杏仁核亚核群毁损对PCP模型大鼠行为和递质的影响

目的探讨杏仁核亚核群毁损后五氯苯酚(pentachlorophenol,PCP)模型大鼠行为和前额叶单胺类递质含量的变化,为立体定向技术治疗精神病提供参考。方法经腹腔注射PCP制作精神分裂症动物模型,立体定向电极毁损大鼠杏仁核,对其刻板行为进行评分,应用高效液相色谱分析系统检测前额叶多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)的含量。结果杏仁核内侧核群毁损能减轻PCP模型大鼠的刻板行为和社会行为,与假毁损组之间具有非常显著性差别(P<0.001)。毁损组前额叶DA含量低于假毁损组(P <0.05),5-HT和NE含量均高于假毁损组(P<0.05)。结论PCP模型大鼠前额叶DA含量增高,5-HT和NE含量下降。立体定向毁损杏仁核内侧核群能够改变前额叶单胺类递质的水平,改善模型大鼠精神分裂症症状。     

性激素对雌性大鼠缰核单胺类递质含量的影响

用高效液相-荧光检测法分别测定了成年及幼年雌性大鼠缰核(Hb)内单胺类递质的含量.结果表明,成年大鼠动情前期缰核内NE含量明显高于动情期和动情间期,DA、5-HT含量在整个动情期中无明显变化.皮下注射50 μg的雌二醇后,缰核内DA含量明显升高,NE、5-HT含量与对照组相比则无明显改变;在去卵巢给以雌激素的大鼠注射孕酮后,可显著提高缰核内NE含量,DA、5-HT含量与对照组比较则无明显变化;在幼年雌性大鼠皮下注射5、50 μg雌激素后,缰核内DA含量显著减少,NE、5-HT含量与对照组相比则均无明显变化.另外,对照组幼年雌性大鼠DA含量明显高于成年雌性大鼠对照组,成年大鼠NE、5-HT含量明显高于幼年大鼠.以上结果提示,雌、孕激素的水平可改变缰核内单胺类递质含量.     

立体定向毁损大鼠杏仁核及隔核对脑内单胺类递质含量的影响

目的 :探讨杏仁核及隔核毁损后AMP模型大鼠脑内单胺类递质含量的变化。方法 :经腹腔注射苯丙胺 (amphetamine ,AMP)制作精神分裂症动物模型 ,用立体定向技术电极毁损大鼠杏仁核及隔核 ,采用荧光分光光度法和放射免疫法测定大鼠前额叶、间脑和脑干多巴胺 (DA)、5 羟色胺 ( 5 HT)和去甲肾上腺素 (NE)的含量。结果 :杏仁核及隔核毁损组前额叶DA低于模型组 (P <0 0 1) ,5 HT、NE均高于模型组 (P <0 0 1) ;杏仁核及隔核毁损组间脑DA、NE均低于模型组 (P <0 0 1) ,5 HT高于模型组 (P <0 0 1) ;脑干DA、NE均低于模型组 (P <0 0 1) ,5 HT高于模型组 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :AMP模型大鼠前额叶和脑干DA含量增高、5 HT和NE含量下降 ,间脑DA、NE含量增高、5 HT含量下降 ,立体定向毁损杏仁核及隔核能够改变脑内单胺类递质的水平。     

柴胡对肝郁证大鼠脑内单胺类神经递质的影响

目的探索柴胡对肝郁证大鼠中枢神经递质的作用。方法利用中医证候模型,研究柴胡对单胺类神经递质的作用。结果肝郁证模型组大鼠脑内去甲肾上腺素(NE)与多巴胺(DA)水平与对照组比较下降明显(P<0.05),肝郁证模型加逍遥散组大鼠脑内NE与DA水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),肝郁证模型加柴胡组大鼠脑内NE与DA水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论肝郁证大鼠脑内NE与DA水平明显降低,柴胡舒肝解郁,有增加肝郁证大鼠脑内NE、DA神经递质的作用。     

脑梗死后遗症大鼠模型脑组织ATP、ADP及单胺类神经递质含量的变化

目的 研究脑梗死后遗症大鼠模型脑组织ATP、ADP及单胺类神经递质含量的变化。方法 建立脑梗死后遗症大鼠模型，用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定大鼠脑组织ATP、ADP及单胺类神经递质含量。结果 刺激组（SG）毛发相对黯淡无光、卷曲，精神萎靡，惊恐，消瘦，肢体无力，摄食减少，饮水减少，手术伤口愈合迟缓，符合中医脑梗死后遗症征候。正常组（NG）大鼠脑组织ATP、ADP含量显著高于SG组、术后不刺激组（SG）（P〈0．01），同时NSG组大鼠脑组织ATP、ADP含量显著高于SG组（P〈0．05）。SG组大鼠脑组织NE、DA和5-HT含量显著低于NG组（P〈0．01），NSG组（P〈0．05）；NSG组大鼠脑组织DA含量显著低于NG组（P〈0．05）。结论 脑梗死后遗症大鼠由于能量代谢障碍而出现脑组织的ATP、ADP含量降低，并且伴有大脑释放单胺类递质增加及脑细胞内的单胺类递质含量减少，单胺类递质分泌增加又加重了脑组织的损伤，加剧ATP、ADP等能量物质代谢障碍，形成恶性循环。     

香兰素吸嗅对大鼠抑郁样行为及脑单胺类神经递质的影响

目的研究香兰素吸嗅对大鼠抑郁样行为改善及其机制。方法慢性不可预见性中等强度应激(CUMS)+孤养的方法建立大鼠抑郁症模型。为验证香兰素作用途径,另设立大鼠嗅球毁损(OBX)模型。于造模前、后及干预后4 w测试大鼠糖水消耗量和强迫游泳不动时间,干预结束后超高压液相色谱检测大鼠脑内5-HT、DA、NE的量。结果与造模后相比,CUMS+香兰素吸嗅组大鼠神经行为学指标显著好转(P<0.05);其脑匀浆液5-HT、DA的量显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05)。与造模后相比OBX+香兰素吸嗅组大鼠神经行为学指标未见好转(P>0.05);其脑匀浆液5-HT、DA、NE均显著低于假手术组(P<0.05)。结论香兰素可经嗅觉通路改善大鼠抑郁样行为,其机制可能通过提升脑内5-HT、DA实现的。     

蒙医针刺对卒中后抑郁模型大鼠的影响

目的观察蒙医针刺对卒中后抑郁(PSD)模型大鼠的影响。方法把24只SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、针刺组、西药组,自由饲养。应用栓线法形成局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后实施慢性温和性应激刺激结合孤养14d,建立PSD模型。模型成立后治疗14d。酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测大鼠海马组织的5-HT、NE、DA含量和血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α表达。结果治疗后,与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠海马组织的5-HT、NE、DA含量显著降低(P0.01,P0.05);血清IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α表达水平显著增高(P0.01)。与模型组大鼠比较,针刺组和西药组大鼠海马组织5-HT、NE、DA含量显著增加(P0.01,P0.05);血清IL-2、IL-6和TNF-α表达水平显著降低(P0.01,P0.05)。针刺组与西药组无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论蒙医针刺可明显增加脑组织的单胺递质含量,调节血清细胞因子水平,说明蒙医针刺治疗卒中后抑郁症有一定的抗抑郁作用。     

密闭舱室内亚致死性爆炸伤大鼠额叶皮质及血浆内单胺类神经递质的变化对大鼠旷场行为的影响

目的: 观察密闭舱室内亚致死剂量爆炸伤大鼠额叶皮质及血浆内单胺神经递质的变化对大鼠旷场行为的影响.方法:采用密闭舱室内亚致死剂量爆炸伤的大鼠模型,高效液相色谱电化学法分析大鼠血浆、额叶皮质内5-羟色胺(5-HT),多巴胺(DA),肾上腺素(E).去甲肾上腺素(NE)含量的变化,用旷场行为观察箱观察大鼠旷场行为.结果: 舱内亚致死剂量爆炸伤大鼠额叶皮质内NE,E含量较对照组明显升高(P<0.05),DA含量明显降低(P<0.05),5-HT的含量在爆炸后48 h达高峰,随后出现下降,密闭舱室内亚致死剂量爆炸后大鼠旷场行为较对照组明显减少(P<0.05).结论: 舱内爆炸后大鼠的兴奋性明显下降;大鼠旷场行为与舱内爆炸后额叶皮质E浓度呈负相关(r=-0.987,P<0.05),与5-HT浓度呈正相关(r=0.952,P<0.05),大鼠旷场行为与血浆内E浓度呈正相关(r=0.979,P<0.05),而与5一HT的浓度成负相关(r=-0.958,P<0.05).     

不同程度颈动脉狭窄大鼠模型建立及脑内单胺类递质变化的研究

周振华,陈康宁,黄河清,周宇,范文辉,李露斯摘要:目的制作一种新的不同狭窄程度的大鼠颈动脉狭窄模型,观察重度颈动脉狭窄大鼠学习能力及脑内单胺类神经递质含量的变化。方法采用“针控线拴法”,通过调整针的型号来制作不同狭窄程度的大鼠颈动脉狭窄模型,观察重度颈动脉狭窄大鼠水迷宫定位航行试验并用高效液相色谱法测定大鼠脑内单胺类神经递质含量的变化。结果成功制作了轻、中、重不同狭窄的颈动脉狭窄模型;各时相点水迷宫定位航行试验中重度颈动脉狭窄大鼠较假手术对照组逃避潜伏期明显延长(P<0.01);除1月、2月重度颈动脉狭窄组DA与假手术对照组相比无显著性差异外(P>0.05),其余时相点重度颈动脉狭窄组NE、5-HT、DA含量与假手术对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.01)。结论针控线拴法能成功建立不同狭窄程度的大鼠颈动脉狭窄模型,重度颈动脉狭窄大鼠学习能力受损且脑内单胺类神经递质含量降低。     

盐酸帕罗西汀对脑卒中后束缚应激大鼠行为学和下丘脑内单胺递质的影响

目的:探讨盐酸帕罗西汀对脑卒中后束缚应激大鼠脑内单胺递质的影响.方法:建立脑卒中后束缚应激大鼠模型,观察各组大鼠糖水消耗试验、自发性行为改变和下丘脑单胺类神经递质的变化.结果:模型组大鼠蔗糖水饮用量、旷野实验水平及垂直得分、下丘脑NE、5-HT、DA含量等与正常组相比明显减少;帕罗西汀组大鼠糖水饮用量、旷野实验中的得分和下丘脑神经递质的含量较模型组大鼠明显增加.结论:盐酸帕罗西汀对脑卒中后束缚应激大鼠模型的作用可能与增加下丘脑单胺类神经递质的含量有关.     

杏仁核毁损对甲基苯丙胺大鼠刻板行为和额叶皮质多巴胺的影响

目的　探讨立体定向杏仁核毁损对甲基苯丙胺 (methamphetamine ,MAP)大鼠刻板行为和额叶皮质多巴胺 (dopamine ,DA)含量的影响。方法　立体定向射频毁损杏仁核 ,经腹腔注射MAP观察大鼠行为学改变 ,荧光分光光度法测定额叶皮质DA含量。结果　杏仁核毁损组大鼠较假手术组大鼠刻板行为评分显著降低 ;甲基苯丙胺逆耐受持续时间显著缩短 ,潜伏期显著延长。MAP大鼠额叶皮质DA含量显著高于对照组 ;杏仁核毁损组的MAP大鼠额叶皮质DA含量显著低于假毁损组。结论　杏仁核毁损可有效地对抗使用甲基苯丙胺而出现的逆耐受现象 ,对额叶皮质DA增高有明显阻断作用     

Effects of long-term hypoxia and hypoxic exercise on brain monoamine levels in rat

This study clarified the effects of long-term hypoxia and hypoxic exercise on monoamines in the whole brain, and in four specific regions of the rat brain. The male Wistar rat progenitors (P1 group) were randomly assigned to three groups: hypoxia (16.0% oxygen) and exercise (MHE-P1), hypoxia and sedentary (MHS-P1), normoxia and sedentary (MNS-P1). The male children of P1 (the first generation of hypoxic rats; F1) were randomly divided into two groups: hypoxia and exercise (MHE-F1) and hypoxic sedentary (MHS-F1). The monoamines of whole brain were measured in P1 males, and monoamines of cerebellum, frontal lobe, striatum and hippocampus were measured in F1 males. The monoamine levels of MHE-P1 were significantly lower than those of MHS-P1 and MNS-P1. No significant difference was found in monoamine levels between MHS-P1 and MNS-P1. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine levels of the MHE-F1 group significantly decreased in the frontal lobe, cerebellum and striatum, compare with the other groups (hypoxic and sedentary; normoxic and sedentary, respectively). These monoamines in the hippocampus were not influenced by the hypoxia or hypoxic exercise conditions. This study suggests that long-term hypoxic exercise decreased monoamine levels in whole brain, and that sensitivity to hypoxia and hypoxic exercise differed according to brain region.     

Failure of spinal cord serotonin depletion to alter analgesia elicited from the periaqueductal gray

The effects of spinal cord serotonin depletion or combined serotonin/norepinephrine depletion on analgesia elicited by electrical stimulation of, or morphine microinjection into, the periaqueductal gray, were tested. Spinal cord serotonin was depleted by intrathecal injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), preceded by systemic desipramine, while 5,7-DHT alone was used to deplete both norepinephrine and serotonin. Selective serotonin depletion had no effect on analgesia induced by either method at 24 h, 1 week, or 2 weeks after treatment. Depletion of both monoamines had no effect on stimulation produced analgesia 24 h and one week after treatment, but produced a slight attenuation 2 and 3 weeks after treatment. In contrast, depletion of both monoamines drastically attenuated morphine analgesia 24 h after treatment. The results are discussed in relation to multiple pain inhibitory pathways.     

经颅磁刺激器设计及对毒品依赖者脑功能变化的评价

对经颅磁刺激进行了磁场强度分布的测试，分为3个方面，即分别对经颅磁刺激轴向和径向磁场强度的分布及在有效刺激区内的磁场最强圆周上磁场强度分布矢量值进行测试。在对毒品依赖者的康复实验中，将经颅磁刺激具体应用到对毒品依赖者进行治疗的实验测试中。磁刺激前，要记录毒品依赖者的脑电图，同时给患者不同的毒品图片进行视觉刺激。随后进行1个疗程的经颅磁刺激。之后，再用与第1次相同的视觉刺激序列，给患者看与经颅磁刺激治疗前相同的毒品图片，并记录患者的脑电数据，将前后2次的脑电数据经过一定步骤的处理后，将得出的刺激前后的N270波幅和潜伏期数据进行比较分析。经颅磁刺激刺激后毒品依赖者的N270振幅会有明显的降低，潜伏期会缩短，并且吸毒患者异常脑区的脑功能有所变化。毒品依赖者大部分存在差异的电极位于人的大脑的额叶区、颞叶区、顶叶和枕叶区，因此可以预测其大脑的额叶、颞叶、顶叶和枕叶可能受到海洛因的损害，该区域脑功能异于正常人。经过1个疗程经颅磁刺激刺激后，毒品依赖者的N270振幅和潜伏期都更接近正常人。因此，经颅磁刺激治疗对于海洛因依赖者有一定的疗效。     

Chronic intraperitoneal injection of interferon-alpha reduces serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain, but does not change levels of serotonin transporter mRNA, nitrite or nitrate

Interferon-alpha therapy is associated with a high rate of depression, but the pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of i.p. administered interferon-alpha on monoaminergic neurotransmission in the brain. The levels of monoamines and associated metabolites were measured in various regions of the rat brain using a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrochemical detection system. The serotonin transporter mRNA levels were also measured using in situ hybridization. After 1 day, dopamine turnover was diminished in the cortex. Norepinephrine turnover was decreased in most regions tested after 4 days. However, these changes were transient. After 14 days, serotonin turnover was increased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus in rats given a dose of 20 000 IU/kg; in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus and brainstem in those on 200 000 IU/kg; and in the thalamus and hypothalamus in those on 2 000 000 IU/kg (all P < 0.05). However, 14-day treatment did not significantly change serotonin transporter mRNA levels. Next, the question of whether interferon-alpha affects monoamine levels via induction of nitric oxide (NO), was investigated. However, there were no changes in either NO2- or NO3-, as markers of NO production, in any brain regions after 14-day treatment. These results suggest that chronic peripheral administration of interferon-alpha induces metabolic changes in the central serotonin system. Further investigation is needed to determine exactly how this cytokine affects the central serotonin system and to assess whether a central serotonin abnormality is involved in interferon-induced depression.     

抑郁大鼠模型额叶及海马区Rho激酶表达变化的初步研究

目的：观察抑郁大鼠模型急性期额叶及海马区Rho激酶（ROCK）的表达变化,探讨Rho／ROCK通路是否与抑郁症形成有关。方法：建立Wistar大鼠抑郁症模型;在建模成功后24h迅速断头取前脑,在冰浴上分离出双侧前额叶及海马脑组织,应用Westernblot分别测定大鼠额叶及海马脑组织内ROCKⅠ及ROCKⅡ含量。结果：与正常对照组比,抑郁模型大鼠左侧和右侧前额叶ROCKⅠ表达均显著增高（分别P〈0．01,P〈0．05）,以左侧为著;ROCKⅡ表达亦有显著增高（均P〈0．05）。抑郁模型大鼠左右侧海马区域ROCKI表达显著增高（分NP〈0．05,P〈0．01）,以右侧明显;ROCKⅡ表达亦有显著增高（分别P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论：ROCKⅠ及ROCKⅡ可能参与了抑郁症形成的病理过程。     

Persistent neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities in adulthood despite early iron supplementation for perinatal iron deficiency anemia in rats

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has been associated with altered cognitive, motor, and social-emotional outcomes in human infants. We recently reported that rats with chronic perinatal IDA, had altered regional brain iron, monoamines, and sensorimotor skill emergence during early development. OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term consequences of chronic perinatal IDA on behavior, brain iron and monoamine systems after dietary iron treatment in rats. METHODS: Sixty dams were randomly assigned to iron-sufficient (CN) or low-iron (EID) diets during gestation and lactation. Thereafter, all offspring were fed the iron-sufficient diet, assessed for hematology and behavior after weaning and into adulthood and for brain measures as adults (regional brain iron, monoamines, dopamine and serotonin transporters, and dopamine receptor). Behavioral assessments included sensorimotor function, general activity, response to novelty, spatial alternation, and spatial water maze performance. RESULTS: Hematology and growth were similar for EID and CN rats by postnatal day 35. In adulthood, EID thalamic iron content was lower. Monoamines, dopamine transporter, and dopamine receptor concentrations did not differ from CN. EID serotonin transporter concentration was reduced in striatum and related regions. EID rats had persisting sensorimotor deficits (delayed vibrissae-evoked forelimb placing, longer sticker removal time, and more imperfect grooming chains), were more hesitant in novel settings, and had poorer spatial water maze performance than CN. General activity and spatial alternation were similar for EID and CN. CONCLUSION: Rats that had chronic perinatal IDA showed behavioral impairments that suggest persistent striatal dopamine and hippocampal dysfunction despite normalization of hematology, growth and most brain measures.     

Distribution of monoamines in human brain: evidence for neurochemical heterogeneity in subcortical as well as in cortical areas

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and their major metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection in 49 regions of the human brain. The regional distribution of the different monoamines in the subcortical areas was similar to previous reports. We report here the distribution pattern of the 4 monoamines observed in the cerebral cortex. Regional differences in concentration were observed for norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin, with high concentrations in the frontal and parietal regions. However, no regional difference in dopamine concentrations was detected. The possible role of norepinephrine and serotonin as conventional transmitters, and of dopamine and epinephrine as neurotransmission modulators is discussed.     

Effects of Shuyusan on monoamine neurotransmitters expression in a rat model of chronic stress-induced depression

Shuyusan, a traditional Chinese medicine, was shown to improve depression symptoms and behavioral scores, as well as increase 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-hydroxytryptophan levels, in a rat model of chronic stress-induced depression. However, dopamine, noradrenalin, and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol expressions remained unchanged following Shuyusan treatment. Compared with the model group, the number of 5-HT-positive neurons in layers 4-5 of the frontal cortex, as well as ...     

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on behavioral and neurochemical changes in rats during an elevated plus-maze test

In transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) the regional electrical activity in the brain is influenced by a pulsed magnetic field. The rapidly changed magnetic field produces electrical currents that activate neurons. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) treatment can cause functional changes in the cortex. The present study clarified the effects of rTMS treatment on behavioral changes in rats, focusing on anxiety by using an elevated plus-maze (plus-maze) test. The effects of rTMS treatment on neurochemical changes during the plus-maze test were investigated by determining the extracellular levels of serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the prefrontal cortex by using in vivo microdialysis. Each rat received rTMS of the frontal brain for 3 days, during which 125 stimuli from five trains in a day were applied at 25 Hz for 1 s with 2-min intervals between trains. Three-day series of (chronic) rTMS treatment caused significant increases in the time spent in open arms and the number of entries into open arms of the plus-maze compared with non-treated and sham-treated rats, which were not observed in 1-day series of (acute) rTMS treatment. Chronic rTMS treatment suppressed the increases in 5-HT levels induced by the plus-maze test, but did not influence the elicited DA levels. These data suggest that chronic rTMS treatment of the frontal brain has anxiolytic effects in rats, which are related to the 5-HTergic neuronal system.