冠状动脉旁路移植同期行二尖瓣成形术治疗缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全

目的总结缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全（IMR）患者同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）和二尖瓣成形术的临床经验,以提高手术疗效。方法对36例IMR行CABG加同期二尖瓣成形术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。共移植血管93支,平均每例2.58支。二尖瓣成形采用Carpentier环6例,Duran环14例,交界褥式环缩16例;edgetoedge技术6例,后叶楔形切除2例。结果住院死亡5例（13.89%）,死亡原因：低心排血量、循环功能衰竭、肾功能衰竭和脑梗死。术后随访21例,失访10例,随访时间26.4±5.6个月,远期死亡3例。生存患者心功能分级（NYHA）级14例,级3例,级1例。随访期间复查超声心动图提示：二尖瓣无反流或微量反流4例,轻度反流13例,中度反流4例;心功能明显改善。结论对冠状动脉多支病变合并中度IMR患者应慎重选择二尖瓣成形手术,单纯CABG可能是首选的治疗方案。CABG同期行二尖瓣成形术治疗IMR早期效果较好,远期复发率高,但多数患者不需再次手术治疗。     

外科治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并冠心病的处理策略及早中期结果

目的总结肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的患者行改良扩大Morrow术时同期冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的围术期处理策略及早期结果。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月阜外医院住院二部实施手术治疗的HOCM合并冠心病32例患者的临床资料,男20例、女12例,年龄37～67(53.7±8.7)岁;术前出现胸闷症状者24例,胸痛症状者14例,晕厥史6例。手术前后及随访期常规行心脏超声心动图、心电图及胸部X线片、核磁共振检查,评价心功能、左室流出道及二尖瓣的结构和功能变化。结果全部患者均接受改良扩大Morrow术联合CABG,术前左室流出道峰值压差(LVOTG)为40～152(79.6±28.7)mm Hg,同期行心肌桥松解术4例,二尖瓣置换术2例,二尖瓣成形术3例,三尖瓣成形术3例,改良迷宫手术2例。全组无术中死亡及术后30 d内死亡。患者合并行CABG的分支包括前降支26例,对角支16例,回旋支8例,右冠状动脉11例。合并行CABG搭桥1支的患者15例,合并行CABG搭桥2支的患者5例,合并行CABG搭桥3支的患者12例,平均CABG支数(1.9±0.6)支。术后住ICU时间1～13(4.1±2.8)d,术后住院时间6～30(12.6±5.5)d,术后未见严重并发症,术后切口愈合不良1例,术后新发左束支传导阻滞6例。术后左室流出道峰值压差[(79.6±28.7) mm Hg vs.(10.8±5.9)mm Hg,P0.001],室间隔厚度[(1.9±0.4)cm vs.(1.3±0.5)cm,P0.001]与术前比较均明显降低。术后二尖瓣反流程度较术前明显减轻(P0.001),二尖瓣前向运动(SAM征)基本消失。本组术后随访6～68 (38.8±20.6)个月,随访患者症状均消失,心功能(NYHA)分级级别较术前降低Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术。结论对于HOCM合并冠心病的患者行改良扩大Morrow术时同时行CABG是安全的。可明显改善患者的生存率及症状,起到协同作用,不增加患者的手术并发症。     

冠心病合并慢性中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的 探讨冠心病合并中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全(IMR)的外科治疗及其预后.方法 从1998年1月至2006年5月共收治冠心病合并中度IMR患者28例,均为冠状动脉病变合并单纯二尖瓣关闭不全,手术均在中度低温体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和同期二尖瓣手术.二尖瓣成形术(MVP)24例,其中Reed法成形9例,Reed法成形同时加成形环8例,脱垂二尖瓣叶切除同时加成形环7例;二尖瓣置换术(MVR)4例,其中置换机械瓣1例,生物瓣3例.结果 术后早期无死亡患者,应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)1例.术后随访26例,随访3～80个月,平均41个月,远期死亡2例(MVP 1例、MVR 1例).随访MVP患者生存22例,心功能Ⅰ级13 例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,较术前明显改善;多普勒超声心动图检查二尖瓣无反流5例,微量反流7例,轻度反流6例,中度反流3例,重度反流1例,左房容积(LAV)54.1±12.7ml,左心室舒张期末容积(LVEDV)60.9±14.8 ml,左心室射血分数(LVEF)0.59±0.15,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).随访MVR患者生存2例,心功能Ⅰ级1 例,Ⅱ级1例;多普勒超声心动图检查瓣膜功能良好.结论 对冠心病合并中度IMR患者应在行CABG时同期进行处理,IMR处理的方法以MVP同时加用成形环的早期临床效果较好,但是对左室功能差和左室壁运动异常的患者远期效果需要进一步观察.     

中-重度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全外科治疗的中期效果

目的 探讨中-重度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全（ischemic mitral regurgitation,IMR）患者治疗方案及疗效评价。方法 回顾性分析2014年6月—2019年6月于北部战区总医院接受外科治疗的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病合并中-重度IMR患者的临床资料。按手术方式将患者分为两组：冠状动脉旁路移植术（coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG）组（CABG组），CABG+二尖瓣手术（mitral valve surgery,MVS）组（CABG+MVS组）。对两组患者的术前、术后临床资料进行对比分析。结果 共纳入105例患者，其中男75例、女30例，年龄40～79(62.70±7.90)岁。CABG组34例，CABG+MVS组71例（二尖瓣成形42例、二尖瓣置换29例）。围术期死亡5例，术后3个月死亡2例，7例均为CABG+MVS组患者，两组围术期和术后3个月死亡率差异无统计学意义（P=0.14）。中远期随访87例，两组患者术前二尖瓣反流程度（P=0.59）和左房内径（P=0.51）差异无统计学意义，而术后CABG组患者的二尖瓣反流程度明显大于C...     

缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的　探讨缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗方法 ,分析影响手术疗效的因素。方法　1998年 4月至 2 0 0 3年 11月 ,外科治疗 4 4例冠心病缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全 ,其中轻～中度 7例 ,中度 2 4例 ,重度 13例。行二尖瓣成形术 30例 ,其中交界区瓣环成形术 12例 ,用人工瓣环行瓣环成形术 17例 ,1例行双孔二尖瓣成形 ;4例同时行后瓣叶楔形切除 ,1例作腱索转移。瓣膜置换术 14例 ,置入双叶机械瓣 12例 ,生物瓣 2例。结果　全组手术死亡 7例 ,其中低心排出量综合征或心衰死亡 4例 ,心律失常 2例 ,脑栓塞 1例。 33例术后平均随访 2 0个月 ,远期死亡 2例 ,生存者远期心功能I～II级 2 9例 ,III级 2例。术后超声复查左心室内径较术前明显缩小 [(6 2 3± 6 3)mm对 (5 4 3± 7 1)mm]。行瓣膜成形术者远期复查超声显示无反流或轻微反流 12例 ,轻度反流 5例 ,中度反流 2例。瓣膜置换术者 12例出现瓣周漏 ,其余病例瓣膜功能良好。统计分析显示 ,左心室功能、临床心功能级别与手术风险相关。结论　冠心病合并二尖瓣关闭不全应积极处理 ,手术矫治方式应根据瓣膜病理改变及心功能决定 ,尽量施行瓣膜成形术。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术+二尖瓣成形术治疗冠心病合并缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全患者的疗效评价

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)+二尖瓣成形术(PBMV)治疗冠心病(CHD)合并缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全(IMR)的效果。方法选取2018-01-2019-01间郑州市第七人民医院收治的150例CHD合并IMR患者,按照手术方案分为2组,各75例。对照组采用CABG+二尖瓣置换术(MVR),观察组采用CABG+PBMV。比较2组治疗时间及术前、术后即刻心功能,包括左室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末期内径(LVESD)。结果观察组ICU、术后呼吸机、住院时间均短于对照组,术后即刻LVEF大于对照组,LVEDD、LVESD小于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CABG+PBMV治疗CHD合并IMR能缩短治疗时间,改善心功能。     

冠心病合并二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗

目的　探讨冠心病合并二尖瓣关闭不全 (MR)的外科治疗方法。方法　 1994年 4月至2 0 0 0年 10月 ,同期手术治疗冠心病合并MR病人 34例 ,其中二尖瓣轻度反流 1例 ,中度反流 2 5例 ,重度反流 8例。二尖瓣的病理改变主要表现为单纯瓣环扩大、瓣叶脱垂或二尖瓣腱索断裂。手术均在低温体外循环下进行。二尖瓣成形 (MVP) 2 7例 ;单纯二尖瓣前交界或双交界折叠环缩 15例 ;脱垂瓣叶切除后再缝合 9例 ;二尖瓣前叶脱垂部分直接缝合到相应的后叶形成双孔二尖瓣 3例 ;应用二尖瓣瓣环 2 0例 ;二尖瓣置换 (MVR) 7例 ,均选择机械瓣。结果　无手术或住院死亡和严重并发症。超声心动图检查提示平均左室舒张末径为 (5 3 0± 6 3)mm ,与术前比较差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。 31例平均随访 2 9个月。无远期死亡。病人生活质量均明显提高。心功能I～II级 2 8例 ,III级 3例。超声心动图检查提示微量二尖瓣反流 6例 ,少至中度反流 3例。机械瓣功能正常。结论　冠心病合并中度以上MR应积极处理 ,二尖瓣成形应为首选     

冠心病合并颈动脉狭窄的治疗

目的 探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)治疗冠心病合并颈动脉狭窄的治疗方法的选择.方法 2009年1月至2011年12月期间,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院大血管中心23例冠心病合并颈动脉狭窄患者同期或分期行CABG和CEA治疗,男16例,女7例.年龄53 ～ 82岁,平均(65.9±4.0)岁.冠状动脉造影发现左主干病变3例,2支病变3例,3支病变17例.1例合并二尖瓣关闭不全.单侧颈动脉狭窄17例,双侧狭窄6例,直径狭窄≥70％.依据患者两处病变病情严重程度而采取冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)和颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)同期或分期治疗,术后观察围手术期发生卒中、心肌梗死的及死亡情况,并随访.结果 7例患者同期行CEA和CABG,其中1例同时行二尖瓣置换;13例患者先期行CABG后行CEA;3例患者先行CEA后行CABG.围术期死亡1例(4.3％),无心绞痛、心肌梗死和卒中.随访6个月,随访期内患者未发生死亡、卒中、心绞痛及心肌梗死.结论 同期还是分期行CABG和CEA治疗冠心病合并颈动脉狭窄应根据患者具体情况而定,个性化治疗是降低手术风险的关键.     

限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流

目的 探讨限制性二尖瓣环成形联合冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流的近、中期效果及其在逆转左心室重构中的作用.方法 2000年1月至2008年6月,111例伴有中重度缺皿性二尖瓣反流的冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病患者接受限制性二尖瓣环成形联合CABG.男性81例,女性30例;平均年龄(63±18)岁.术前经胸超声心动图示二尖瓣反流中度7例,中重度65例,重度39例.比较患者手术前后及术后各时期经胸超声心动图资料.结果 院内死亡3例.术毕经食管心脏超声显示二尖瓣无反流69例,轻度反流34例,轻中度反流5例,中重度反流3例,该3例术中改行二尖瓣置换.术后3、12和24个月的生存率分别为96.2%、93.5%和89.7%.射血分数从术前的(46±6)%升至术后的(53±6)%(P＜0.01);左心房内径从术前(58±6)mm下降到术后(46±6)mm(P＜0.01);左心室舒张末内径从(61±8)mm下降到(48±10)mm(P＜0.01).术后二尖瓣反流程度明显下降(P＜0.01),心功能(NYHA分级)有明显改善(P＜0.01).24个月的随访期内,2例冉行二尖瓣置换术.结论 限制性二尖瓣环成形联合CABG治疗缺血性二尖瓣反流的近、中期效果满意,其对左心室重构有着明显逆转作用.

Abstract：

Objective To retrospectively summarize and analyze the short and mid term follow-up outcomes of combined coronary artery bypass grafting ( CABG) and restrictive mitral annuloplasty in curing ischemic cardiomyopathy and ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) , and to study its effect on reverse left ventricular remodeling. Methods From January 2000 to June 2008,111 patients of coronary artery disease with morderate to severe IMR underwent combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty, downsizing by 1-2 ring sizes. There were 81 male and 30 female patients. The age ranged from 36 to 83 years with a mean of (63 ± 18) years. Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography showed minimal to moderate IMR in 7 cases, moderate to severe in 65 cases and severe in 39 cases. The left artrial diameter (LAD) was (58 ±6) mm, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) was (61 ±8) mm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 46% ±6%. Serial studies were performed to assess the survival rate, the extent of mitral regurgitation (MR), LVEF, the leaflet coaptation height, LAD, LVEDD, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class. Results Hospital mortality was 2.7% (3 cases). Each case received an undersized ring. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that no regurgitation in 69 cases,minimal in 34 cases, minimal to moderate in 5 cases, moderate to severe in 3 cases which received mitral valve replacement. The 3-, 12- and 24-month survival rate was 96. 2% , 93. 5% and 89. 7% respectively.Mitral regurgitation grade decreased after the operative prodecures (P ＜0. 01). LVEF increased from (46 ± 6) % to (53 ±6) % (24 months follow-up) (F＜0. 01). LAD decreased from (58 ±6) mm to (46 ±6)mm(24 months follow-up) (P ＜0. 01). LVEDD decreased from (61 ±8) mm to (48 ± 10) mm (24 months follow-up) (P ＜ 0. 01 ) . There was no significant decline of LVEDD in 18 cases ( 16. 2% ) whose preoperative mean LVEDD was (69 ±9) mm. NYHA functional class improved after operative procedures ( P ＜ 0. 01) . At 24 months follow-up, 2 cases received valvular replacement Conclusions Combined CABG and restrictive mitral annuloplasty is a feasible and effective treatment for IMR, the short and mid term outcomes are satisfactory, and a significant reduction of LVEDD and an increase of LVEF due to reverse ventricular remodeling were observed.     

同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术与心瓣膜手术

目的　为了提高同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)与心瓣膜手术的疗效 ,降低死亡率 ,总结手术及围术期处理的经验。　方法　 2 4例患者中 ,二尖瓣病变 11例 ,主动脉瓣病变 3例 ,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣膜病变 10例。 1支冠状动脉病变 1例 ,2支 11例 ,3支 6例 ,另 6例为心瓣膜手术中发现左冠状动脉开口有阻塞 ,急症行 CABG。全组行二尖瓣成形术 2例 ,二尖瓣置换术 9例 ,主动脉瓣置换术 3例 ,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣膜置换术 10例 ;移植 1支血管 7例 ,2支 11例 ,3支 6例。　结果　术后早期 (30天内 )死亡 2例 ,分别死于低心排血量综合征和多器官功能衰竭。随访 2 2例 ,随访时间 8个月～ 7年 ,晚期死亡 1例 ,其余 2 1例心功能明显改善 ,心功能 (NYHA分级 ) 级 15例 , 级 5例 , 级 1例 ,心绞痛消失 7例。　结论　冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病和心脏瓣膜疾病并存时 ,应同期施行CABG和心瓣膜手术 ,彻底纠正心脏病变。术中加强心肌保护 ,尽量缩短心肌缺血时间 ;术后妥善处理心、肾等器官功能衰竭 ,是提高手术疗效的重要措施     

Moderate Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: to Treat or not to Treat?

There is consensus of opinion that patients with moderately severe to severe (grade 3+ or 4+) ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) should undergo mitral valve surgery at the time of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), while trace to mild (grade 1+) IMR can probably be left alone. However, the management of moderate (grade 2+) IMR continues to be a subject of constant debate and controversy. In particular, as techniques of valvular repair continue to be refined; many surgeons have advocated mitral valve repair and concomitant CABG for these patients. Others, however, have continued to treat these patients with revascularization alone and close postoperative observation of the mitral valve. In their opinion, degree of concomitant mitral valve dysfunction in this group of patients does not justify the increased operative risks associated with simultaneous mitral valve correction. We are currently practicing in an era of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in which clinical decision-making has to be guided by current best available evidence from scientific, clinical studies. This review article attempts to tackle this controversial issue and find the best approach of dealing with moderate IMR at the time of CABG by evaluating current best available evidence.     

Contemporary Management of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation at Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

BackgroundRecent guidelines for the treatment of moderate or severe ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) have changed. This study assessed the real-world impact of changing guidelines on the management of IMR during CABG over time. We hypothesized that the utilization of mitral valve repair for IMR would decrease over time, whereas mitral valve replacement for severe IMR would increase.MethodsPatients undergoing CABG in a statewide collaborative database (2011-2020) were stratified by severity of IMR. Trends in mitral valve repair or replacement were evaluated. To account for differences of the patients, propensity score–matched analyses were used to compare patients with and without mitral intervention.ResultsA total of 11,676 patients met inclusion criteria, including 1355 (11.6%) with moderate IMR and 390 (3.3%) with severe IMR. The proportion of patients undergoing mitral intervention for moderate IMR decreased over time (2011, 17.7%; 2020, 7.5%; P_trend = .001), whereas mitral replacement for severe IMR remained stable (2011, 11.1%; 2020, 13.3%; P_trend = .14). Major morbidity was higher for patients with moderate IMR who underwent mitral intervention (29.1% vs 19.9%; P = .005). In a propensity analysis of 249 well-matched pairs, there was no difference in major morbidity (29.3% with mitral intervention vs 23.7% without; P = .16) or operative mortality (1.2% vs 2.4%; P = .5).ConclusionsConsistent with recent guideline updates, patients with moderate IMR were less likely to undergo mitral repair. However, the rate of replacement for severe IMR did not change. Mitral intervention during CABG did not increase operative mortality or morbidity.     

Mortality and morbidity among patients who undergo combined valve and coronary artery bypass surgery: Early and late results

Aim: To describe mortality and morbidity early and late after combined valve surgery and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as compared with CABG alone. Patients and methods: All patients from western Sweden in whom CABG in combination with valve surgery or CABG alone was carried out in 1988–1991. Results: Among 2116 patients who underwent CABG, 35 (2%) had this combined with mitral valve surgery and 134 (6%) had this combined with aortic valve surgery, whereas the remaining 92% underwent CABG alone. Patients who underwent combined valve surgery and CABG were older, included more women and had a higher prevalence of previous congestive heart failure and renal dysfunction but on the other hand a less severe coronary artery disease. Among patients who underwent mitral valve surgery in combination with CABG the mortality over the subsequent 5 years was 45%. The corresponding figure for patients who underwent aortic valve surgery in combination with CABG was 24%. Both were higher than for CABG alone (14%; P<0.0001 and P=0.003, respectively). In a stepwise multiple regression model mitral valve surgery in combination with CABG was found to be an independent significant predictor for death but aortic valve surgery in combination with CABG was not. Among patients who underwent mitral valve surgery in combination with CABG and were discharged alive from hospital 77% were rehospitalized during the 2 years following the operation as compared with 48% among patients who underwent aortic valve surgery in combination with CABG and 43% among patients with CABG alone. Multiple regression identified mitral valve surgery in combination with CABG as a significant independent predictor for rehospitalization but not aortic valve plus CABG. Conclusion: Among patients who either underwent CABG in combination with mitral valve surgery or aortic valve surgery or CABG alone, mitral valve surgery in combination with CABG was independently associated with death and rehospitalization, but the combination of aortic valve surgery and CABG was not.     

Late outcomes after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting for ischemic mitral regurgitation.

OBJECTIVES: Although ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is one of the most important issues to determine therapeutic strategy for ischemic heart disease, long-term outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for IMR is still unclear. It is also controversial how patients who would benefit from mitral valve (MV) surgery in combination with CABG should be identified. The purpose of this study is to elucidate late outcomes after isolated CABG for moderate IMR and to assess the indication of combined MV surgery. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-nine patients who had grade 2 or 3 IMR preoperatively and underwent isolated CABG between 1980 and 2002 in our institute were enrolled. Mitral regurgitation was assessed by 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and left ventriculography. Among them, 84 patients (30.1%) had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 30% and 186 patients (66.7%) had prior inferior myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-nine patients (46.2%) remained grade 2 or greater MR early postoperatively. Actuarial survival and freedom from cardiac events, analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, were 90.9% and 87.7% at 1 year, 79.2% and 68.8% at 5 years, 54.9% and 49.1% at 10 years and 48.8% and 18.9% at 15 years. Independent predictive risk factors for cardiac events, analyzed by multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model, were grade 2 or greater MR which remained early postoperatively (p = 0.0002), LVEF < 30% preoperatively (p = 0.0006), no inferior MI preoperatively (p = 0.007) and no internal thoracic artery-left anterior descending artery graft (p = 0.049). More than a 15% decrease in LVEF at more than 3 years after the operation was seen despite patent bypass grafts in 17.2% of patients who received a late follow-up catheterization, although 41.4% of patients showed an increase or less than 5% decrease in LVEF during this period. CONCLUSION: Combined MV surgery with CABG for IMR should be considered in patients with poor LVEF or without prior inferior MI.     

Late outcomes after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting for ischemic mitral regurgitation

Objectives: Although ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is one of the most important issues to determine therapeutic strategy for ischemic heart disease, long-term outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for IMR is still unclear. It is also controversial how patients who would benefit from mitral valve (MV) surgery in combination with CABG should be identified. The purpose of this study is to elucidate late outcomes after isolated CABG for moderate IMR and to assess the indication of combined MV surgery. Methods: Two hundred and seventy-nine patients who had grade 2 or 3 IMR preoperatively and underwent isolated CABG between 1980 and 2002 in our institute were enrolled. Mitral regurgitation was assessed by 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography and left ventriculography. Among them, 84 patients (30.1%) had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) less than 30% and 186 patients (66.7%) had prior inferior myocardial infarction (MI). Results: One hundred and twenty-nine patients (46.2%) remained grade 2 or greater MR early postoperatively. Actuarial survival and freedom from cardiac events, analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, were 90.9% and 87.7% at 1 year, 79.2% and 68.8% at 5 years, 54.9% and 49.1% at 10 years and 48.8% and 18.9% at 15 years. Independent predictive risk factors for cardiac events, analyzed by multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model, were grade 2 or greater MR which remained early postoperatively (p=0.0002), LVEF<30% preoperatively (p=0.0006), no inferior MI preoperatively (p=0.007) and no internal thoracic artery-left anterior descending artery graft (p=0.049). More than a 15% decrease in LVEF at more than 3 years after the operation was seen despite patent bypass grafts in 17.2% of patients who received a late follow-up catheterization, although 41.4% of patients showed an increase or less than 5% decrease in LVEF during this period. Conclusion: Combined MV surgery with CABG for IMR should be considered in patients with poor LVEF or without prior inferior MI.     

Revascularization alone (without mitral valve repair) suffices in patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy and mild-to-moderate mitral regurgitation

BACKGROUND: Whether or not to perform adjunctive mitral repair in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy with moderately severe mitral regurgitation (MR) remains controversial. METHODS: We examine the clinical and echocardiographic outcome after isolated CABG in 49 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and 1+ to 3+ MR undergoing surgical revascularization. The patients were identified for analysis of mitral valve-related issues from a larger series of 183 patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (MUGA ejection fraction < or = 30%) undergoing CABG by a single surgeon from 1986 to 1996. Patient age was 66.3 years (mean, range 45 to 83 years). There were 5 women (10.2%) and 44 men (89.8%). Mean ejection fraction was 22.4% with a range of 10% to 30%. Thirty-four patients had preoperative congestive heart failure (70%) and 12 (25%) had pulmonary edema. Number of grafts was 2.8 (mean, range 1 to 5). The MR was 1+ in 18 patients (37.5%), 2+ in 26 (52%) and 3+ in 5 patients (10.5%). RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 2.0% (1 of 49 patients). Ejection fraction improved from 22.0% to 31.5% (p < 0.05) after CABG. Mean degree of MR improved with CABG alone from 1.73 to 0.54 (p < 0.05) as measured at a mean interval of 36.9 months from CABG. New York Heart-Association congestive heart failure class improved from 3.3 to 1.8 (p < 0.05). Long-term survival was 88%, 65%, and 50% at 1, 3, and 5 years postoperatively. No patient required subsequent mitral valve operation or heart transplantation in long-term follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, in patients with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy and mild-to-moderate MR, isolated CABG (without mitral valve, repair) suffices, producing dramatic improvement in ejection fraction, in congestive heart failure, and in degree of MR, with excellent (relative) long-term survival. The improvement in MR likely results from improved left ventricular function and size consequent upon revascularization.     

非体外循环下采用自制二尖瓣成形装置手术治疗轻至中度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全

目的尝试在非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)期间对轻至中度缺血性二尖瓣反流(IMR)患者采用自制二尖瓣成形装置进行外科处理,并评估其疗效。方法回顾性分析自2009年9月至2011年8月北京安贞医院6例轻至中度IMR患者(男4例、女2例,年龄52～73岁)在OPCAB期间采用自制二尖瓣成形装置进行二尖瓣成形的临床资料。在处理IMR前及处理后通过经食管超声心动图测定IMR程度、二尖瓣瓣环前后径、左心室短轴径、左心室长轴径、左心室球形指数(左心室短轴径/左心室长轴径)等;通过Swan-Ganz导管测量并记录主动脉平均压、肺动脉平均压和中心静脉压等。比较围术期相关心功能指标。结果无住院死亡。二尖瓣成形后IMR均消失、二尖瓣瓣环前后径[(3.43±0.08)cm vs.(3.68±0.08)cm;t=5.430,P=0.001]、左心室短轴径[(4.80±0.21)cm vs.(5.53±0.11)cm;t=7.530,P=0.001]和左心室球形指数(0.64±0.02 vs.0.74±0.01;t=11.110,P=0.002)均较处理前明显减小;左心室长轴径无明显变化(P>0.05);术中血流动力学指标无明显变化。术后3个月6例患者(随访率100%)均在门诊复查,均无自主临床症状,心功能均改善至Ⅰ级(NYHA)。超声心动图提示:二尖瓣无反流4例,有微量反流2例。结论在OPCAB期间采用自制二尖瓣成形装置成形治疗IMR,直接完成了左心室塑型,规避了体外循环风险,即刻疗效确切,对循环指标影响甚小,有一定的临床应用价值。     

Surgical treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a serious problem, which conveys adverse prognosis, doubling mortality after myocardial infarction. It is common and increases mortality even when mild. IMR is often associated with the occlusion of left circumflex coronary artery, such as second or third obtuse marginal branches by experimental model. However, cause of IMR still remains unclear in many respects. Several study using echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging show some probable reasons left ventricular structure and deformity of left ventricle may cause mitral leaflet restriction and mitral annulus deformity, lead to tethering. The aim of surgical treatment of IMR is to reduce the grade of mitral regurgitation and left ventricular remodeling. Recent study clarified the advantage of valve repair in IMR opposed to valve replacement that may affect the patient poor quality of life. Some new technique of saddle shaped ring repair, second chordal cutting, edge-to-edge repair are available but these long-term outcome remain unclear. It may be effective combined left ventricular revascularization and mitral valve repair. Understanding mechanism of IMR will improve therapies for targeted primary causes with new therapeutic options provided a more flexible approach for surgical repair of IMR.     

Preoperative left ventricular dimensions predict reverse remodeling following restrictive mitral annuloplasty in ischemic mitral regurgitation.

OBJECTIVE: Ischemic mitral regurgitation can be treated with a restrictive mitral annuloplasty, with or without coronary revascularization. In this study, the extent of reverse remodeling of the left ventricle following this strategy is assessed, as well as the factors that influence it. METHODS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation and a mean ejection fraction of 32+/-10% underwent restrictive mitral annuloplasty (downsizing by two ring sizes, median ring size 26), with additional coronary revascularization in 75 patients. All underwent transthoracic echocardiography 18 months after surgery to assess residual mitral regurgitation, mitral valve gradient and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic dimensions. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors for reverse remodeling, defined as a 10% reduction in left ventricular dimension. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was used to identify cut-off values for preoperative left ventricular dimensions in predicting reverse remodeling. RESULTS: Early mortality was 8.0% (seven patients, three non-cardiac), late mortality was 7.5% (six patients, four non-cardiac). There were two reoperations (redo annuloplasty), and four readmissions for heart failure. At 29 months follow-up, NYHA class improved from 3.0+/-0.9 to 1.3+/-0.5 (P<0.01). Mitral regurgitation grade decreased from 3.1+/-0.5 to 0.6+/-0.6 at 18 months, left ventricular end-systolic dimension decreased from 52+/-8 to 44+/-11 mm (P<0.01), and end-diastolic dimension from 64+/-8 to 58+/-10mm (P<0.01). Multivariate analysis identified preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic dimension as the single best factor in predicting occurrence of reverse remodeling. For end-systolic dimension, 51mm was the optimal cut-off value to predict reverse remodeling (specificity and sensitivity 81%, area under curve 0.85); for end-diastolic dimension, the cut-off value was 65mm (specificity and sensitivity 89%, area under curve 0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Stringent restrictive mitral annuloplasty with or without revascularization provides excellent clinical results with acceptable mortality. At 18 months follow-up, there is no significant residual mitral regurgitation. Reverse remodeling occurs in the majority of patients, but is limited by preoperative left ventricular dimensions. In patients with a left ventricular end-diastolic dimension exceeding 65mm, additional surgical procedures are necessary to try and obtain reverse remodeling in this subgroup.