectable hepatoblastoma with chemotherapy only

We report the case of a girl with multi-focal hepatoblastoma in whom chemotherapy alone has resulted in long term event-free survival and possibly cure, without any surgical procedure apart from biopsy for initial diagnosis. At presentation she had a large tumour arising from the left lobe of liver and two other separate masses were noted in the right lobe, but the lungs were free of metastases. Histology showed a foetal type of hepatoblastoma. The serum alpha-feto protein (AFP) level was 44,000 iu/litre. Chemotherapy was started using the triple drug regime recommended for “high risk” (of relapse) patients in the SIOPEL 2 hepatoblastoma protocol of the International Society of Paedaitric Oncology (SIOP). Within a few weeks her abdominal girth decreased, the child became much more comfortable. Drug-induced cardiotoxicity, ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity were not observed. After a total of 4 courses of chemotherapy (completed at the end of August 1998) a CT scan showed that all 3 tumours were smaller but that there were residual multifocal defects in the liver neither hepatic resection nor liver transplantation were considered safe or appropriate. 6.5 years after completion of chemotherapy and now aged 8.5 years the child is in normal health and at school with normal liver size, serum AFP levels and chest imaging.     

Effective cisplatin (DDP) based chemotherapy in the treatment of hepatoblastoma

Nine of 11 patients with hepatoblastoma treated with cisplatin (DDP) based chemotherapy had a complete (CR) or partial (PR) remission. Five of these patients had measurable pulmonary disease and four achieved a CR of pulmonary lesions. The average interval of disease control following DDP was three times that of Adriamycin (ADR). DDP is an effective agent in the treatment of hepatoblastoma.     

婴儿肝母细胞瘤的介入治疗及延迟手术治疗

目的　评价经动脉栓塞化疗 (TACE)结合延迟手术治疗婴儿巨大肝母细胞瘤的效果。方法　 2 0 0 0年 1月～ 2 0 0 4年 1月不能手术切除的肝母细胞瘤 8例患儿 (男 6例 ,女 2例 )接受 1～ 3次栓塞化疗。年龄 2～ 12个月。每次栓塞化疗前均行数字减影血管造影 (DSA)检查 ,栓塞化疗时首先超选择进入肿瘤的供血动脉 ,经该动脉先灌注化疗药物和超液化碘油的混悬乳液 ,再使用弹簧圈栓塞该肿瘤血管。结果　每次TACE均未遇到任何大技术问题和明显化疗毒性反应。 6例TACE结合手术患儿及经 3次TACE及静脉化疗患儿均无瘤存活至今。另 1例 1个月后死于肺炎。结论　TACE是治疗婴儿肝母细胞瘤有效、安全的方法     

术前化疗对肝母细胞瘤手术及预后的影响

目的评价术前化疗对肝母细胞瘤（hepatoblastoma,HB）手术切除率及预后的影响。方法将1993。2004年80例HB患儿分为两大组。术前化疗组（A组）48例,其中PRETEXTⅠ期13例,Ⅱ期13例,Ⅲ期15例,Ⅳ期7例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ期均采用弱方案化疗,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期分别采用强方案（A1组）及弱方案（A2组）化疗,Ⅲ期病例中,A1组6例,A2组9例;Ⅳ期病例中,A1组3例,A2组4例。术前未化疗组（B组）32例,1期12例,Ⅱ期9例,Ⅲ期6例,Ⅳ期5例。两组年龄、性别、病理分期与分型、手术及术后治疗和随诊,均符合统计学可比性要求。A,组化疗使用阿霉素、顺铂3—6轮,A2组使用长春新碱、环磷酰胺、阿霉素1～2轮。比较A（A1、A2）组、B组手术切除率、5年生存率及围术期死亡率。结果随访60—200个月,Ⅰ、Ⅱ期A组与B组手术切除率和5年生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期病例合并后比较,A2组、B组手术切除率和5年生存率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;A1与B组、A1组与（A2＋B）组手术切除率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。手术完整切除者5年存活率明显高于手术未切除者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论术前化疗对PRETEXTⅠ、Ⅱ期患儿手术切除率和5年生存率无意义,术前强方案足疗程化疗可提高PRETEXTⅢ、Ⅳ期病例手术切除率,术前弱方案短疗程化疗及术前不化疗,不能提高PRETEXTⅢ、Ⅳ期手术切除率。手术完整切除者5年生存率达90％。     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgery of hepatoblastoma

Though surgical resection is the main stay of treatment for childhood hepatoblastoma (HB), many are unsuitable for radical surgery at diagnosis due to extensive intrahepatic and/or extra hepatic disease. We report experience in five patients of HB from a single institution (2001–2005) with preoperative Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by surgery. Three patients received cisplatin, doxorubicin; and two cisplatin/vincristine/5-fluorouracil. All showed more than 50% reduction in tumor size confirmed by CT scan. Hepatic resection R0 was performed in all. There was no chemotherapy related toxicity nor post surgical morbidity or mortality. All are disease free at median follow up of 4 years. NACT produces adequate down staging of the HB with acceptable toxicity. Though cisplatin with doxorubicin produced good results, new protocol with cisplatin, vincristine and 5FU is promising without cardiotoxicity.     

肝母细胞瘤多学科治疗方案的研究进展

肝母细胞瘤(hepatoblastoma,HB)是胚胎性肿瘤的一种,恶性程度较高,好发于3岁以下儿童。手术切除为HB首选治疗方案,手术切除的完整性关系到肿瘤预后。HB对化疗敏感,可辅助化疗、放疗等治疗手段。目前主流化疗方案为C5V(cisplatin+5-Fluorouracil+vincristine,顺铂+5-氟尿嘧啶+长春新碱)方案。对难治性HB可实施肝移植,且自体肝移植术在临床上已有成功案例。此外,靶向治疗(如针对NK1R及PI3K/Akt等通路的靶向药物治疗)已进入临床试验,而免疫治疗尚处于研发阶段。     

High-dose chemotherapy in children with metastatic hepatoblastoma

BACKGROUND: Despite the advent of effective chemotherapy,a poor prognosis has been reported for patients with metastatic hepatoblastoma. To improve this prognosis, we conducted high-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow rescue in patients with metastatic hepatoblastoma. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three patients were treated with high-dose chemotherapy. In patient 1, high-dose chemotherapy was given after the patient's first pulmonary relapse.Additional pulmonary metastases, which developed more than 6 months after high-dose chemotherapy, were treated by multiple thoracotomy without additional chemotherapy. Patient 2 presented additional pulmonary metastases soon after the end of the first thoracotomy and high-dose chemotherapy. Because of a decreased serum alpha-fetoprotein level after re-excision of the pulmonary metastases, a second round of high-dose chemotherapy was performed. In patient 3, multiple pulmonary metasteses responded to preoperative chemotherapy and disappeared according to the chest computed tomography. Intensive treatment with a high-dose chemotherapeutic regimen was performed at the end of postoperative chemotherapy. All three patients are alive and well, more than 6 years after receiving their diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The role of high-dose chemotherapy in treatment of metastatic hepatoblastoma could not be clarified,because of the small number of patients. However, the better outcome of our patients indicates that multimodal therapy, including high-dose chemotherapy, may improve the outcome of the patients with metastatic hepatoblastoma.     

Preliminary experience with arterial chemoembolization for hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in children

The objective of this work was to test feasibility and efficacy of hepatic artery chemoembolization (HACE) in unresectable malignant liver tumors. Five patients aged from 1-12 years were treated in the Medical University of Gdansk from 1999 to 2002. All had locally advanced tumors, which did not respond to systemic chemotherapy: four, hepatoblastoma (HB) and one, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Arteriography was performed and chemoembolization suspension (cisplatin + doxorubicin + mitomycin mixed with lipiodol) was injected, followed by gelatin foam particles. The procedure was performed one to three times in each patient. In four patients (three, HB, one, fibrolamellar HCC), tumor response was observed, with decrease in the diameter of the mass of 25-33% and fall in the AFP level of 83-99%. One child with HB was non-evaluable due to early death caused by systemic myelotoxicity. Two patients (2 HB) underwent macroscopically complete tumor resection, 1 is alive and well, and 1 died at the end of surgery for an unknown reason (possibly related to cardiotoxicity of earlier systemic chemotherapy). One HB patient was successfully transplanted after two HACE courses. The only HCC patient died because of pulmonary oil embolism immediately after the third HACE course. HACE can lead to tumor regression in most cases and may be considered an alternative for patients with unresectable liver tumors who do not respond to primary systemic chemotherapy and are not candidates for liver transplantation for various reasons.     

术前化疗治疗肝母细胞瘤的应用价值

目的 通过总结22例经病理组织学确诊的肝母细胞瘤病例术前化疗的治疗效果,评价术前化疗对治疗肝母细胞瘤的应用价值.方法 回顾本院2000年3月至2006年12月期间收治的22例肝母细胞瘤的治疗经过,包括化疗前确诊方法、化疗方式、方案,手术时机的选择,治疗效果.结果本组化疗前采用B超引导下细针穿刺活检18例,明确诊断为肝母细胞瘤15例,疑似者3例.本组未经术前化疗I期手术切除肿瘤3例.经术前化疗并完成疗程延期手术14例,其中介入治疗2例,全身化疗12例,肿瘤体积在化疗后较化疗前平均缩小55.7%,完整切除肿瘤13例,肿瘤仍不能切除仅活检1例,化疗后肿瘤完整切除率为92.9%.化疗1～2个疗程后放弃继续治疗3例,化疗期间死亡1例.外院初次手术后肿瘤复发行肝移植1例,术后死于腹腔内出血.本组术后超过2年者10例,因肿瘤复发、转移死亡2例,术后不足2年者6例,存活5例,1例术后8个月时因肿瘤复发死亡.化疗后仅行活检者术后6个月死亡.结论化疗前必须经病理学确诊,采用B超引导下细针穿刺活检具有损伤小,确诊率高的特点.对不能工期切除的肿瘤,无论采用介入治疗或全身化疗均可使肿瘤明显缩小,对提高肝母细胞瘤的肿瘤完整切除率有很大的帮助.     

Surgical treatment of hepatoblastoma

Surgical resection remains the cornerstone of cure in hepatoblastoma (HB). Meticulous review of contrast enhanced CT/MR imaging facilitates PRETEXT and POST‐TEXT grouping to determine optimal timing and desired extent of liver resection. Excellent knowledge of liver anatomy is essential and the dissection must ensure protection of the vascular inflow and outflow to the remaining liver at all times. Referral to a liver specialty center in advanced cases may facilitate resectability. Potential surgical complications include bleeding, vascular injury, cardiac arrest, liver failure, and bile leak. The risk of complications can be minimized with preoperative planning, appropriate referral, and precise surgical technique. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 800–808. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Surgical treatment of hepatoblastoma in children

Hepatoblastoma is the most common liver malignancy in children. With rare exceptions, complete tumour resection is required to cure the patient. Radical tumour resection can be obtained either with standard partial hepatectomy or orthotopic liver transplantation. At present, the surgical approach to hepatoblastoma differs significantly between treatment groups in different parts of the world. Our aim was to review current surgical policy in hepatoblastoma. All aspects of surgery in hepatoblastoma are discussed, including biopsy, tumour resection principles, modern achievements in the field of liver surgery, and the indications and potential contraindications for liver transplantation. Every effort should be made to resect hepatoblastoma completely either by standard partial hepatectomy or by the use of liver transplantation in difficult or clearly unresectable cases.