家庭教养影响儿童同伴关系的路径分析

目的:探讨家庭教养对儿童同伴关系的路径模型。方法:采用父母教养方式评价量表、一般自我效能感量表、儿童社交焦虑量表和同伴提名法对小学四到六年级学生进行测评。结果:观测数据与修正后的非饱和递归模型非常拟合,不同类型儿童在父、母家庭教养各维度上存在显著性差异。结论:①自我效能感与社交焦虑在家庭教养与儿童同伴关系间起中介作用。②受欢迎儿童的正向教养和自我效能感水平最高,而问题儿童的负向教养和焦虑水平均显著高于受欢迎儿童。     

Individual Differences in Children's Reactions to Divorce

Children from families undergoing parental separation or divorce were interviewed about their own reactions and adjustment to this disruptive event. The children's mothers were also asked to report on their own reactions, as well as their children's. A subgroup was observed in a play session. Data were used to examine the factor surrounding children who manifested more behavior problems and more recent physical illnesses. Mothers of children who exhibited more behavior problems reported more mood disturbances; if this group consisted of boys, they engaged in less interactive play. Illness had opposite relationships with other variables for boys and girls; boys with more illness had more interactive play sessions with their mothers, whereas girls with more illness had less interactive and more noncontingent play periods. Results are discussed in terms of the different meaning that stress reactions have for both boys and girls and their mothers.     

Children's Adjustment to Parental Death

This article reviews the evidence regarding the effects of parental death on children's acute and long-term psychological adjustment, as well as the clinical literature describing interventions for bereaved families. The risk of adjustment difficulties for bereaved children has shown no consistent relation to complications of grieving, but is instead largely accounted for by an increased probability of inadequate care following the loss of a parent. The literature describing interventions for bereaved families offers little formal evaluation, and reflects our incomplete understanding of children's grief responses, and thus of appropriate treatment goals. Further research should focus on more molecular analysis of grief processes, including grief-related interactions between children and parents, and should take into account developmental variation in children's needs and experiences. The use of multiple informants of child and parent behavior is strongly recommended, and the unique contributions of longitudinal research in understanding children's adjustment to loss are highlighted.     

Consequences of Divorce on the Adjustment of Children in China

Explored the consequences of divorce on children in China. In contrast to Western countries, divorce in China is relatively rare, occurring in approximately 10% to 15% of the population. Children from divorced families (n = 174) and matched intact families (n = 174) were selected from a larger sample of 1,294 children between 8 and 14 years of age. Divorce was relatively low in this sample (13.45%) of participants, consistent with rates observed in epidemiological studies in China. Mothers of divorced children reported higher levels of education but lower levels of income than mothers in intact families. Children in divorced families reported higher levels of anxiety and depression, and their mothers and teachers rated them as possessing more behavior problems on the Achenbach (1991) Child Behavior Checklist scales. Regression analyses revealed that rejecting and inattentive parenting styles, along with family status (divorce or intact), high maternal depression, and sex (boys) predicted significant amounts of variance associated with these negative outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of familial and cultural issues associated with these findings.     

Relation Between Children's Perceptions of Maternal Mental Illness and Children's Psychological Adjustment

Evaluates how a child's subjective perceptions of a mentally ill parent's psychiatric symptoms and parenting skills relate to the child's psychological adjustment. In this study, 57 children and their mothers, half of whom were mothers with a severe and chronic mental illness, participated in a research protocol that included a directed observation of mother-child dyads and measures of parenting style, parent psychopathology, child behavior, and child's self-perceptions. The results indicated that children's subjective perceptions of parents' behavior are important variables in a child's adjustment.     

关系攻击行为对儿童心理社会适应的影响

目的:探讨关系攻击行为对儿童心理社会适应的影响.方法:采用班级戏剧问卷、儿童孤独量表、同伴提名、朋友提名对549名儿童进行测查.结果:①女孩的关系攻击水平高于男孩.②关系攻击与受欺侮、退缩、被拒绝显著正相关,与孤独感、朋友数量相关不显著.③分层回归分析显示,在控制了外部攻击的影响后,关系攻击仍能正向预测受欺侮、退缩、被拒绝.结论:关系攻击行为能够有效预测儿童的心理社会适应.     

Predicting Children's Presurgical Anxiety and Subsequent Behavior Changes

Addressed, in two studies, issues of children's medical anxietyhaving implications for efficient psychological preparation.Study I assessed behavioral distress and physiological arousalof 4- to 10-year-old, unprepared, nonsedated children (N = 50)as they separated from parents, waited in the operating room,and were given general anesthesia for minor surgery. Anxietyintensity varied widely among children and was most intenseat mask presentation. Mother's prediction of uncooperative behaviorand a history of prior surgery were the best predictors. Study2 examined anxiety of 37 children prior to surgery and behaviorchanges 2 weeks later. At follow-up, minor or transient problemswere common; 4 children developed significant problems. Elevatedpresurgical anxiety predicted later problems, but only amongchildren hospitalized after surgery. Findings suggest that presurgicalanxiety and later behavior problems are partially predictable.     

高中生心理健康影响因素的通径分析

目的：探讨高中生心理健康的影响因素及其相互作用方式。方法：对518名高中生的心理健康状况及相关因素进行调查，采用单因素分析和通径分析的方法研究心理健康影响因素的作用方式和途径。结果：生活事件间接影响高中生的心理健康；情绪稳定性和个性内外向是直接影响学生心理健康的个性素质因素；消极应对方式和不成熟防御方式是生活事件、个性对心理健康影响的中间环节。结论：改变认知和纠正学生不良的应付方式与防御方式可能是提高心理健康水平的根本途径。     

Attachment-Based Classifications of Children's Family Drawings: Psychometric Properties and Relations With Children's Adjustment in Kindergarten

Investigated an attachment-based theoretical framework and classification system, introduced by Kaplan and Main (1986), for interpreting children's family drawings. This study concentrated on the psychometric properties of the system and the relation between drawings classified using this system and teacher ratings of classroom social-emotional and behavioral functioning, controlling for childage, ethnic status, intelligence, and fine motor skills. This nonclinical sample consisted of 200 kindergarten children of diverse racial and socioeconomic status (SES). Limited support for reliability of this classification system was obtained. Kappas for overall classifications of drawings (e.g., secure) exceeded .80 and mean kappa for discrete drawing features (e.g., figures with smiles) was .82. Coders' endorsement of the presence of certain discrete drawing features predicted their overall classification at 82.5% accuracy. Drawing classification was related to teacher ratings of classroom functioning independent of child age, sex, race, SES, intelligence, and fine motor skills (with p values for the multivariate effects ranging from .043-.001). Results are discussed in terms of the psychometric properties of this system for classifying children's representations of family and the limitations of family drawing techniques for young children.     

初一学生入学适应影响因素分析

目的检验影响初一学生入学适应的相关因素。方法采用自编入学适应问卷、Rosenberg自尊量表、艾森克人格问卷(儿童版)、来自双亲的影响及对双亲的意识测查问卷对185名初一学生包括寄宿与否、性别、是否为独生子女及家庭经济状况4个方面的信息进行了抽样调查。结果总体上,入学适应在是否寄宿、男女性别、是否为独生子女及家庭经济地位高低的对比上没有显著性差异,但非寄宿学生与寄宿学生相比在人际适应方面存在更多问题(t=1.99,P<0.05),女生比男生在环境适应方面存在更多问题(t=3.48,P<0.01)。相关分析表明自尊、来自双亲的精神支持,来自双亲的人生观、思维方式的影响,以母亲作为人生楷模与入学适应负相关,精神质、神经质、来自双亲的精神压力与入学适应正相关,多元逐步回归分析发现神经质、精神质、来自父亲的压力和来自父亲人生观、思维方式的影响进入回归模型(R=0.55,F=19.93,P<0.001),4个变量可解释入学适应总变异的31%。结论人格特征、亲子关系对初一学生入学适应具有预测作用。     

Maternal Versus Joint Custody: Children's Postseparation Experiences and Adjustment

The present study compares the experiences and adjustment of children in joint and maternal custody arrangements. The subjects were 133 children who had experienced parental separation within the past 30 months and ranged in age from 8 to 15 years. Children were interviewed about their recent divorce-related experiences and completed questionnaires that assessed anxiety, depression, self-esteem, and hostility. Parents also completed a questionnaire about their children's behavior problems. Children in joint custody arrangements reported a significantly greater number of positive experiences than children in maternal custody (p <.05). No differences in child symptomatology occurred across the custody arrangements; however, children in joint custody reported higher levels of self-esteem (p <. 05) and had more weekly contact with the parent with whom they did not primarily reside than did children in maternal custody (p <. 05). The importance of research on the effects of various custody arrangements for the development of sound social policy is discussed.     

城市流动儿童的社会支持与学校适应的关系

目的考察城市流动儿童的社会支持与学校适应及其关系。方法采用问卷法对762名流动儿童和509名非流动儿童的社会支持与学校适应进行了研究。结果1与非流动儿童相比,流动儿童的社会支持和学校适应性较差;2流动儿童社会支持水平与学校适应之间有非常显著的正相关;3主观支持与支持利用度对流动儿童的学校适应有显著的预测作用。结论城市流动儿童的社会支持与学校适应性有待提高,社会支持与学校适应之间关系密切。     

40例医学生失眠症患者心理健康影响因素的通径分析

目的：探讨医学生失眠者心理健康的影响因素及其相互作用方式。方法：通过对40例医学生失眠者和53例非失眠者心理健康状况及相关因素的调查，采用单因素相关分析和通径分析的方法研究心理健康影响因素的作用方式和途径。结果：学习压力是医学生中主要的生活应激性事件，通过间接作用影响了失眠者的心理健康；情绪稳定性的高低可能是影响心理健康的个性素质因素，具有直接作用和间接作用两个方面；应付方式是生活应激性事件、个性影响心理健康的中间环节。结论：加强认知心理治疗和改变医学生失眠者的不良应付方式可能是治疗和预防其心理问题的根本途径。     

The Relationship of Early Family Variables to Children's Subsequent Behavioral Adjustment

Examined the relative strength of the relation between early family functioning variables and subsequent (41/2 years later) child adjustment. Five clusters of family variables were examined: child's gender, life-stress events, child characteristics, maternal characteristics, and spousal support. The criterion variables were mother, father, and teacher ratings of the target child's adjustment. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to identify the best models for the prediction of child adjustment. No significant models were found when the independent criteria of father- or teacher-rated behavior were used. The models for the prediction of children's total adjustment, conduct disorders, social aggression, attention problems, and anxiety-withdrawal, as rated by the mother, indicated that the early family variables of life stress, child characteristics, and maternal characteristics are key in subsequent child functioning, with spousal support playing an apparently minor role.     

骨折患者心理应激状况与应激相关因素关系的通路分析

目的探讨劳务工骨折患者焦虑情绪与应激相关因素的关系,为制定心理健康教育策略提供理论依据。方法对165例劳务工骨折患者入院1周内分别采用应激生活事件问卷、应付方式问卷、社会支持问卷和状态焦虑量表进行心理评估,选出与焦虑相关具显著意义的变量做逐步回归筛选,用逐步回归筛选到的生活事件(X1)、积极应对(X2)、消极应对(X3)为原因变量,焦虑(Y)为结果变量构筑模型。结果本组劳务工骨折患者状态焦虑评分明显高于常模(P0.001),社会支持与焦虑呈负相关(P0.050),但逐步回归筛选并未选入;X1、X2、X3与Y的通路系数依次为0.211、-0.291、0.341;X1.X2、X1.X3的通路系数依次为-0.437、0.375。结论本组劳务工骨折患者社会支持不足,应激生活事件、应对方式对焦虑的作用得到通路模型的有力支持。     

The Role of Maternal Psychological Adjustment in the Measurement of Children's Functional Status

Studied the ways that mothers interpret illness behavior intheir children to assess whether maternal psychological adjustmentpredicts maternal perceptions of children's behavioral limitationsand attribution of these behaviors to chronic illness. Functionalstatus ratings and attributions to illness by 365 mothers of5-to 8-year-old children with chronic illnesses were associatedwith children's overall adjustment but not with mothers' ownpsychological distress. Illness attributions also were relatedto the child's medical visits and hospitalizations. Thus, mother'sillness attributions are related to her perceptions of the child'shealth and more general behavioral adjustment, but not to herown mental health. Results support the validity of the FS II(R)as a measure of functioning related to children's health statusthat is not influenced by maternal psychological adjustment.     

重庆地区儿童CA-MRSA感染的危险因素研究

目的 研究重庆地区儿童社区获得性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（CA-MRSA）感染的高危因素,为临床预防儿童感染CA-MRSA提供参考。方法 选取2017年10月~2019年4月我院及其线路医院收治的200例呼吸道感染患儿作为研究对象。采用专用运输痰杯或拭子采样呼吸道感染患儿痰液或扁桃体分泌物,发热患儿则需进行血培养,检测标本并调查CA-MRSA发生情况及其危险因素。结果 200例呼吸道感染患儿中MRSA发生128例（64.00%）,其中CA-MRSA发生55例,在MRSA中构成比为42.97%。单因素分析显示不同年龄、抗菌药物应用史、住院或就诊史的患儿CA-MRSA感染率比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;多因素回归分析显示,年龄、抗菌药物应用史是CA-MRSA发生的独立高危因素。结论 重庆地区儿童CA-MRSA好发于5岁以下儿童,患儿普遍存在抗菌药物应用史,临床需加强对儿童CA-MRSA感染的重视,降低CA-MRSA的发病率与患病率。     

艺术类大学新生人性哲学观的影响因素路径分析

目的研究艺术大学新生人性哲学特征及其影响因素。方法采用人性的哲学量表、人性的哲学修订量表、青少年生活事件量表、症状自评量表及卡特尔16种人格特质问卷对1019名艺术学生进行测试。结果不同性别、家庭状态下人性观存在差异:男生在利他主义正性、意志力与理性正性上得分明显低于女生(P0.05);单亲家庭的新生在值得信任正性上得分低于非单亲家庭(P=0.016)。个性、心理、生活事件各因素均与人性观存在一定相关性:16PF中12个因子与人性观中各因子具有不同程度相关性(r=-0.204~0.290,P0.05);SCL-90各因素与值得信任负性、利他主义负性、意志力与理性负性、人性复杂性正性这4个因子无相关性,与剩余分量表大多存在显著相关(r=-0.315~0.062,P0.05);艺术新生除值得信任负性、利他主义负性、人性复杂性正性、愤世嫉俗外的其他因子均与生活事件的各方面存在显著相关(r=-0.068~-0.243,P0.05);路径分析结果显示,乐群性对新生个性贡献最大(β=0.72),个性、生活事件对正负人性观的直接影响均显著(β1=0.14,0.12,β2=-0.21,-0.14),个性在生活事件及人性观之间的间接效应显著(β=0.03)。结论大学新生处于人性观形成和发展的关键时期,从提高心理健康程度、培养良好个性特征、关注负性生活事件的发生三方面入手,促进正性人性观的形成和发展。