后路椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症108例疗效观察

目的 探讨后路椎间盘镜治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法 对诊断明确的腰椎间盘突出症108例（126个椎间盘）患者采用后路椎间盘镜治疗。结果 108例均能顺利完成手术,并得到随访,按Nakai标准评定,优90例,良6例,优良率为94．4％,有2例出现神经根损伤,2例术后出现脑脊液漏,无大血管损伤、椎间隙感染等其他并发症发生。结论 后路椎间盘镜手术疗效确切,创伤小,术后并发症少,是治疗腰椎间盘突出症晦较好方法。     

"超氧刀"——臭氧消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的疗效观察及护理体会

目的 评价臭氧消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的效果及围手术期护理体会.方法 回顾78例腰椎间盘突出症围手术护理过程,内容涉及术前护理、术后护理、康复指导、出院指导等方面.结果本组78例患者手术后4-7天下床活动,住院时间5-8天,平均6.5天,术后访9-11个月.所有患者术后6周恢复正常工作和生活,围手术期未发生与护理相关的并发症.结论 臭氧消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症手术时间短,创伤小,并发症少,效果好.     

经狭部入路显微减压治疗腰椎间盘突出症手术护理

目的：探讨腰椎间盘突出症手术护理。方法选取我院2009年5月~2014年3月经狭部入路显微减压治疗腰椎间盘突出症病例98例，进行效果分析。结果经狭部入路显微减压治疗腰椎间盘突出症，术后取得较好效果。结论现将我院经狭部入路显微减压治疗腰椎间盘突出症手术护理经验介绍于下。     

腰椎间盘突出症围手术期的护理体会

目的：为减少腰椎间盘突出症术后并发症，提高手术成功率，应重视手术前后护理。方法是通过对本科收治的25例腰椎间盘突出症手术患者术前、术后护理进行总结。结果手术前有效的心理护理和体位训练，有利于患者顺利配合手术成功，术后有针对性地观察及功能锻炼，能预防和及时发现术后并发症，提高手术成功率。结论手术治疗是解除腰椎间盘患者痛苦的有效手段，而术前、术后的正确护理是手术成功的重点。     

胶原酶溶盘术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床护理

胶原酶溶解术是目前治疗腰椎间盘突出症新的、有效的方法,但要取得良好效果,围手术期的心理、生理护理是一重要因素,我科采用本方法治疗腰椎间盘突出症患者262例,疗效满意,现将术前的心理疏导、手术体位的训练及术后饮食、疼痛、功能锻炼等护理重点作如下介绍.     

番泻叶焗服应用于术前胃肠道处理对腰椎间盘突出症开窗术后腹胀的影响

目的 探讨术前使用番泻叶焗服的胃肠道处理对腰椎间盘突出症髓核摘除术后出现腹胀的影响.方法 将56例患者随机分为试验组28例及对照组28例,试验组术前一天早上使用番泻叶8～10g焗服,间隔10h后对未能顺利排便者予开塞露2支纳肛排便;对照组按常规方法护理.比较2组效果.结果 术前经番泻叶焗服处理后,术后腹胀减轻,术后胃肠道功能恢复时间缩短疗效感到满意,达到预期效果.结论 术前胃肠道处理能减少腰椎间盘突出症开窗手术术后腹胀,能加快胃肠道功能的恢复,能减少并发症发生,可成为腰椎间盘突出症术前护理常规.     

CT引导下O3消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的护理体会

目的探讨了解护理在CT引导下行臭氧消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的作用。方法对本组120例行臭氧消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的患者,加强心理护理、术前、术中、术后护理及康复训练。结果通过加强术前、术中和术后的护理,术后随访120例中,治愈114例,显效6例,所有患者均无不良反应及并发症,护理技术操作成功率100%。结论经过对临床病人术前,术中,术后的护理,保证术后治疗效果,降低复发率。     

腰椎间盘突出症围手术期的护理

目的 探讨腰椎间盘突出症围术期护理方法.方法 回顾性分析我科2008年9月-2010年09月收治的 52例腰椎间盘突出症患者围术期的临床资料.结果 本组患者经手术治疗,及精心的围术期护理,缩短了病程,取得良好的治疗效果.结论 手术治疗是治疗腰椎间盘突出症的主要有效方法之一,术前做好心理护理及术前相关知识指导,术后严密观察病情及做好并发症的预防和护理,加上早期及时有效地康复训练等等是手术成功的保证.     

CT引导下O3消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的护理体会

目的 探讨了解护理在CT引导下行臭氧消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的作用.方法 对本组120例行臭氧消融术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的患者,加强心理护理、术前、术中、术后护理及康复训练.结果 通过加强术前、术中和术后的护理,术后随访120例中,治愈114例,显效6例,所有患者均无不良反应及并发症,护理技术操作成功率100%.结论 经过时临床病人术前,术中,术后的护理,保证术后治疗效果,降低复发率.     

腰椎间盘突出症的围手术期护理体会

腰椎间盘突出症是因椎间盘退变、破裂、后凸压迫脊髓或神经而出现的以腰腿痛为主要特征的综合症，是骨科常见病、多发病。我科自2004年至2008年对168例有手术指征的腰椎间盘突出症病人进行了手术治疗，通过加强围手术期护理，有效减少了术后并发症，提高手术治疗的成功率，取得了良好的效果，现将护理体报告如下。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.