肛门括约肌肌电图对多系统萎缩Onuf核损伤的判断

目的分析多系统萎缩的肛门括约肌肌电图特点,探讨其在多系统萎缩Onuf核损伤判断中的价值。方法多系统萎缩患者68例和肌萎缩侧索硬化15例,分别行肛门括约肌肌电图检查,观察静息时有无自发电位;轻收缩(自然状态)时运动单位电位的平均时限、平均波幅、多相波百分比、有无卫星电位;大力收缩(缩肛)时的相型和波幅。对两组各参数进行统计分析。结果多系统萎缩患者组65例(95.6%)肛门括约肌肌电图有不同程度的改变,肌萎缩侧索硬化组未发现异常变化。运动单位电位的平均时限、平均波幅、多相波百分比、自发电位两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.001,P<0.01,P<0.001)。结论多系统萎缩肛门括约肌肌电图的改变,能反映多系统萎缩的Onuf核选择性的弥漫性细胞脱失的特性。在怀疑多系统萎缩Onuf核损伤时,该项检查对损伤的判断有较大价值。     

多系统萎缩患者的尿道括约肌和肛门括约肌肌电图对比分析

目的 比较多系统萎缩(MSA)患者尿道括约肌肌电图(US-EMG)和肛门括约肌肌电图(EAS-EMG)变化特征.方法 对拟诊的9例MSA患者行US-EMG和EAS-EMG测定.分别测定运动单位的平均时限、平均波幅、轻收缩波幅、多相波以及大力收缩募集电位共5组数据,并统计分析组间差异.结果 9例MSA患者US-EMG与EAS-EMG两种检查方法均证实7例患者肌电图结果呈神经源性损伤,两种检查结果中平均波幅[( 1063.44±499.92) μV与(634.89±265.07) μV]、多相波[中位数(四分位数间距),分别为0(0,20％)与57％ (28％,63％)]差异有统计学意义(t=2.567,P=0.033;t =2.833,P=0.012).结论 US-EMG和EAS-EMG在MSA诊断中均具有较特异的诊断价值,虽然US-EMG检查实施有一定技巧性和难度,但其轻收缩波幅等指标的异常对于仅有排尿障碍而无便秘的MSA可能具有更为显著的诊断价值.     

多系统萎缩20例患者肛门括约肌肌电图特点分析

目的 分析多系统萎缩(MSA)患者肛门括约肌肌电图(EAS—EMG)的特点，探讨EAS—EMG在MSA中的诊断价值。方法 2001年6月至2002年6月问我院神经内科门诊和病房收治的临床诊断MSA共20例，按照诊断指南分为拟诊MSA(12例)和可能MSA(8例)两组，行EAS—EMG检查。观察有无自发电位；运动单位动作电位(MuPs)的平均时限、平均波幅、多相波百分比、平均相数、有无卫星电位；大力收缩时的相型和波幅。比较两组间上述指标的差异，同时分析EAS—EMG与自主神经功能障碍的关系。结果 全组EAS-EMG的异常率为100%，与临床症状的总体符合率为80．0％，拟诊MSA组和可能MSA组分别为91．7％和62．5%。EMG各项指标在两组之间无明显差异。尿便功能障碍患者的平均时限、平均时限超过10ms的百分比和卫星电位出现率明显高于无尿便功能障碍者。性功能障碍患者的平均时限超过10ms的百分比明显高于无性功能障碍者。结论 全部MSA患者的EAS—EMG都有不同程度的异常，自主神经功能障碍，特别是尿便障碍和性功能障碍对EAS—EMG有一定影响。     

肛门括约肌肌电图对多系统萎缩诊断价值的研究进展

多系统萎缩(MSA)是一种少见的,散发的慢性神经系统变性疾病。MSA出现骶髓前角选择性的细胞脱失,同时伴有残留运动神经元的侧枝芽生。肛门括约肌肌电图(EAS-EMG)表现为时限延长、多相波增多、出现自发电位或卫星电位等神经源性损害的改变。在怀疑MSA时该项检查可作为常规的电生理检查方法。本文就近年EAS-EMG在MSA诊断中的应用作一综述。     

MRI、EAS-EMG和TCS鉴别多系统萎缩P型和帕金森病的价值

目的探讨头部磁共振成像(MRI)、肛门括约肌肌电图(EAS-EMG)和经颅超声成像(TCS)三种辅助检查对多系统萎缩P型(MSA-P型)和帕金森病(PD)的鉴别诊断价值。方法选取临床确诊的21例MSA-P型和33例PD患者,均行MRI、EAS-EMG、TCS检查且病历资料全面并保存完整。采用ROC曲线对其MRI、EASEMG、TCS结果进行对比分析。结果 MSA-P型组的壳核裂隙征、MUP平均时限、平均波幅、多相波百分比、自发电位发生率、卫星电位发生率均高于PD组,但黑质高回声面积、黑质高回声总面积与中脑总面积比值均低于PD组(均P<0.01)。ROC曲线显示,在两者的鉴别诊断方面,壳核裂隙征的特异度最高(97.0%),黑质高回声面积的敏感度最高(81.0%),MUP平均时限的曲线下面积(AUC)最高(0.781);三种指标联合对两者鉴别诊断的敏感度为95.2%,AUC为0.939,鉴别诊断价值极高。结论 MRI、EAS-EMG、TCS对鉴别MSA-P型和PD的价值各不相同,互为补充,且三种指标联合具有良好的鉴别诊断价值。     

斜方肌肌电图在肌萎缩侧索硬化早期诊断中的应用

目的 探讨斜方肌肌电图在检测肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)延髓部下运动神经元损害中的价值.方法 对100例ALS患者、80例颈椎病患者和100名健康志愿者进行斜方肌肌电图检测,AKS组和颈椎病组同时进行胸锁乳突肌、第一骨间肌、腹直肌、胫前肌肌电图检测,比较3组肌电图的差异.颈椎病组中43例患者进行手术前后斜方肌肌电图比较.结果 ALS组中,病程≤8个月的患者斜方肌肌电图自发电位的出现率高于病程>8个月者[分别为21/30(70%)和28/70(40%),X~2=7.56,P=0.004];斜方肌肌电图与胸锁乳突肌肌电图异常率比较差异无统计学意义.ALS组[波幅(1086.9±152.6)μV,时限(17.2±6.5)ms,多相波23.6%±3.4%]与对照组[波幅(606.7±82.7)μV,时限(11.6±1.8)ms,多相波12.8%±2.2%;q=9.27、4.57、4.12,均P<0.01]、ALS组与颈椎病组[术前,波幅(615.7±90.3)μV,时限(12.1±2.0)ms,多相波13.5%±2.4%]间运动单位动作电位(MUAP)各参数比较,差异有统计学意义(q=8.32、4.25、4.23,均P<0.01).颈椎病患者手术前后斜方肌肌电图MUAP各参数无明显变化,5例术后发现少量自发电位.结论 斜方肌肌电图可作为检测ALS延髓部下运动神经元损害的辅助手段,特别是早期可见自发电位增多. 1.6±1.8)ms,多相波12.8%±2.2%;q=9.27、4.57、4.12,均P<0.01]、ALS组与颈椎病组[术前,波幅(615.7±90.3)μV,时限(12.1±2.0)ms,多相波13.5%±2.4%]间运动单位动作电位(MUAP)各参数比较,差异有统计学意义(q=8.32、4.25、4.23,均P< .01).颈椎病患者手术前后斜方肌肌电图MUAP各参数无明显变化,5例术后发现少量自发电位.结论 斜方肌肌电图可作为检测ALS延髓部下运动神经元损害的辅助手段,特别是早期可见自发电位增多. 1.6±1.8)ms,多相波12.8%±2.2%;q=9.27、4.57、4.12,均P<0.01]、ALS组与颈椎病组[术前,波幅(615.7±90.3)μV,时限(12.1±     

肛门括约肌肌电图对多系统萎缩与帕金森病的诊断价值

目的探讨肛门括约肌肌电图(EAS-EMG)对多系统萎缩(MSA)与帕金森病(PD)的诊断价值。方法对477例PD患者(PD组)及171例MSA患者(MSA组)进行EAS-EMG检查。采用ROC曲线对MUP平均时限、波幅、平均位相、多相波百分比、时限10 ms百分比、卫星电位百分比进行分析。结果与PD组比较,MSA组患者EAS-EMG指标均显著升高(均P0.01)。MSA组MSA-P型及MSA-C型患者男性比率、年龄及EAS-EMG指标差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。ROC曲线显示,平均时限(最佳临界值:10.75,敏感性:84%,特异性:55%)和MUP时限10 ms百分比(最佳临界值:57.5%,敏感性:81%,特异性:54%)对MSA和PD具有良好的鉴别诊断价值。与PD组比较,不同病程MSA患者平均时限均显著升高(均P0.01)。ROC曲线显示,病程≤1年的平均时限曲线下面积(AUC)为0.682,最佳临界值为10.55 ms,敏感性为82%,特异性为48%;1年病程≤3年的平均时限AUC为0.819,最佳临界值为11.15 ms,敏感性为75%,特异性为76%;3年病程≤5年的平均时限AUC为0.773,最佳临界值为12.60 ms,敏感性为48%,特异性为95%。结论 EAS-EMG平均时限和MUP时限10 ms百分比对MSA和PD均具有良好的诊断价值,但不同病程的平均时限最佳临界值不同,因此需将病程和平均时限值结合起来进行分析。     

腹直肌肌电图在肌萎缩侧索硬化诊断中的价值

目的建立腹直肌肌电图运动单位动作电位(MUAP)各参数正常参考值,并探讨其在诊断肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)中的价值。方法对ALS组67例患者(其中有呼吸困难症状者19例)进行常规肌电图检测,包括上、下肢远近端肌肉、胸锁乳突肌、下胸段脊旁肌及腹直肌,测定自发电位、募集相、MUAP时限、波幅及多相波,其中脊旁肌只检测自发电位和募集相。对健康对照组109名健康志愿者进行腹直肌肌电图的检测。比较ALS组腹直肌肌电图与健康组的差异、ALS组中腹直肌肌电图与下胸段脊旁肌肌电图的差异以及腹直肌肌电图与呼吸障碍症状的关系。结果健康对照组腹直肌肌电图的MUAP参数分别为:波幅(373·78±56·46)μV,时限(9·95±1·13)ms,多相波(19·40±4·52)%;ALS组腹直肌肌电图的MUAP各参数分别为:波幅(537·19±159·04)μV,时限(13·02±1·30)ms,多相波(31·19±8·84)%,ALS组腹直肌肌电图各参数与健康对照组相比差异有统计学意义;ALS组腹直肌肌电图神经源性改变(63/67,94·0%)与下胸段脊旁肌肌电图(57/67,85·1%)的差异无统计学意义;有呼吸困难症状患者的腹直肌肌电图自发电位(18/19,94·7%)多于无呼吸困难症状患者(32/48,66·7%)。结论腹直肌肌电图各参数均能可靠、稳定地测出,可作为检测ALS患者胸段下运动神经元病变的辅助手段。     

不同阶段肌萎缩侧索硬化患者肌电图的研究

目的研究不同阶段肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)患者的定量肌电图(EMG)表现,寻找早期诊断ALS的敏感电生理指标。方法对60例ALS患者进行定量EMG检查,分析不同阶段运动单位动作电位(MUPs)多相参数、自发电位和大力收缩募集相变化,并与健康对照组进行比较。结果不同阶段ALS EMG表现不同,从最早期阶段到最后阶段可分为N0~N56个连续的电生理阶段。N2期MUPs的时限、波幅、面积、运动单位指数(SI)、多相波数值均较健康对照组显著升高(均P<0·001),N0、N4期MUPs部分多相参数数值明显升高(P<0·05);自发电位在病变的各个阶段均可见到,以N2~N5多见,分别为63·6%、83·0%、91·2%、100%。结论ALS患者早期阶段如出现自发电位,即为下运动神经元受累的特征表现;定量EMG检查中运动单位面积和波幅增大是其显著特点。     

多系统萎缩患者的临床表现、MRI、肛门括约肌肌电图分析

目的分析多系统萎缩患者(MSA)临床表现、头部MRI、肛门括约肌肌电图改变特点,探讨它们在MSA诊断的价值。方法按Gilman诊断标准,回顾性分析46例MSA患者的临床资料、头部MRI及肛门括约肌肌电图检查结果。结果符合很可能MSA39例,可能MSA7例,其中MSA-A型24例,主要临床表现为自主神经功能障碍;MSA-C型16例,主要表现为小脑性共济失调;MSA-P型6例,主要表现为锥体外系症状。MRI显示部分MSA-A患者出现大脑皮质萎缩,小脑改变较轻;MSA-C型主要表现为延髓、脑桥、小脑萎缩;MSA-P主要病变在壳核和苍白球,而小脑、脑桥、延髓病变早期可以不明显。部分患者出现脑桥十字征和壳核裂隙征。36例患者做肛门括约肌肌电图检查,全部出现神经源性损害。结论 MSA早期诊断难度大,结合临床表现、头部MRI检查及肛门括约肌肌电图检查,可提高MSA的诊断准确率。     

Anal sphincter EMG in the diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes

Winge K, Jennum P, Lokkegaard A, Werdelin L. Anal sphincter EMG in the diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes.
Acta Neurol Scand: 2010: 121: 198–203.
© 2009 The Authors Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Munksgaard. Background – The role of electromyography (EMG) recorded from the external anal sphincter (EAS) in the diagnosis of atypical parkinsonian syndromes is a matter for continuous debate. Most studies addressing this issue are retrospective. Methods – In this study, we prospectively investigated six patients with Parkinson’s Disease (IPD), 14 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and eight with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) using EMG of the EAS, motor‐evoked potential (MEP) to the EAS and EMG of m. gastrocnemius and nerve conduction velocity measured at the sural nerve. Patients were followed up for 2 years to secure correct diagnosis. Results – The mean duration of motor unit potentials (MUPs) recorded from the EAS was significantly longer in patients with MSA and PSP compared with MUPs recorded from patients with PD (P < 0.005 for both). There were no signs of diffuse loss of motor neurons or peripheral neuropathy. MEP revealed signs of supranuclear affection in patients with MSA, whereas in patients with PSP the mechanism is a focal loss of motor neurons in Onuf’s nucleus. Conclusion – Abnormal EMG of the EAS is strongly suggestive of atypical parkinsonism and the pathophysiology may be different in patients with MSA and PSP.     

When is Onuf's nucleus involved in multiple system atrophy? A sphincter electromyography study

BACKGROUND: External anal sphincter (EAS) electromyography (EMG) abnormalities can distinguish multiple system atrophy (MSA) from Parkinson's disease in the first five years after disease onset. However, the prevalence of the abnormalities in the early stages of MSA is unknown. OBJECTIVES: To present EAS-EMG data in the various stages of MSA. METHODS: 84 patients with "probable" MSA were recruited (42 men, 42 women; mean age 62 years (range 47 to 78); mean disease duration 3.2 years (0.5 to 8.0; <1 year in 25%); 50 cerebellar form (MSA-C), 34 parkinsonian form (MSA-P)). EAS motor unit potential (MUP) analysis and EMG cystometry were carried out in all patients. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of neurogenic change of the EAS MUP was 62%-52% in the first year after disease onset, increasing to 83% by the fifth year (p<0.05); it also increased with severity of gait disturbance (p<0.05), storage and voiding disorders, and detrusor sphincter dyssynergy (NS). The neurogenic change was not correlated with sex, age, MSA-P/C, postural hypotension, constipation, erectile dysfunction in men, underactive or acontractile detrusor, or detrusor overactivity. In 17 incontinent patients without detrusor overactivity or low compliance, urinary incontinence was more severe in those with neurogenic change than in those without (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Involvement of Onuf's nucleus in MSA is time dependent. Before the fifth year of illness, the prevalence of neurogenic change does not seem to be high, so a negative result cannot exclude the diagnosis of MSA.     

Standardization of anal sphincter electromyography: normative data.

OBJECTIVES: Electromyography (EMG) of the external anal sphincter (EAS) is important in the evaluation of conus/cauda lesions, the differential diagnosis of parkinsonism and anal incontinence. The aim of our study was to establish normative data in a sufficiently large group of healthy subjects, using a rigorously standardized examination technique. METHODS: Sixty-four subjects (aged 19-83 years) without pelvic or neurological disorders were included. Motor unit potentials (MUPs)/interference pattern (IP) samples were obtained from the EAS using multi-MUP and turn/amplitude analyses, respectively. The effect of age, gender, parity, and constipation on MUP/IP parameters was studied. For MUP parameters the lower/upper limits for mean values, and 'outlier' limits, and for IP parameters normal 'clouds' were calculated. RESULTS: From 112 muscles 15-30 MUPs were sampled. As no effect of evaluated factors on mean values could be demonstrated, common reference values were calculated. Lower/higher limits for mean values were: amplitude 148/661 microV, duration 3.2/7.8 ms, area 87/625 microVms, and number of phases 2. 3/3.7. 'Outlier' limits for individual MUPs were: amplitude 84/1315 microV, duration 1.6/13.8 ms, area 46/1222 microVms, number of phases 2/6. From 95 muscles 2706 IP samples were obtained. CONCLUSIONS: The presented normative data should allow valid quantitative EMG of the EAS muscle in patients.     

Bilateral vs. unilateral electromyographic examination of the external anal sphincter muscle.

AIM OF THE STUDY: In patients with cauda equina or conus medullaris lesions, bilateral electromyographic (EMG) examination of the subcutaneous external anal sphincter (EAS) muscles has been suggested. In spite of its circular shape, EAS should be considered as two separate semicircular muscles. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that information obtained by bilateral examination of the EAS muscle outweighs inconvenience due to additional needle insertions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A group of 67 patients with clinical and radiological data supportive of cauda equina or conus medullaris lesion was studied. From the subcutaneous EAS muscles motor unit potentials (MUPs) were sampled by the standard concentric EMG needle electrode, and an advanced EMG system with template operated multi-MUP analysis. Severity of EMG abnormalities was determined, and compared in 48 pairs of the left/right subcutaneous EAS muscles. RESULTS: In 18 patients, bilateral EMG abnormalities were found, in five of them asymmetry of involvement was demonstrated. Unilateral MUP abnormalities were found in 22 patients. The sensitivity of unilateral EMG analysis was 57% and of bilateral examination, 83%. CONCLUSION: In patients with suspected cauda equina lesions, as a rule, bilateral EMG of the subcutaneous EAS muscle is recommended.     

Anal sphincter EMG does not distinguish between multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease

Clinical distinction of multiple system atrophy (MSA) from Parkinson's disease (PD) is often difficult. Several recent reports indicate that objective classification may be accomplished using electromyographic (EMG) testing of the anal or urethral sphincters, but some authors have found that these tests are not reliable for this purpose. We studied 13 patients with PD and 10 with probable MSA, as diagnosed by consensus of four movement disorders specialists, according to accepted clinical criteria. Anal sphincter EMG was performed blind to the clinical diagnosis. We found no significant differences in the mean duration of motor unit potentials (MUPs), mean MUP amplitude, or prevalence of polyphasic potentials, satellite potentials, very long duration MUPs, or spontaneous activity between the two groups. Thus, anal sphincter EMG does not differentiate between PD and MSA.     

Quantitative anal sphincter EMG in multisystem atrophy and 100 controls

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate data of quantitative anal sphincter EMG in normal controls and to compare them with patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA). METHODS: Quantitative anal sphincter EMG were performed on 100 normal controls and 11 patients with MSA to characterise EMG data in these two groups. RESULTS: In the normal controls, there was a trend for increased motor unit potential (MUP) amplitude, duration, area, and polyphasicity with advancing age. Patients with MSA exhibited similar MUP size and fibre density. Significant differences were found only in parameters of the recruitment pattern, which were reduced in MSA, with a diminution in the number of active MUPs during rest. CONCLUSIONS: These results may reflect either decreased number of motor cells in Onuf's nucleus without significant consequential reinnervation, or upper motor neuron involvement affecting the anal sphincter in MSA. They further underline the importance of comparative data for age matched controls.     

How to diagnose MSA early: the role of sphincter EMG

Summary. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a degenerative disease manifesting a combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar, pyramidal, and autonomic (including urinary, sexual and anorectal) dysfunction. It is pathomorphologically defined, but lacks a definitive clinical diagnostic test. In patients with probable MSA, abnormal sphincter EMG, as compared to control subjects, has been found in the majority of patients in all the different forms of the disease in most studies, including patients who, as yet, have no urological or anorectal problems. Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) as a rule do not show marked sphincter EMG abnormalities in the first five years of the disease. Thus, abnormal spontaneous activity or marked motor unit potential changes in sphincter muscles are helpful in distinguishing MSA from PD in the first five years after the onset of symptoms and signs, and from pure autonomic failure, as well as from cerebellar ataxias, if other causes for sphincter denervation have been ruled out. EMG does not distinguish MSA from progressive supranuclear palsy. How early in the course of MSA these abnormalities become significant enough to support diagnosis remains to be established by prospective studies.     

39例多系统萎缩的神经电生理特点分析

目的:观察多系统萎缩(MSA)患者神经电生理改变,探讨神经电生理对MSA的诊断价值。方法:22例行肢体骨骼肌肌电图(EMG)和神经传导速度(NCV)检测,39例均行肛门括约肌肌电图(EAS-EMG)检测,35例行脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)检测,26例行下肢体感诱发电位(SEP)检测,10例行视觉诱发电位(VEP)检测。电生理检查结果与本科检查室正常值比较。结果:肢体骨骼肌EMG和NCV的异常率为36．4％,肛门括约肌EMG异常率为89。7％,均呈神经源性受损表现;诱发电位的异常出现率分别为:BAEP(57．1％)、SEP(34．1％)、VEP(21．4％)。结论:神经电生理检测对于MSA的早期诊断有一定的帮助,可提高诊断的准确性。     

帕金森病与多系统萎缩患者交感神经皮肤反应电位的比较研究

目的探讨帕金森病和多系统萎缩患者交感神经皮肤反应电位所显示的自主神经功能障碍的差异性,以为二者鉴别诊断提供临床依据。方法采用MEB-9200K型肌电诱发电位仪分别对受试者进行交感神经皮肤反应电位检测,以波形潜伏期〉x＋2．50）s、波幅低于均值的50％或未引出波形作为异常标准,分析帕金森病与多系统萎缩患者交感神经皮肤反应电位异常特征和病程等之间的相关性。结果与正常对照组受试者相比,帕金森病组和多系统萎缩组患者交感神经皮肤反应电位检测显示四肢潜伏期延长、波幅降低（P〈0．05）,但帕金森病组与多系统萎缩组之间差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）;其中多系统萎缩组交感神经皮肤反应电位总异常率（P=0．018）和双侧异常率（P=0．035）均高于帕金森病组。帕金森病组病程≤3年者交感神经皮肤反应电位异常率与病程〉3年者比较,差异具有统计学意义（P=0．033）;多系统萎缩组病程≤3年患者交感神经皮肤反应电位异常率与病程〉3年者比较,差异无统计学意义（P=0．285）。结论多系统萎缩患者交感神经皮肤反应电位异常出现早,且多呈双侧改变,表明其自主神经功能障碍更严重、更广泛。     

Which patients need referral for anal sphincter electromyography?

Needle electromyography (EMG) of lower sacral myotomes is useful in certain patients with urinary, bowel, or sexual dysfunction. The aim of the study was to identify the clinical profile of patients who require such testing. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed, and findings evaluated using bivariate and multivariate statistics. A neuropathic condition affecting the lower sacral segments was diagnosed by quantitative concentric needle EMG of the external anal sphincter (EAS) muscle. Neuropathic changes in the EAS were found in 85 (44%) of 193 patients studied. On ordinal logistic regression analysis, bladder-emptying difficulties and perineal sensory loss were significantly related to the presence of a neuropathic EMG. No guidelines for referral for anal sphincter EMG could be defined that would include all patients with neuropathic abnormalities in the lower sacral segments. However, patients with bladder-emptying difficulties and perineal sensory loss seem to be the most suitable candidates for testing.