妇科肿瘤全量放射治疗后手术82例回顾分析

[目的]分析宫颈癌及子宫内膜癌全量放射治疗后再手术的临床情况。[方法]回顾71例宫颈癌及11例子宫内膜癌行全量体外 腔内放疗,因各种指征行筋膜外子宫切除术57例、附件切除术9例,次广泛或广泛子宫切除术10例等。[结果]手术时间:筋膜外子宫切除术平均2.7h,次广泛或广泛子宫切除术3.8h,附件切除术1.8h。手术出血量:39例<200ml,30例≥200ml(平均462m1)。手术并发症包括:伤口裂开3例,伤口感染3例,泌尿道并发症4例,肠瘘1例,肠损伤1例,总并发症14.7%,术后病理显示宫颈残存癌或肿瘤复发、转移/宫体受侵39例,5年生存率44.3%;子宫内膜癌未控或新发生的子宫内膜癌16例,5年生存率64.5%。[结论]全量放射治疗后再手术并发症相对增多,但筋膜外子宫切除术仍是安全、有效的治疗方法。     

局部不良型宫颈癌的综合治疗

目的：探讨局部不良型宫颈癌的综合治疗。方法：40例宫颈癌术前行常规综合放疗,A点剂量＞70Gy30例,60－70Gy7例,50－59Gy2例,44Gy1例,放疗后1－8周行筋膜外子宫切除术15例,次广泛子宫切除术23例,广泛性子宫切除加盆腔淋巴结清扫术2例,结果：2例死于夹杂症,12例死于肿瘤未控或复发。3年生存率为74．9％,5年生存率为66．8％,50％治疗失败发生于治疗后1年内,2年内死亡率为9／12（75．0％）,3例发生术后并发症,均经保守治疗痊愈。结论：放疗后辅以近期子宫切除的综合治疗,对治疗局部不良型宫颈癌有其合理性及可行性。     

子宫颈癌放疗后子宫腔积液151例临床分析

目的分析子宫颈癌放疗后宫腔积液患者的临床特点。方法回顾性分析151例子宫颈癌放疗后发生宫腔积液患者的临床资料。结果151例患者的宫颈癌临床分期为ⅡB、ⅢB期;其中宫颈腺癌32例。151例中阴道分泌物增多是主要临床症状共65例,阴道血性分泌物或阴道不规则出血32例,患者自己发现下腹部肿物27例,另27例无任何临床症状。B超检查发现宫腔积液阳性率为100%。64例为放疗后单纯宫腔积液,其中8例为宫腔积脓,除17例行子宫双附件切除外,余经扩宫引流后逐渐消失;62例为肿瘤未控或复发合并宫腔积液,19例行全子宫双附件切除,余接受补充放疗或姑息性化疗;25例为放射后发肿瘤合并宫腔积液,以全宫双附件切除,术后辅助化疗为主。三组患者中64例单纯宫腔积液的预后最好,5年生存率为54.8%。35例肿瘤未控者5年生存率为0%;27例肿瘤复发后的5年生存率为28.7%;25例放射后发肿瘤者5年生存率为47.5%,其中癌肉瘤的为0%。单纯宫腔积液的预后相对较好,放射后发肿瘤的预后次之,宫颈癌未控或复发的预后最差。结论宫颈癌放疗后出现的宫腔积液常伴有肿瘤存在,预后与是否有肿瘤因素有关。     

13例子宫肿瘤锎-252中子腔内放疗后的手术效果

目的分析子宫肿瘤患者接受锎-252中子腔内和体外放疗后手术结果, 评估锎-252中子治疗的价值。方法对13例接受锎-252中子腔内放疗及体外照射后、局部可疑肿瘤未控制或具有预后不良因素的子宫肿瘤患者, 进行手术治疗。12例行筋膜外子宫切除, 1例行子宫广泛切除+淋巴清扫。依据术后病理和随访结果进行疗效评价。结果 9例患者术后宫颈病理组织呈重度放疗反应, 无肿瘤残存, 生存时间为3～14年, 中位生存时间8年;4例术后病理有肿瘤残存, 均在1年内死亡。12例患者中, 3例阴道伤口延迟愈合。结论锎-252为较好的近距离放射源, 使用锎-252放疗后宫颈组织反应较重, 部分患者阴道伤口愈合时间延长。对于接受锎-252中子腔内放疗及体外照射后、局部仍存在可疑肿瘤未控制或具有预后不良因素的子宫肿瘤患者, 筋膜外子宫切除术是安全可行的治疗方法。     

手术治疗Ⅱb期宫颈癌29例临床分析

目的探讨Ⅱb期宫颈癌手术治疗的效果.方法手术组年龄23～58岁,平均43岁,鳞癌17例,腺癌12例,行术前放疗和腹壁下动脉化疗后行宫颈癌根治术.放疗组年龄24～60岁,平均45岁,鳞癌17例,腺癌11例,行单纯根治量放疗.结果手术组与放疗组3年生存率分别为79.3%,64.3%;5年生存率为72.4%,46.2%,3年内复发率为17.2%,53.6%;中心复发率为3.5%,32.1%.结论对部分Ⅱb期宫颈癌患者如腺癌,经术前放疗和化疗后有手术条件者可行广泛子宫切除术及盆腔淋巴清扫术,对减少中心性复发,提高生存率,避免放射引起的并发症有一定意义.     

202例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗方法评价及生存分析

背景与目的:喉鳞癌是头颈部常见的恶性肿瘤,Ⅰ～Ⅱ期喉鳞癌经手术或放疗后一般有较好的疗效,但Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌的疗效和预后尚不能令人满意,治疗方法也颇多争议,本研究着重探讨Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌不同治疗方法的疗效,比较各组生存率、未控复发情况,探索更合理的处理方法。方法:对中山大学肿瘤防治中心1991年1月～2000年1月间收治的202例Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌按治疗方法分为单纯手术组64例、手术 放射治疗组83例、放疗组41例和化疗组14例,进行回顾性研究,采用SPSS10.0寿命表法计算生存率,组间生存曲线比较采用Wilcoxon(Gehan)法,各组未控复发情况比较采用χ2检验。结果:Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率(42.12±3.62)%,10年累积生存率(33.20±4.32)%,中位生存时间48.5月;其中声门型喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率61.07%,声门上型喉鳞癌的5年累积生存率26.07%;单纯手术组的5年生存率53.41%,手术 放疗组51.04%,放疗组18.33%,化疗组7.14%;对比喉鳞癌单纯手术组和手术 放疗组的5年累积生存率,无论是Ⅲ期还是Ⅳ期,均无统计学意义(P>0.05);167例接受原发灶手术治疗,其中喉部分切除术31例,5年生存率56.15%,无复发;喉全切除术116例,5年生存率52.08%,复发11例。结论:Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗以手术为主,全喉切除术仍是Ⅲ～Ⅳ期喉鳞癌治疗的主要手段,选择部分喉鳞癌病例可行部分喉切除术,不会增加原发灶复发的几率,也不会降低5年生存率。如术后可疑肿瘤残留或切缘阳性等则有术后放疗的必要,而其他病例术后一般不必放疗。     

宫颈癌术后放疗预后分析

目的:探讨宫颈癌术后放疗的价值。方法:回顾分析我院103例宫颈癌术后因盆腔淋巴结转移、局部肿瘤较大、术前误诊手术范围不足、术后残端复发等不同情况的病例,行60Co及近距离补充放疗。结果:全组103例5年生存率69.90%(72/103)。Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期5年生存率分别为75.86%(22/29)、63.24%(43/68)。复发及未控与术后即时辅助放疗5年生存率分别为38.10%(8/21)、79.27%(65/82),P<0.05。肿瘤直径>4cm与≤4cm病例5年生存率分别为55.56%(10/18)和69.41%(59/85)。盆腔淋巴结转移与无淋巴结病例5年生存率分别为50.00%(10/20)、71.08%(59/83),P<0.05。局部肿瘤侵犯深肌层与未侵犯深肌层患者5年生存率分别为67.61%(48/71)、71.88%(23/32)。结论:术前尽可能明确诊断,规范手术治疗;对有预后不良因素患者尽快行辅助放疗;对局部肿瘤稍晚的宫颈癌要有计划的综合治疗。     

手术方式对102例子宫内膜癌患者预后的影响

[目的]探讨子宫切除范围及淋巴结清扫术对子宫内膜癌预后的影响。[方法]对102例子宫内膜癌患者，将其中行筋膜外子宫切除手术（筋膜外组）40例与次广泛／广泛子宫切除术（广泛组）62例患者进行对照分析；行盆腔淋巴结清扫术（清扫组）48例和未行淋巴结清扫术（未清扫组）54例进行对照分析．比较其生存率。[结果]102例患者5年总的生存率为93．1％。筋膜外组与广泛组患者5年生存率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05），但其中Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上患者筋膜外组、广泛组的5年生存率分别为66．7％和91.3％，有显著性差异（P=0．044）。单因素分析结果提示盆腔淋巴有转移的患者预后不良。盆腔淋巴结清扫术和未行清扫术两组生存率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。[结论]盆腔淋巴转移的患者预后差，但盆腔淋巴清扫术并不改善患者预后。Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上患者行次广泛／广泛子宫切除术有助于改善预后。     

手术方式对102例子宫内膜癌患者预后的影响

[目的]探讨子宫切除范围及淋巴结清扫术对子宫内膜癌预后的影响。[方法]对102例子宫内膜癌患者，将其中行筋膜外子宫切除手术（筋膜外组）40例与次广泛／广泛子宫切除术（广泛组）62例患者进行对照分析；行盆腔淋巴结清扫术（清扫组）48例和未行淋巴结清扫术（未清扫组）54例进行对照分析．比较其生存率。[结果]102例患者5年总的生存率为93．1％。筋膜外组与广泛组患者5年生存率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05），但其中Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上患者筋膜外组、广泛组的5年生存率分别为66．7％和91.3％，有显著性差异（P=0．044）。单因素分析结果提示盆腔淋巴有转移的患者预后不良。盆腔淋巴结清扫术和未行清扫术两组生存率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。[结论]盆腔淋巴转移的患者预后差，但盆腔淋巴清扫术并不改善患者预后。Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上患者行次广泛／广泛子宫切除术有助于改善预后。     

放疗后近期子宫切除治疗局部晚期宫颈部

探讨局部晚期宫颈癌能否通过全量或近全量放疗后补充子宫切除术，提高局部控制率。２４例宫颈癌，平均年龄４０岁，病理证实腺癌７例，鳞癌１７例按ＦＩＧＯ分期Ⅱｂ１７例，Ⅲｂ７ｗｇｑ ；ｐｋ ａｄｍｋｇｆ ｓｃｅｈｇａｊｆａｋ ｄ大型，直径均大于４ｃｍ；术前行常规综合放疗。     

Survival in cervix cancer patients treated with radiotherapy followed by radical surgery.

AIM: To determine the incidence and predictive value of residual disease in the hysterectomy specimens of cervical cancer patients treated with primary radiotherapy, with or without chemotherapy, followed by surgery and to determine whether pathologically confirmed residual disease is a surrogate marker of outcome. METHODS: The medical records of patients treated for stage IB/II carcinoma of the cervix in a single institution between 1985 and 2000 were retrospectively analysed into two different groups, depending on whether they had received radiotherapy or concurrent chemo-radiotherapy. Six to 8 weeks after irradiation, all patients underwent radical or extrafascial hysterectomy and pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. RESULTS: A total of 403 patients were included in the study (360 in the radiotherapy only group and 43 in the chemo-radiotherapy group). One hundred and seventy-eight patients had residual disease on hysterectomy specimens in the radiotherapy group. Considering only the stages IB2 and II, 126 (52%) and 16 (37%) patients had residual disease on hysterectomy specimens in the radiotherapy group and in the chemo-radiotherapy group, respectively (P=0.08). Residual disease was associated with pelvic and para-aortic nodal metastases. The 5-year local control and overall survival rates were 88 and 86%, respectively, in the patients with complete pathologic response and 73 and 62%, respectively, in the patients with residual disease (P<0.001). In multivariate analysis, FIGO stage, residual disease, and pathologic nodal involvement were independent predictive factors of both local recurrence and overall survival. CONCLUSION: Pathologically confirmed residual disease on hysterectomy specimen is an independent and strong predictive factor of both local recurrence and overall survival.     

Bulky, barrel-shaped cervical carcinoma (stages IB, IIA, IIB): the prognostic factors for pelvic control and treatment outcome.

The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic factors for pelvic control and the treatment outcome in bulky, barrel-shaped cervical carcinomas. Between September 1980 and December 1992, 65 patients with stage IB or stage IIA-B carcinoma of the uterine cervix classified as barrel-shaped or concentrically expanded (i.e., at least 5 cm in greatest diameter) were treated with curative intent. Forty patients had stage IB or stage IIA carcinoma (according to the classification of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics [FIGO]), and 25 patients had FIGO stage IIB carcinoma. Seventy-two percent of the patients were treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone and 28% with radiotherapy followed by extrafascial hysterectomy (RT + S). The median follow-up time of surviving patients was 68 months (range 33-172). Survival and control rates were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The 10-year actuarial pelvic control rate was 75% for all patients. The likelihood of pelvic control was not affected by FIGO stage, tumor size, patient's age, histologic features, or treatment modality (RT vs. RT + S). The extent of tumor regression following external beam radiotherapy correlated with the likelihood of local control (p = 0.02). For patients treated with RT alone, increased brachytherapy dose was associated with an increased likelihood of local control. The 10-year actuarial overall and cause-specific survival rates were 53% and 68%, respectively, and did not differ significantly between treatment groups. It is concluded that for most patients with bulky cervical carcinoma, RT alone provides good local control and survival. However, for patients with tumors that respond poorly to external beam radiotherapy, local control and survival are poor. More aggressive treatment protocols should be considered for these patients. The routine use of adjuvant hysterectomy is not recommended.     

Extent of disease and results of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy in the treatment of stage IB, IIA, and IIB cervical carcinoma

Background. To identify variable prognostic factors and analyze failure patterns in uterine cervix cancer after radical operation and adjuvant radiotherapy, a retrospective analysis was undertaken. Methods. We analyzed 124 patients with uterine cervix cancer, FIGO stage IB, IIA, and IIB, treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy between May 1985 and May 1995. Minimum follow-up period was 24 months. All these patients were treated with full-dose external radiotherapy using a linear accelerator or high-dose-rate intracavitary radiation. Results. Overall 5-year survival rate and relapse-free survival rate were 75.4% and 73.5%, respectively. Significant prognostic factors for relapse-free survival were wall involvement thickness, lymph node location and number, parametrium involvement, tumor size, stage, uterine body involvement, and vaginal resection margin involvement. By multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, and vaginal resection margin involvement were significant prognostic factors. Treatment-related failure occurred in 33 cases. In stage IIB, 5-year relapse-free survival rate was only 56%, and 9 of 22 patients had recurrence. Conclusion. Postoperative radiotherapy results are good for patients with relatively low risk factors, but the results are poor for patients with multiple high-risk factors or stage IIB. To control recurrence for patients with high-risk factors, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy alone is not a sufficient treatment method. Considering cost-effectiveness, it may be reasonable to treat with primary radical radiotherapy for patients with stage IIB cervical cancer and poor prognostic factors instead of a radical operation and adjuvant radiotherapy or chemotherapy regimen. Further investigation should be done. Received: November 13, 1998 / Accepted: May 27, 1999     

Therapeutic implications of patterns of recurrence in cancer of the uterine cervix.

Five hundred twenty-six patients with invasive cervical cancer, treated at the University of Kentucky from 1964 to 1976, were followed 2--12 years after therapy. One hundred and sixty patients (31%) developed tumor recurrence. Recurrent cancer was noted with 1 year after therapy in 58% of patients and within 2 years of treatment in 76% of patients. Only 6% of patients with recurrent cervical cancer survived 3 or more years. Stage of disease, cell type, lesion size, and the presence of lymph vascular space invasion by tumor cells were all shown to be prognostically significant. The addition of extrafascial hysterectomy to radiation therapy significantly decreased the incidence of recurrence in stage IB cervical tumors 5 cm or more in diameter. Analysis of this data suggests that radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy is as effective as irradiation only in the treatment of large cell squamous carcinomas 2 cm or less in diameter.     

Cervix carcinoma, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and salvage of isolated paraaortic lymph node recurrence

PURPOSE: To determine the effect of concurrent chemoradiotherapy on the outcome of invasive cervical carcinoma patients with disease recurrence isolated to the paraaortic lymph nodes. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between 1987 and 2003, 816 cervical carcinoma patients received radiotherapy at Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology. Of these 816 patients, 14 had clinically or radiographically detected isolated paraaortic lymph node metastases. Before 1998, imaging was done if warranted by the presence of one or more classic findings, including lower extremity edema, sciatic pain, and hydronephrosis. After 1998, radiographic imaging was a routine part of follow-up for all patients. The median age at recurrence was 42.5 years (range, 32-54 years). Follow-up for all living patients was current at last follow-up. Full-dose radiotherapy equaled at least 45 Gy. RESULTS: All 7 patients with a classic finding of recurrence, none of whom had been treated to at least 45 Gy and concurrent chemotherapy, were dead of disease within 1.5 years. The 7 patients without a classic finding of recurrence, all of whom had been treated with salvage full-dose concurrent chemoradiotherapy, had a 5-year overall survival rate of 100% (p <0.01). CONCLUSION: Salvage concurrent full-dose chemoradiotherapy afforded excellent survival of patients who did not have classic findings but had disease recurrence exclusively in the paraaortic lymph nodes. The effectiveness of salvage concurrent full-dose chemoradiotherapy in patients with symptomatic disease recurrence remains unclear. However, chemotherapy or radiotherapy alone produced dismal survival in patients with classic findings of recurrence.     

Relevance of combined radiation and surgical treatment of early invasive carcinoma of the cervix]

The aim of this study was to assess the result and the postherapeutic complications rates of preoperative radiation therapy and radical surgery in association, for stage IB to IIB cervical carcinoma. For 1983 to 1990, 314 patients were treated at the Institut Curie for stage IB to IIB cervical carcinoma. For small lesions, less than 4 cm, preoperative uterovaginal brachytherapy was performed (60 to 65 Gy), followed, 6 weeks later, by a modified radical hysterectomy (Piver type 2) with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Larger tumors were treated with pelvic radiotherapy (36 Gy), then by brachytherapy (30 Gy), followed, 6 weeks later, by the same surgical procedure. 82% of the tumors were 4 cm or smaller. 64% of tumors were completely sterilised by the preoperative radiation. 5 and 10-year actuarial survival rates were respectively 81% and 70 %. 5-year actuarial survival rate was 87.5% for stage I and 63% for stage II patients. 5-year local disease free survival rate was 88% for stage I and 73% for stage II patients. All complications were prospectively recorded. The early post operative complication rate was 6.3%, with no urinary complications. The late complication rate was 3.3%, mainly grade 2 sequelae. No ureteral fistulas were observed. By combined preoperative radiotherapy and surgery, adapting the dosimetry and the radicality of the procedure, we obtained cure rates and recurrence rates identical to those obtained with exclusive surgery or radiotherapy alone. However, the complication rate of the association of both adapted treatments, has considerably reduced the early and late complication rate.     

Randomized trial of neoadjuvant cisplatin, vincristine, bleomycin, and radical hysterectomy versus radiation therapy for bulky stage IB and IIA cervical cancer.

PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) followed by radical hysterectomy with that of radiotherapy (R/T) for bulky early-stage cervical cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Women with previously untreated bulky (primary tumor >/= 4 cm) stage IB or IIA non-small-cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix were randomly assigned to receive either cisplatin 50 mg/m(2) and vincristine 1 mg/m(2) for 1 day and bleomycin 25 mg/m(2) for 3 days for three cycles followed by radical hysterectomy (NAC arm) or receive primary pelvic radiotherapy only (R/T arm). The ratio of patient allocation was 6:4 for the NAC and R/T arms. Women with enlarged para-aortic lymph nodes on image study were ineligible unless results of cytologic or histologic studies were negative. RESULTS: Of the 124 eligible patients, 68 in the NAC arm and 52 in the R/T arm could be evaluated. The median duration of follow-up was 39 months. Thirty-one percent of patients in the NAC arm and 27% in the R/T arm had relapse or persistent diseases after treatment, and 21% in each group died of disease. Estimated cumulative survival rates at 2 years were 81% for the NAC arm and 84% for the R/T arm; the 5-year rates were 70% and 61%, respectively. There were no significant differences in disease-free survival and overall survival. CONCLUSION: NAC followed by radical hysterectomy and primary R/T showed similar efficacy for bulky stage IB or IIA cervical cancer. Further study to identify patient subgroups better suited for either treatment modality and to evaluate the concurrent use of cisplatin and radiation without routine hysterectomy is necessary.     

Preoperative intracavitary brachytherapy in early-stage cervical carcinoma

Local failure within the central pelvis is a common site of recurrence in patients with early stage cervical carcinoma who experience recurrence after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. To reduce the risk of local failure, the authors treated selected patients with early stage cervical carcinoma with a moderate dose (45 Gy) of preoperative intracavitary brachytherapy before radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Given the low risk of recurrence in patients with small (<2 cm) tumors, the authors included only patients with tumors 2 cm or more in size. Forty-three patients (37 with stage IB disease, six with stage IIA disease) were treated from 1986 through 1995. Forty-two completed intracavitary brachytherapy; intracavitary brachytherapy was stopped early in one patient secondary to a low-grade fever. Exploratory laparotomy and planned radical hysterectomy were performed 2 weeks later. Radical hysterectomy was aborted in patients found to have extrauterine disease. At a median follow-up of 45 months, only one local failure has been noted, which occurred in the patient unable to complete intracavitary brachytherapy as planned. The most significant factor correlated with poor outcome was nodal involvement (p < 0.0004). A trend to a better disease-free survival was seen in patients with no residual or only microscopically residual disease. No patients developed significant chronic bowel or bladder toxicity, including fistulae. The results suggest that preoperative intracavitary brachytherapy in selected patients with early stage cervical carcinoma is a promising approach and is associated with a high rate of local control without significant adverse sequelae. Further data is needed to determine whether this approach improves the long-term outcome of these patients.     

Postoperative radiotherapy in carcinoma of the cervix with microscopically positive resection margin

Background Patients with cervical cancer who have positive surgical resection margins after radical hysterectomy are at increased risk for local recurrence. The results of postoperative pelvic radiotherapy for cervix cancer with microscopically positive surgical resection margins were analyzed to evaluate the role of radiotherapy. Methods Between 1979 and 1992, 60 patients with cervix carcinoma were treated with postoperative radiotherapy after radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy because of microscopic positive vaginal (48 patients), or parametrial (12 patients) resection margins. Patients were treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) alone (12 patients), or EBRT plus vaginal ovoid irradiation (VOI) (48 patients). The median follow-up period was 55 months. Results The 5-year actuarial disease-free and overall survival rates for all patients were 75% and 84%, respectively. The overall recurrence rate was 23% (14/60). Among the 48 patients with positive vaginal resection margins, 4 had pelvic recurrence (8%), and 7 had distant metastasis (15%); the recurrence rate was 21% (9/43) in those treated with EBRT and VOI, and 40% (2/5) in the EBRT-only treated group. In the 12 patients with positive parametrial margins, 3 patients (25%) had distant metastases. The most significant prognostic factor was lymph node metastasis. Complications resulting from radiotherapy occurred at a rate of 32% (19/60), and grade III complications occurred in 3 patients (5%). Conclusion Postoperative radiotherapy can produce excellent control rates in patients with microscopically positive resection margins. In patients with positive vaginal margins, whole pelvic EBRT and VOI is recommended.