姜黄素对汞致大鼠肾损伤保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨姜黄素对汞致大鼠肾损伤的影响,为汞中毒的发病机制和防治提供实验依据。方法 Wistar大鼠30只按体重随机分为5组,每组6只,雌雄各半。分别为对照组、低剂量染汞组、中剂量染汞组、高剂量染汞组和姜黄素预处理组。1~4组大鼠予皮下注射0.9%氯化钠溶液,第5组大鼠给予皮下注射100 mg/kg姜黄素;2 h后,第1组腹腔注射生理盐水,第2~5组大鼠分别腹腔注射2.2、4.4、8.8和8.8μmol/kg氯化汞溶液,连续干预与染毒3 d。第3天染毒2 h后将动物放入代谢笼,收集24 h尿液测定尿汞和尿蛋白含量,以及尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力;用乙醚将大鼠麻醉,腹主动脉采血测定血清尿素氮(BUN);切取肾皮质,测定肾皮质汞、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。结果与对照组比较,随着染汞剂量的增加,肾皮质汞、尿汞、尿蛋白和BUN含量均升高;尿NAG、LDH和ALP活力均升高;肾皮质GSH和MDA含量明显升高而GSH-Px和SOD活力显著下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。姜黄素预处理组与高剂量氯化汞染毒组比较,各项指标均有不同程度的改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论姜黄素对汞致大鼠肾损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

沙棘油和亚硒酸钠对汞诱导的大鼠肝肾氧化损伤的影响

目的通过汞诱导大鼠肝肾氧化损伤,观察沙棘油(Sea Buckthorn Oil,SBO)和亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)干预效应。方法Wister大鼠随机分成对照组、单纯染汞组、SBO和Na2SeO3处理组。测定肝、肾及尿中汞含量,肝、肾中GSH、MDA、蛋白含量和SOD、GSH-PX活力。结果与单纯染汞组相比,SBO处理组尿汞含量增加(P<0.05),肝GSH-PX活力升高(P<0.01);Na2SeO3处理组肝汞增加,肾和尿汞含量下降,肝GSH-PX活力、GSH含量均升高(P<0.01),肝SOD活力和肾GSH-PX活力均增加(P<0.05),肾MDA含量下降(P<0.05)。结论沙棘油具有促进汞从肾脏排出的作用,对汞诱导的肝氧化损伤具有一定保护作用,对肾氧化损伤未表现出明显的保护作用。Na2SeO3可有效拮抗汞诱导的肝肾氧化损伤作用。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸和亚硒酸钠对镉亚慢性毒性的影响

目的探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetyl cysteine,NAC)和亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)对亚慢性染镉大鼠肝肾毒性的影响及其机制。方法32只Wistart大鼠随机分为4组,每组8只,第1组为对照组,第2组为单位染镉组,第3、4组为干预组。大鼠连续6周皮下注射7μmol/kg氯化镉,然后干预组分别腹腔注射1 mmol/kg NAC和10μmol/kg Na2SeO3,共2周;测定大鼠尿N-乙酰-β-苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸酶活力(ALP)和肝、肾皮质谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。结果亚慢性染镉使大鼠肝、肾皮质和尿镉含量显著升高,尿ALP、NAG和蛋白含量显著升高,肝、肾皮质GSH含量显著升高,GSH-Px活力显著降低。与单纯染镉组比较,NAC处理组尿镉、NAG和蛋白含量显著下降,肝、肾皮质GSH显著降低;Na2SeO3处理组尿镉、ALP及肝、肾皮质GSH含量显著下降,GSH-Px活力显著升高。结论NAC和Na2SeO3对镉致肾损伤的恢复具有促进作用,其机制可能与NAC或Na2SeO3改变体内GSH含量和GSH-Px活力有关。     

松花粉对甘油诱导大鼠急性肾衰竭的保护作用

目的：研究松花粉对甘油诱发大鼠急性肾衰竭（acute renal failure,ARF）的保护作用及机制。方法：采用双侧后肢注射50%甘油溶液（10 mL·kg-1）诱发大鼠成急性肾衰竭模型,检测大鼠血清肌酐（Scr）、血清尿素氮（BUN）的含量,肾组织中超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性,谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）的含量,同时测定肾组织中一氧化氮（NO）的含量和诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的活性;HE染色观察肾病理组织形态学变化。结果：与空白组大鼠相比,模型组大鼠血清Scr和BUN的含量明显上升,肾组织中SOD的活性和GSH的含量显著降低,MDA的含量显著升高;组织病理检查发现,模型组大鼠肾小管损伤明显,肾皮质细胞部分脱落,肾小球肿胀,间质炎性侵润明显。给予松花粉治疗后,可显著降低ARF大鼠血清Scr和BUN,升高肾组织中SOD的活性、GSH的含量,降低MDA的含量,同时发现,松花粉可明显降低肾组织中NO的含量和iNOS的活性,并显著降低肾组织损伤。结论：松花粉对甘油致大鼠ARF具有治疗作用,其作用机制可能与抑制iNOS的活性,降低体内NO过多产生,降低NO相关的脂质过氧化过程有关。     

牛磺酸和维生素C对锰致大鼠氧化损伤的拮抗作用

目的探讨牛磺酸(Tau)和维生素C(Vit-C)对锰致大鼠氧化损伤的影响,为阐明锰中毒的发病机制和防治提供依据。方法 Wistar大鼠32只,随机分为4组,分别为对照组、单纯染锰组、Tau和Vit-C干预组。对照组大鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,其余各组腹腔注射29.685 mg/kg Mn Cl2溶液。腹腔注射后2h,对照组和单纯染锰组大鼠隔日皮下注射生理盐水,Tau干预组隔日皮下注射125.15 mg/kg Tau,Vit-C干预组隔日皮下注射704.52 mg/kg Vit-C。每周染锰5次,1次/d,染毒4周。共计染锰20次,Tau和Vit-C干预各10次。测定肝、脑和肾组织还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活力。结果与对照组比较,单纯染锰组大鼠肝脏、脑和肾组织MDA含量增加,肝肾组织GSH含量降低。脑组织GSH含量和GSH-Px活力有下降趋势,但统计学差异不明显。Tau干预组大鼠与单纯染锰组相比,肝脏、脑和肾组织MDA含量下降,GSH含量增加。脑和肾组织GSHPx活力增高,脑组织SOD活力增高。Vit-C干预组大鼠与单纯染锰组相比,大鼠肝脏MDA含量有下降趋势,脑和肾组织MDA含量明显下降。虽然大鼠肝脏、脑和肾组织GSH含量增加,但统计学差异不明显。仅肝组织GSH-Px活力明显增加。结论锰可使大鼠产生氧化损伤,Tau和Vit-C对锰致大鼠氧化损伤有一定的拮抗作用。     

银杏黄酮对卡铂所致大鼠肾损害的防护作用

目的研究银杏黄酮(GBE)对卡铂(CBDCA)肾毒性的防护作用,并探讨其可能机制。方法灌胃给予大鼠GBE后腹腔内注射CBDCA,检测肾脏系数、血清尿素氮(BUN)及尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、血还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)与肾皮质丙二醛(MDA)及线粒体谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)及尿与肾皮质铂含量,观察GBE的防护作用的剂量依赖关系和经时过程。结果250、500和750mg/kgGBE预处理后第5天,CBDCA所致大鼠肾脏系数、NAG活性和BUN含量增高均不同程度减轻;500mg/kg组GBE预处理的效果最明显,该组肾脏系数、NAG活性和BUN含量分别为(0.79±0.12)g/100g、(15.86±3.28)U/gCre和(9.27±3.77)mmol/L,而CBDCA组这3项指标分别为(0.96±0.22)g/100g、(23.58±5.45)U/gCre和(31.08±15.00)mmol/L,上述各项指标两组间的差异有显著性(P<0.05或0.01)。GBE预处理可抑制CBDCA引起的MDA形成增高,GSH含量和GSH-Px活性下降,并能降低CBDCA所致大鼠肾皮质铂含量增高,促进铂经尿排泄。结论GBE有明显预防CBDCA的肾毒性,其部分机制为抗氧化作用,还可能与促进铂清除有关。     

复方茵柏颗粒对四氯化碳肝损伤模型大鼠氧化应激的影响

目的:研究复方茵柏颗粒对四氯化碳(CCl4)肝损伤模型大鼠氧化应激的影响。方法:48只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照(等容生理盐水)组、模型(等容生理盐水)组、复方茵柏合剂(8.65 g/kg)组与复方茵柏颗粒高、中、低剂量(8.64、4.32、2.16 g/kg)组。灌胃给药,每天1次,连续3周。末次给药2 h后一次性腹腔注射40%CCl4的玉米油以复制大鼠急性肝损伤模型。测定大鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性,总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)的含量;酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测大鼠肝组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量;并对大鼠肝组织作病理学检测。结果:与正常对照组比较,模型组大鼠血清ALT、AST、LDH活性显著增强,TBIL、DBIL含量显著增加,MDA含量显著增加,GSH活性显著减弱(P<0.01);与模型组比较,复方茵柏颗粒高、中、低剂量组大鼠血清ALT、AST、LDH活性显著减弱,TBIL、DBIL含量显著减少,MDA含量显著减少,GSH活性显著增强(P<0.01或P<0.05)。正常对照组大鼠肝小叶结构清晰,肝细胞索排列规则,肝细胞结构及形态正常,核大而圆,居中,核膜清晰;模型组大鼠大部分肝细胞明显水肿,气球样变,肝细胞索排列紊乱,肝小叶内中央静脉和汇管区出现弥漫性的炎细胞浸润;而复方茵柏颗粒高、中、低剂量组大鼠大部分肝细胞结构完整,排列整齐,肝细胞水肿、气球样变及炎细胞浸润均明显减轻。结论:复方茵柏颗粒对CCl4所致的大鼠急性肝损伤有一定的保护作用,其机制可能与其清除自由基、抑制脂质过氧化有关。     

松花粉对酒精性肝损伤的保护功能研究

目的 研究松花粉对酒精性肝损伤的保护作用.方法 采用酒精复制大鼠肝损伤模型,测定肝组织的丙二醛(MDA)、甘油三脂(TG)及还原型谷光甘肽(GSH)含量;并观察肝脏的病理组织学改变.结果 受试样品大鼠肝组织的MDA、TG含量均低于肝损模型组;而GSH含量高于肝损模型组;各剂量组大鼠肝脏病理改变评分值均低于肝损模型组.结论 松花粉对酒精性肝损伤具有保护功能.     

黄芪当归合煎剂对急性肾损伤模型大鼠的保护作用研究

目的:研究黄芪当归合煎剂对急性肾损伤(AKI)模型大鼠的保护作用。方法:以夹闭大鼠左、右肾后再灌注方法复制AKI模型。实验分为假手术(等容生理盐水)、模型(等容生理盐水)与黄芪当归合煎剂高、中、低剂量(18、9、4.5g/kg)组。于手术前7d灌胃给药,每天1次,连续7d,再灌注30min后再灌胃给药1次。于再灌注24h后测定大鼠血清中血清肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)含量,大鼠肾组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;计算肾小管损伤评分。结果:与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清Scr、BUN含量显著升高,肾组织匀浆MDA含量显著增加,GSH含量显著减少,SOD活性显著减弱,肾小管损伤评分显著增加(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,黄芪当归合煎剂高、中剂量组大鼠血清Scr、BUN含量显著降低,肾组织匀浆MDA含量显著减少,SOD活性显著增强,肾小管损伤评分显著减少(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:黄芪当归合煎剂对AKI模型大鼠的防治作用可能与其改善肾小管功能、调节抗氧化因子有关。     

D-青霉胺和二巯丙磺酸钠对汞致大鼠肾毒性的影响

目的　研究预投D- 青霉胺 (D- penicillamine ,DPA)和二巯丙磺酸钠 (2 ,3 - Dimercato 1 Propanesulfonate ,DMPS)对汞致急性肾毒性的保护作用及其机制。方法　 48只Wistar大鼠随机分成 6组。第 1组以 5mL/kg体重皮下注射质量分数为 0 . 9%的氯化钠溶液 ,第 2、3和 4组分别皮下注射 0 .75、1.5和 2 .5mg kgHgCl2 溶液。第 5、6组大鼠分别腹腔注射2 0 0 μmoLDMPS和 2 0 0 μmoLDPA ,2h后再投与 2 5mg/kgHgCl2 溶液。染毒 12h后 ,收集 12h尿样 ,测定尿N- 乙酰 - β- D- 氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG)和尿碱性磷酸酶 (ALP)活力、尿蛋白和尿汞含量。染毒 48h后 ,切取肾脏和肝脏 ,分别测定肾脏和肝脏中的丙二醛 (MDA)和谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH- Px)活力、肝脏汞和肾脏汞含量。结果　DMPS显著降低NAG和ALP活力和尿蛋白含量 ;DPA明显降低NAG活力和尿蛋白含量 ,对ALP没有影响。DMPS显著降低肾脏MDA含量 ,而DPA对肾脏MDA含量没有影响。DMPS-和DPA两干预组在肾脏中GSH含量和GSH -Px活力都明显高于 2 . 5mg kg染汞组 ,差异有显著性。DPA能显著降低肾脏汞含量。结论　DMPS比DPA更能有效地保护肾功能。DMPS会显著减轻汞在肾脏的氧化损伤 ,而DPA则没有影响。DMPS和DPA能明显减少肾脏GSH和GSH- Px的耗     

Effects of cannabidiol and of diphenylhydantoin on the hippocampus and on learning

Cannabidiol (3.5 mg/kg, i.p.) depressed hippocampal facilitation and posttetanic potentiation of evoked responses in rats, such, as had been reported before for diphenylhydantoin. Both diphenylhydantoin (80 mg/kg, i.p.) and cannabidiol blocked the increase of hippocampal RNA concentration caused by afferent stimulation, and depressed the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response in rats. Neither drug affected the retention of such response when given by posttrial injection, nor the spontaneous locomotor activity of mice. The effects of both agents may be explained by the interference they have been previously shown to produce with the release of K⁺ from the hippocampus during stimulation. In fact, hippocampal facilitation and posttetanic potentiation and the RNA response to stimulation have been shown to be phenomena which depend on this K⁺ release, and have been attributed a role in learning.     

β3-肾上腺素受体激动剂的研究进展

摘要β     

妊娠合并子宫肌瘤对母儿影响的分析

目的 探讨妊娠合并子宫肌瘤对母儿的影响。方法 对1999年1月～2004年12月73例在剖宫产术中发现的子宫肌瘤进行分析。结果 妊娠合并肌瘤的胎位异常（臂位）率、产后出血率分别为17．8％、20．54％,而对照组分别为3．18％和8．97％;低体重儿发生率12、33％,而对照组为6．07％,有显著差异。结论 子宫肌瘤增加了母儿并发症的可能性;合并黏膜下肌瘤也有望使妊娠过程成功。     

朱砂及含朱砂制剂的肝肾毒性研究

目的 探讨朱砂、含朱砂制剂（柏子养心片）及甲基汞对大鼠的体内外毒性,为其临床安全用药提供科学依据。方法 ①对比甲基汞、朱砂及柏子养心片体外对人肝HL-7702细胞和人肾近曲小管上皮HK2细胞的毒性,计算半数抑制浓度（IC₅₀）。②SD大鼠随机分为对照组,朱砂组0.1 g/kg,柏子养心片0.2、0.4、0.8 g/kg组,甲基汞组0.001 g/kg,每天ig 1次,连续给药90 d后,取血及肝、肾组织;试剂盒法检测血清中丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、肌酐（CREA）、尿素氮（BUN）水平,测汞仪固体直接进样法检测肝、肾组织中汞蓄积量,并对大鼠肝脏和肾脏做组织病理学检查。结果 体外试验表明,朱砂、柏子养心片及甲基汞对HL-7702细胞的IC₅₀分别为7.852、6.035、0.009 5 g/L;对HK2细胞的IC₅₀分别为6.297、4.484、0.008 9 g/L。亚慢性毒性试验表明,甲基汞组大鼠肝、肾组织中汞蓄积量及血清中ALT、AST、CREA、BUN值均显著高于对照组,而朱砂及柏子养心片（高、中、低剂量）组与对照组比较均没有显著性差异;甲基汞组大鼠肝脏呈现肝细胞变性,肾脏可见明显肾小管损伤,而朱砂及柏子养心片（高、中、低剂量）组与对照比较没有明显差异。结论 朱砂及柏子养心片的体内外毒性均显著低于甲基汞,在目前药典规定的临床用量下使用安全性较好。     

Effects of raunescine and isoraunescine on behaviour and on the 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline contents of brain

Some behavioural effects of raunescine and isoraunescine on pigeons have been studied; no qualitative difference was detected between their effects and those of reserpine. Isoraunescine is between five and ten times less potent than raunescine, which, in turn, is much less potent than reserpine in producing these effects.

Both raunescine (5 mg./kg.) and isoraunescine (50 mg./kg.) were found to cause a reduction in the concentration of noradrenaline in the brains of rats. Raunescine (5 mg./kg.) also caused a reduction in the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in brain; isoraunescine did not do so in the same dose; higher dose levels were not studied.

     

Influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on blood pressure and on renin formation and release

Summary I.v. injection of 40 mg/kg or 65 mg/kg streptozotocin reliably induced diabetes in female Sprague-Dawley rats, but failed to induce hypertension within the following 42 days. In most animals injected with the higher dose and in some animals injected with the lower dose, the tail blood flow was permanently impaired so that no blood pressure signals could be obtained by tail plethysmography. This phenomenon occurred also when the drug was injected into the jugular vein and thus was not due to a local effect of streptozotocin. 15 days after 65 mg/kg streptozotocin, the mean arterial pressure of the rats was similar to that of controls, when measured in the awake state (carotid cannula) or under ether anaesthesia. 42 days after streptozotocin, under pentobarbital anaesthesia, the blood pressure was again normal in the animals given 40 mg/kg of the drug and depressed in the animals given 65 mg/kg of the drug 42 days previously. The increase of blood pressure induced by 1 g/kg (–)-noradrenaline i.v. was similar in the latter group of animals and in controls.The renal cortical renin concentration was much lower than in controls 42 days after either dose of streptozotocin, while the plasma renin activity was normal (40 mg/kg) or increased (65 mg/kg). The low renal renin content may have been due to the diabetic state, rather than to the drug itself. Adrenal medullary dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was increased 42 days after the higher dose of streptozotocin.Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation, grant Nr. 3.410.078     

Effect of endothelin on total and regional coronary resistance and on myocardial contractility

Endothelin is a 21-amino acid peptide produced by the endothelium and has a potent vasoconstrictor effect. Because of the importance of the endothelium on vasomotor regulation, we studied the effect of endothelin on total and regional coronary vascular resistance and on myocardial contractility in the intact heart of anesthetized dogs. Intracoronary administration of 2 to 80 pmol/kg of endothelin produced a dose-dependent increase in coronary resistance, ischaemic decrease in myocardial contractility and atrium-ventricular blockade. The increase in resistance was greater towards the outer layer of the left ventricular wall. When the coronaries were perfused at a constant rate and vasoconstriction was prevented with adenosine or nitroglycerine, endothelin did not produce inotropic changes. These results show that endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor of the resistance coronary vessels, producing a redistribution of transmural blood flow and a decrease in myocardial contractility secondary to ischaemia.     

丹参多酚酸盐治疗不稳定型心绞痛的疗效及其对一氧化氮和内皮素的影响

目的观察丹参多酚酸盐治疗不稳定型心绞痛（UA）的疗效及其对血清一氧化氮（NO）和内皮素（ET）水平的影响。方法 60例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例。对照组给予常规抗心绞痛治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上加用丹参多酚酸盐注射液。观察比较2组临床疗效、血清NO和ET水平及心电图改善和药物不良反应情况。结果 治疗组临床疗效、血清NO和ET水平及心电图改善情况均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。2组均未发生药物不良反应。结论丹参多酚酸盐可明显改善UA患者的临床症状和心电图ST-T改变,要提高血清NO水平的同时降低ET水平。     

Effect of ranitidine on ileal myenteric plexus preparation and on acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase

Ranitidine at concentrations from 1 microM to 0.1 mM brought about a dose-dependent potentiation of the twitch responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the ileal myenteric preparation. At higher concentrations (0.3-3 mM) ranitidine also caused irregular slow contractions of the unstimulated ileal preparation which were potentiated by eserine and blocked by atropine and tetrodotoxin. In order to identify the mechanism of these apparently cholinomimetic actions, the effects of ranitidine on AChE and BuChE were studied. Ranitidine showed an instantaneous and promptly reversible inhibitory action at concentrations between 0.5 and 30 microM. Double reciprocal plots were prepared and equilibrium dissociation constants calculated. It appears that ranitidine exerts an inhibition of the "mixed" type on both AChE and BuChE, but the dissociation constants for BuChE were markedly higher than those for AChE. Since AChE inhibition occurs in the same concentration range potentiating the twitch responses on the ileal myenteric preparation, it may explain the cholinomimetic effect of ranitidine.