新兵军事训练伤发生的原因

军事训练(军训)伤是影响部队正常训练、危害部队官兵身体健康的重要因素.由于新兵的自身因素、训练因素与环境因素等原因,使新兵基础训练阶段军训伤发生率较高,是军训伤研究的焦点之一.该文对新兵军训伤的发生原因进行了分析,以期为军训伤的预防提供科学依据.     

湖北省1991～1993年AFP病例及脊髓灰质炎监测质量分析

１９９１￣１９９３年我省共报告ＡＦＰ１４０例，确诊脊灰５７例，排除（非脊灰）８３例，１９９１年１９９２年ＡＦＰ病例主要集中在武汉市，此外，还对ＡＦＰ专报系统监测作了质量分析，提出了存在的问题与改进措施。     

澳大利亚新南威尔士州卫生署流行病和卫生服务评估组简介（1992／93）

澳大利亚新南威尔士州卫生署流行病和卫生服务评估组简介（１９９２／９３）许锐恒，张苑扬广东──新南威尔士州（澳大利亚）卫生信息技术中心于１９９３年６月４日在广东省卫生防疫站成立。为了加强双方的交流，１９９３年１０月新州卫生署委派ＦｕｎｓＳｈｉｎｇＣｈｕ...     

新兵应力性骨折与训练成绩关系的前瞻性观察

新兵应力性骨折与训练成绩关系的前瞻性观察李祖国，李良寿，李远贵，陈友绩，黄久仪（第四军医大学流行病学教研室，西安）应力性骨折（Ｓｔｒｅｓｓｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅ，ＳＦ）又称疲劳性骨折，是军训中尤其是新兵基础训练期间较常见的损伤。我们在对此进行流行病学调查的...     

某区部队部分医疗机构传染病报告管理质量调查

某区部队部分医疗机构传染病报告管理质量调查邓兵，辛星，张华，常春，曾明光（北京军区疾病监测中心，北京，１０００４２）为加强部队疫情报告管理，我们对某区部队部分医疗机构１９９２～１９９３年疫情报告管理质量和传染病漏报情况进行了调查。１对象和方法根据医疗...     

我们是怎样提高急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测质量的

江西省１９９２年下半年开始建立脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）专报系统，１９９３年实施急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡＦＰ）病例报告。由于１９９２～１９９３年我省局部地区脊灰流行，因此监测工作未跟上全国消灭脊灰的新形势。１９９４年全省１５岁以下儿童ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率仅０．２７...     

河北省1990~1992年急性弛缓性麻痹发病情况调查

笔者报告了１９９３年９月对河北省１９９０～１９９２年０～１４岁儿童住院的急性弛缓性麻痹（ＡｃｕｔｅＦＬａｃｃｉｄＰａｒａｌｙｓｉｓ，ＡＦＰ）进行调查的情况。结果表明，３年平均ＡＦＰ、非脊髓灰质炎急性弛缓性麻痹（Ｎｏｎ－ｐｏｌｉｏＡＦＰ）调查发病率分别为１．４９８／１０万、０．９８８／１０万；０～４岁儿童３年平均发病率二者分别为２．９１７／１０万和１．５９１／１０万。格林巴利综合征（ＧＢＳ）占全部ＡＦＰ病例的５４．０６％。     

美国评选1993年最佳医院

０３０美国评选１９９３年最佳医院［英］／ＲｏｂｅｒｔｓＷＣ∥ＡｍＪＣａｒｄｉｏｌ．－１９９３，７２（９）．－６２６～６２７１９９０～１９９２年，美国ＵＳＮｅｗｓ曾进行过三次医院质量评比，其评比方法完全根据医生们对医院的印象来评分。１９９３年，ＵＳＮｅ...     

新兵基础训练损伤发生率及其影响因素

为了解新兵基础训练损伤发生率及其影响因素 ,我们于 2 0 0 0年 1月 ,对某部新兵基础训练的初、中、后三个阶段发生的损伤进行了调查。1　对象和方法　 ( 1)对象 :为某部 2 0 0 0年入伍新兵 ,共 886人 ,均为男性。训练科目为基础训练的全部项目。训练时间的安排 ,第 1个月 (初期 )为适应性训练阶段 ,第 2个月 (中期 )为强化提高训练阶段 ,第 3个月 (后期 )为巩固提高阶段。 ( 2 )方法 :依据《中国人民解放军军事训练伤诊断分类标准》 ,由相关专业的中、高级医务人员组成调查组 ,每 2周下部队进行一次检查登记 ,然后按不同训练时期进行总结、…     

1993至1994年海南省肾综合征出血热人间疫情检测报告

１９９３至１９９４年海南省肾综合征出血热人间疫情检测报告王敏，陈文洲，邝继深，陈玉本，陈化新海南省既往报告的肾综合征出血热（ＨＦＲＳ）病例不多。为此，我们于１９９３～１９９４年，对临床疑似登革热病人血清标本２８份进行了ＨＦＲＳＩｇＧ抗体检测。兹报告如...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.