葱白提取物对急性心肌缺血大鼠抗氧化作用的影响

目的：观察葱白提取物对急性心肌缺血大鼠抗氧化作用的影响。方法：将健康雄性SD大鼠40只,按体质量排序以随机数字表法分为假手术组、空白模型组、葱白提取物组和硝酸甘油组,每组各10只。成功制备急性心肌缺血模型后5min于十二指肠内给药,给药体积为2mL·kg-1。假手术组和空白模型组给与同等体积生理盐水,葱白提取物组按600mg·kg-1给药、硝酸甘油组按80mg·kg-1给药。结果：与假手术组比较,空白模型组大鼠ST段明显升高（P〈0．01）;与空白模型组比较,硝酸甘油组、葱白提取物组均可降低大鼠sT段（P〈0．01）,葱白提取物与硝酸甘油作用相当（P〉0．05）。与空白模型组心肌梗死面积及T—AOC比较,硝酸甘油组、葱白提取物组有显著差异（P〈0．01）,葱白提取物与硝酸甘油作用相当（P〉0．05）。与空白模型组SOD比较,硝酸甘油组、葱白提取物组有显著差异（P〈0．01）,葱白提取物作用弱于硝酸甘油（P〈0．05）。与空白模型组MDA比较,硝酸甘油组、葱白提取物组有显著差异（P〈0．01）,葱白提取物作用优于硝酸甘油（P〈0．05）。结论：葱白提取物可降低大鼠sT段,减少心梗面积,显著降低大鼠血清中MDA、升高SOD及T—AOC水平,对缺血心肌具有保护作用。     

葱白提取物对猪急性心肌缺血影响的实验研究

目的:通过观察葱白提取物对猪冠状动脉球囊封堵冠状动脉前降支所致的急性心肌缺血模型的影响,证实其对急性心肌缺血的保护作用.方法:猪24只,随机分为4组,每组6只,分别为空白模型组、假手术组、葱白提取物高剂量组(20mg·kg-1)和葱白提取物低剂量(10mg·kg-1).用球囊封堵冠状动脉前降支建立猪急性心肌缺血模型,观察葱白提取物对心电图ST段,心肌梗死面积(MIS),血清中磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)、磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB),肌钙蛋白I(cTnI),的影响.结果:葱白提取物能明显降低缺血程度(∑-ST),缩小缺血心肌的梗死面积(MIS),降低血清中磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)、磷酸肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)的活性(P均＜0.05).结论:葱白提取物具有保护猪急性心肌缺血心肌的作用,并具有量效关系.     

安心颗粒对大鼠急性心肌缺血的保护作用

目的 探讨安心颗粒对大鼠急性心肌缺血的保护作用.方法 取Wistar大鼠90只,随机分为假手术组、模型组、硝苯地平组和安心颗粒高、中、低(4,2,1g·kg-1)剂量组.各给药组术前连续灌胃给药4d,于末次给药后1h结扎左冠脉前降支,制备急性心肌缺血模型.结扎6h后氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)染色,测量心肌梗死面积,计算心肌梗死率;测定血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,确定心肌损伤程度.结果 模型组心肌梗死区湿重、心肌梗死率、LDH、CK、SOD含量与假手术组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);安心颗粒高、中剂量组与模型组比较,心肌梗死率显著降低(P<0.05);LDH和CK含量显著降低,SOD含量显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);安心颗粒高、中、低三个剂量组与模型组比较,AST含量显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01);安心颗粒低剂量组与模型组比较MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05).结论 安心颗粒对结扎大鼠左冠状动脉所造成的急性心肌缺血有显著的保护作用.     

川芎嗪、阿魏酸及其配伍对心肌缺血再灌注模型大鼠的保护作用及对黏附分子的影响

目的 观察川芎嗪、阿魏酸及其配伍对心肌缺血再灌注模型大鼠的保护作用.方法 122只SD大鼠随机分为对照组,模型组,假手术组,盐酸川芎嗪高、低剂量(18、9 mg/kg)组,阿魏酸高、低剂量(3、1.5 mg/kg)组及盐酸川芎嗪(9 mg/kg)配伍阿魏酸(1.5 mg/kg)组,舌下iv给药3 d.末次给药后5 min,制备大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型.再灌后6 h检测血清肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平,再灌后24 h检测缺血半暗带黏附分子表达.结果 与假手术组比较,模型组血清CK、LDH显著升高(P<0.05);心脏微血管内皮细胞表达黏附分子水平升高.各用药组不同程度降低血清CK、LDH水平,减少心肌组织E选择素、P选择素、ICAM-1 mRNA表达,其中盐酸川芎嗪配伍阿魏酸作用显著.结论 川芎嗪、阿魏酸及其配伍均可以通过抑制内皮细胞黏附分子E选择素、P选择素、ICAM-1 mRNA表达减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤,其中盐酸川芎嗪配伍阿魏酸作用显著.     

丹皮酚和芍药苷配伍对大鼠心肌缺血损伤的保护作用

目的:研究丹皮酚和芍药苷配伍对实验性心肌缺血大鼠心肌损伤的保护作用.方法:采用在体结扎大鼠心脏冠状动脉前降支法建立大鼠心肌缺血损伤模型.实验分为假手术组、模型组、阳性药对照组(复方丹参片840 mg·kg-1)、丹芍配伍高剂量组(丹皮酚100 mg·kg-1+芍药苷25 mg·kg-1)、丹芍配伍中剂量组(丹皮酚50 mg·kg-1+芍药苷12.5 mg·kg-1)、丹芍配伍低剂量组(丹皮酚25 mg·kg-1+芍药苷6.25 mg· kg -).ig给药容积10 mL·kg-1,连续给药5d,1次/d,假手术组和模型组ig等量生理盐水.观测大鼠心电图(ECG),测定大鼠血清天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性,硝基四氮唑蓝(N-BT)染色测定心肌梗死面积.结果:与梗死模型组比较,丹芍配伍高、中剂量组均可明显减轻冠脉结扎形成的大鼠急性心肌缺血性心电图的(ST段抬高及T波高耸)变化程度(P＜0.05),缩小心肌梗死面积(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),同时能够降低血清中AST、CK、LDH的升高程度(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论:丹芍配伍对大鼠急性心肌缺血损伤具有明显保护作用.     

参蒌双心丸对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:观察参蒌双心丸对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法:将80只雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为假手术组、模型组、合心爽组、丹蒌片组及参蒌双心丸0.35,0.7,1.4,2.8 g·kg-1组,各组大鼠采用冠状动脉左前降支穿线后即刻经给药,稳定10 min后结扎冠状动脉左前降支45 min,再灌注180 min的方法进行造模,假手术组只穿线不结扎,造模后,观察心肌梗死范围,检测血清肌酸激酶(CK),肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的变化。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠心肌梗死范围及血清中CK,CK-MB和LDH水平显著升高(P0.01);与模型组比较,除参蒌双心丸0.7 g·kg-1组,其余各组心肌梗死范围差异均有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01);与模型组比较,除参蒌双心丸2.8 g·kg-1组外,其余各组大鼠血清CK,LDH,CK-MB水平明显下降(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:参蒌双心丸可通过减小心肌梗死面积,降低血清心肌酶水平,发挥对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用。     

甘木通总黄酮抗心肌缺血的作用

目的:研究甘木通总黄酮抗心肌缺血作用。方法:取Wistar大鼠36只,随机分为6组,每组6只,假手术组、模型组、甘木通总黄酮低、中、高剂量组(8,16,32 mg·kg-1)和复方丹参片组(250 mg·kg-1),除假手术组外,其余大鼠采用结扎大鼠冠状动脉前降支制备心肌缺血模型,造模成功后ig给药,观察甘木通总黄酮对大鼠心电图ST段位移、血清心肌酶活力及心肌梗死范围的影响;昆明种小鼠30只,随机分为5组,分别为生理盐水组、甘木通总黄酮低、中、高剂量组(12,24,48 mg·kg-1)和复方丹参片组(360 mg·kg-1),采用小鼠密闭缺氧实验,观察甘木通总黄酮对小鼠耐缺氧存活时间的影响。结果:与假手术组比较,模型对照组心电图ST段即刻出现显著性抬高(P<0.01),血清谷草转氨酶(AST),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),肌酸肌酶同工酶(CK-MB)活力均显著升高(P<0.01),心肌梗死范围显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,甘木通总黄酮各剂量组均可不同程度地降低急性心肌缺血大鼠不同时间点心电图ST段抬高值(P<0.05),降低血清AST,LDH,CK含量(P<0.05,P<0.01),降低心肌梗死率(P<0.01),并呈现一定的剂量效应;还可显著延长小鼠常压耐缺氧时间(P<0.05)。与复方丹参片组比较均无差异。结论:甘木通总黄酮对心肌缺血具有显著的保护作用。     

山精胶囊对心肌缺血大鼠NF-κB信号通路相关凋亡蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究山精胶囊对心肌缺血大鼠核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路相关凋亡蛋白半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(Caspase-3),抗细胞凋亡B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病2基因(Bcl-2),促细胞凋亡Bcl-2相关X蛋白基因(Bax)表达的影响,探讨其对心肌缺血的保护作用和机制。方法:采用冠状动脉结扎法造模,4周后进行心电图检测,提示慢性心肌缺血模型成功,并筛选分组。山精胶囊低、中、高剂量组ig给药剂量分别为283.5,850.5,1 701.0 mg·kg-1;阳性药心安胶囊ig给药剂量为324.0mg·kg-1。假手术组和模型组ig给予同等剂量的0.9%的氯化钠注射液。每日ig给药1次,连续给药10 d。以心电图法观察其对大鼠心电图ST段的影响,检测血清中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),肌酸激酶(CK),天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)的含量,免疫组化法检测心肌组织中NF-κB,Caspase-3,Bax,Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果:与假手术组相比,模型组ST段显著抬高(P0.05),LDH,CK和AST活性显著升高(P0.05),心肌组织中的NF-κB,Caspase-3,Bax的蛋白表达水平显著增高(P0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著降低(P0.05);与模型组比较山精胶囊能明显抑制心肌缺血大鼠的ST段抬高,降低血清心肌酶LDH,CK,AST的活性(P0.05),显著降低NF-κB,Caspase-3,Bax蛋白表达(P0.05),提高Bcl-2的蛋白表达(P0.05)。结论:山精胶囊可能是通过调控NF-κB信号通路相关凋亡蛋白的表达,抑制心肌细胞凋亡,减少缺血缺氧对心肌细胞的病理损害,起到对心肌的保护作用。     

心悸宁对大鼠急性心肌缺血损伤的保护作用

目的:研究心悸宁对大鼠实验性心肌缺血损伤的保护作用。方法:采用舌下静脉注射垂体后叶素(Pit)所致大鼠心肌缺血模型,将SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组,模型对照组,步长稳心颗粒组(9.0 g·kg-1),心悸宁高、中、低剂量组(6.0,3.0,1.5 g·kg-1),分别记录各组注射Pit前、后各时间点心电图,比较T波的变化率及心率,测量血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量。采用冠状动脉左前降支结扎(LAD)所致大鼠心肌缺血模型,将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组,模型对照组,稳心颗粒组(9.0 g·kg-1)和心悸宁组(3.0 g·kg-1),分别给药4 d后进行LAD造模,造模成功者继续给药3 d后测定血流动力学指标,记录动脉血压(SBP,DBP)、心率(HR)、左心室收缩压(LVSP)、左心室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室等容期压力最大变化速率(±dp/dtmax),计算左室发展压(LVDP),测定血清中MDA,SOD,CK和LDH,以氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色确定心肌梗死面积。结果:心悸宁(6.0,3.0 g·kg-1)能明显缓解15 s,2,5 min时Pit所致大鼠心电图T波的改变(P<0.01或P<0.05),各剂量组均显著改善15 s(P<0.05),30 s(P<0.01)时的心率。心悸宁(6.0,3.0 g·kg-1)能显著增加Pit所致缺血大鼠的SOD活性和降低血清中LDH,CK,MDA的含量(P<0.01或P<0.05);心悸宁(3.0 g·kg-1)能明显降低LAD造模大鼠的MDA,LDH和CK(P<0.01或P<0.05)。心悸宁(3.0 g·kg-1)能明显升高LAD造模大鼠血流动力学指标LVSP,LVDP,+dp/dtmax(P<0.01或P<0.05)和降低LVEDP(P<0.01);显著缩小心肌梗死面积(P<0.05)。结论:心悸宁对大鼠急性心肌缺血损伤有明显的保护作用。     

川芎嗪预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤大鼠保护作用的实验研究

目的 探讨川芎嗪预处理对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用及其机制.方法 60只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组:假手术(sham)组、缺血再灌注损伤(IR)组、川芎嗪预处理组(LI);建立大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型,测定心肌SOD、GSH-Px活性和MDA含量,血清LDH、CK、TNF-α和LI-6水平.结果 与 IR组比较,LI组SOD.GSD-Px活性显著升高(P<001),MDA、LDH、CK、TNF吨和IL-6显著降低(P<0.01),MIS显著缩小(P<0.05);ST段降低.结论 川芎嗪可提高SOD、GSH-Px活性.抑制炎症反应,从而发挥心肌保护作用.     

The anxiolytic-like effects of Aloysia polystachya (Griseb.) Moldenke (Verbenaceae) in mice

The aim of the present work is to demonstrate the putative sedative and anxiolytic-like effects of a hydro-ethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of Aloysia polystachya (Verbenaceae) in male mice using several behavioural assays. Groups of male mice orally treated with doses of 1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 mg/kg of the extract did not show any significant alteration of their locomotor activity, body temperature or motor coordination. The same treatment increased the duration of the sleeping time induced by 30.0 mg/kg i.p. of sodium pentobarbital. However, the sleeping time induced by ethyl ether was not modified by the oral administration of the extract, not confirming the putative sedative effect of the plant. The ethanolic extract also significantly increased the percentage of both entries (1.0 and 100.0 mg/kg) and the time spent (10.0 and 100.0 mg/kg) into the open arms of the elevated plus maze (EPM). Nevertheless, the binding of (3)H-flunitrazepam ((3)H-FNZ) to the benzodiazepine binding site (BDZ-bs), in washed crude synaptosomal membranes from rat cerebral cortex, was not affected by the semi-purified components from Aloysia polystachya. These results indicate an anxiolytic-like profile of action for the extract of Aloysia polystachya without sedative side effect, being this activity probably mediated by other mechanism than BDZ-bs modulation at the GABA(A) receptors.     

N-(4-溴苄基)-N-(4-溴苄氧基)脲在大鼠体内的药动学研究

 目的 研究N-(4-溴苄基)-N-(4-溴苄氧基)脲(BBU)给药后药物在大鼠体内的血浆药动学特征,为新药开发提供参考依据。方法 单剂量600 mg·kg^-1N-(4-溴苄基)-N-(4-溴苄氧基)脲口服给药,应用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠体内N-(4-溴苄基)-N-(4-溴苄氧基)脲的浓度。结果 大鼠灌胃给予600 mg·kg^-1 N-(4-溴苄基)-N-(4-溴苄氧基)脲后,大鼠血浆中N-(4-溴苄基)-N-(4-溴苄氧基)脲的AUC_0-t和AUC_0-∞分别为110.55和122.79 mg·h·L^-1;t_1/2z和t_max平均值分别为3.71和3.67 h,ρ_max为17.49 mg·L^-1;N-(4-溴苄基)-N-(4-溴苄氧基)脲的CLz/F为4.97 L·h^-1·kg^-1,Vz/F为26.10 L·kg^-1,MRT_0-∞为6.71 h。结论 N-(4-溴苄基)-N-(4-溴苄氧基)脲一室模型和二室模型拟合效果参数非常接近,两种模型都可选择,但以二室模型为好。     

Effects of intraduodenal application of peppermint oil (WS(R) 1340) and caraway oil (WS(R) 1520) on gastroduodenal motility in healthy volunteers

Enteric-coated preparations containing a fixed peppermint oil/caraway oil combination (e.g. Enteroplant(R)) are widely used in patients with functional dyspepsia. The effect of a separate intraduodenal application of the active ingredients of Enteroplant(R) (90 mg peppermint oil (WS(R) 1340), 50 mg caraway oil (WS(R) 1520) per capsule) and of a hydrophobic phase galenic auxiliary material contained in the Enteroplant(R) formulation (dose as contained per capsule) on gastroduodenal motility were studied with stationary manometry in healthy volunteers. The carrier demanded by the experimental setup also served as a control. The results showed that: (1) during phase III of the migrating motor complex (MMC) the frequency and duration of contractions showed a significant decrease in the duodenum for WS(R) 1340; (2) WS(R) 1520 significantly reduced the contraction amplitudes in the duodenum during phase I and II of the MMC; (3) trends for decreased values were seen for WS(R) 1340 in the gastric corpus and duodenum and for WS(R) 1520 in the gastric antrum; (4) in the gastric corpus the duration of contractions was significantly reduced after application of WS(R) 1340 during phases I and II of the MMC; (5) WS(R) 1520 significantly reduced the contraction amplitudes and the duration of contractions in the gastric corpus during phase III of the MMC; (6) for the hydrophobic phase a moderate but significant decrease of duration of contractions in the duodenum and of frequency of contractions in the gastric corpus was seen. No adverse events were observed during the study. In conclusion, it could be shown that both WS(R) 1340 and WS(R) 1520 contribute to the efficacy of Enteroplant(R). They act locally in the stomach and duodenum to produce smooth-muscle relaxation. The effects of the active ingredients WS(R) 1340 and WS(R) 1520 substantially exceed the effects observed with the galenic auxiliary material and the carrier, respectively.     

The use of Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. (Rutaceae) in traditional medicine practice in East Africa

Toddalia asiatica (L) Lam. (Rutaceae) has been used by traditional health practitioners in East Africa for management of diseases, however, the extent of its usefulness has not been established to date. Fieldwork for this study was carried out in the Lake Victoria Basin between March and September 2006. The purpose was to collect ethnomedical information that will serve as a basis for further studies to establish current and potential medicinal uses. The ethnomedical information was obtained through interviews using semi-structured questionnaires. Consultative meetings were also conducted with traditional health practitioners and other members of the communities in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Results of this study show that Toddalia asiatica is collected in the wild, prepared mostly as decoctions or concoctions and administered orally. It is used for the management of a number of disease conditions. The most frequently cited diseases were stomach problems (78%) followed by malaria (25%). Cough (22%), chest pain (13%), food poisoning (8%), sore throat (7%), were also mentioned among other disease conditions treated. Validation studies of therapeutic claims will be carried out at a later date.     

Modulation of human basophil growth in vitro by xiao-qing-long-tang (syo-seiryu-to), chai-pu-tang (saiboku-to), qing-fei-tang (seihai-to), baicalein and ketotifen

Our previous study showed the inhibitory effect of Qing-Fei-Tang (Q.F.T.) and baicalein on the leukotriene (LT)B4 synthesis of human alveolar macrophages. It has recently been demonstrated that LTs support various cell growth, and basophil and its precursor numbers increase in atopic patients. Therefore, we examined the effect of anti-allergic drugs, including Q.F.T., Xiao-Qing-Long-Tang (X.Q.L.T.), Chai-Pu-Tang (C.P.T.), baicalein and ketotifen which have been used for treatment of bronchial asthma, on human basophil growth in vitro using cord blood mononuclear cells as a basophil precursor source and conditioned medium of T cell leukemia cell line Mo as a growth factor. Two-week cultured basophil numbers identified by alcian blue-safranin staining and those histamine contents assayed fluorometrically were inhibited by Q.F.T. (1.0 mg/ml), X.Q.L.T. (0.01-1.0 mg/ml), C.P.T. (0.01-1.0 mg/ml), baicalein (1-100 microM) or ketotifen (1-100 microM) in a dose-dependent manner while low dose (0.01-0.1 mg/ml) of Q.F.T. showed an enhancing effect on the basophil growth and the histamine content. However, LTB4 or LTC4 failed in restoring the basophil growth reduced by 1 mg/ml of C.P.T. or 100 microM of ketotifen. These results suggest that anti-allergic drugs may modulate basophil growth and differentiation in vitro and/or in vivo and therefore be useful and reasonable for controlling allergic diseases including bronchial asthma.     

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in migraine headache

Migraine is considered as a neurological disorder with little convincing evidence of the involvement of some vascular phenomenon. Recent understanding of the mechanisms behind migraine pain generation and perception have considerably helped the development of modern migraine drugs. Most migraine drugs in use, i.e., ergotamine and dihydroergotamine, iprazochrome, pizotifen and diazepam; and non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (i.e. aspirin, paracetamol, persantin, etc.) have side-effects and are prescribed with caution for a limited duration. Ginger is reported in Ayurvedic and Tibb systems of medicine to be useful in neurological disorders. It is proposed that administration of ginger may exert abortive and prophylactic effects in migraine headache without any side-effects.     

太阳病(风寒表证)白介素-1变化规律探讨

目的:探讨太阳病(风寒表证)白介素-1(IL-1)变化规律。方法:以文献报道"小鼠风寒表证"疾病模型制作方法为基础,结合预实验的经验制作动物模型,与正常组比较一周内白介素-1(IL-1)的变化。结果:正常组、实验组白介素-1(IL-1)表现为昼低夜高的变化;在风寒表证7天疾病周期中,实验组IL-1的表达高于正常组(P<0.01);实验组小鼠体内IL-1的表达逐渐上升,于发病第3天达到高峰,以后逐渐下降;实验组IL-1的变化曲线与正常组基本平行。结论:IL-1存在昼夜变化节律;IL-1的高表达出现在太阳病第2～3天,此后逐渐回落,基本吻合外感表证7天自愈的病程;实验组白介素-1(IL-1)水平昼低夜高的变化,与三阴病欲解于夜间,三阳病欲解于昼时的认识一致。     

Ethnoveterinary knowledge in Navarra (Iberian Peninsula)

Aim of the study

To collect, analyze and evaluate the ethnoveterinary knowledge about medicinal plants in a northern Iberian region (Navarra, 10,421 km², 620,377 inhabitants).

Methodology

Field work was conducted between 2003 and 2007, using semi-structured questionnaire and participant observation as well as transects walks in wild herbal plant collection areas. We performed semi-structured interviews with 667 informants (mean age 72; 55.47% women, 44.53% men) in 265 locations, identified the plant reported and analyzed the results, comparing them with those from other territories.

Results

Out of 287 species reported to be used in the health field (human and veterinary medicine), 36 are linked to veterinary medicine. 69.4% of these species are new or rarely reported in veterinarian uses. The most frequently used plants were Malva sylvestris, Juglans regia and Verbena officinalis. All different plant parts were used; aerial part was exploited more frequently than other plant parts. Most remedies listed used a single ingredient, typically soaked in water. The route of administration was primarily oral followed by topical applications. These remedies are mostly for cows, calves, sheep, pigs and horses, but cover almost all domestic animal species. The main ailments treated are digestive troubles, wounds and dermatological problems, and respiratory affections.

Conclusions

The folk knowledge about medicinal plant use is still alive in the studied region, and a number of scarcely reported plant uses has been detected, some of them with promising phytotherapeutical applications.     

中华雪胆化学成分研究(Ⅲ)

目的:研究中华雪胆化学成分。方法:应用色谱技术进行分离和纯化,采用UV,IR,MS,NMR等波谱技术鉴定结构。结果:从中华雪胆中分到8个三萜类化合物,分别为23,24-二氢葫芦素B(1),23,24-二氢葫芦素F-25-乙酸酯(2),葫芦素F(3),3-O-(6’-乙酯)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸基-齐墩果酸-28-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(4),齐墩果酸-3-O-(6’-甲酯)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸基-(1-3)-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(5),齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基(1-6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6),3-O-(6’-甲酯)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸基-齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-(1-6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7),3-O-(6’-甲酯)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸基-(1-2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)。结论:除化合物2外,其余化合物均是首次从中华雪胆中分离得到。     

谈《伤寒论》对桂枝、生姜、大枣和甘草的应用

桂枝主要作用为温经通脉,只要身体有经脉痹阻之证,皆可使用。大枣补中。生姜发散表邪。甘草生用补气生津,清热解毒;炙用温中健脾,和里缓急。《伤寒论》中,四药合用,温通经脉,解表散邪;生姜、大枣、甘草合用,解表散邪,补益中焦,生姜、大枣合用,调和营卫,补益脾胃;大枣、甘草合用,养营调中,扶正祛邪。仲景将这四味药与诸多药物配伍,巧妙地运用于临床,从而治愈多种疾病。