吻合器痔上粘膜环切术治疗严重脱垂性内痔

目的：探讨吻合器痔上粘膜环切术(PPH)治疗严重脱垂性内痔的临床应用价值。方法：经PPH手术治疗严重脱垂性内痔32例。结果：平均手术时间13．5min，术毕时脱出痔团大部分回缩入肛管内，2d内完全回缩入肛26例，余在术后7～10d内完全回缩。术中轻微下腹痛5例，吻合口均有不同程度出血或渗血，予缝扎或用0．01‰肾上腺素液纱布压迫后均止血。术后尿潴留7例，肛门轻微疼痛4例，中度疼痛2例，无一例出血，住院1～3d。随访1—20个月，无肛门狭窄、大便失禁、肛门外翻、肛门异物感和排便障碍等并发症，无复发。结论：PPH治疗严重脱垂性内痔具有安全、有效、住院时间短、恢复快的优点，有望成为治疗严重脱垂性内痔的首选方法，其远期疗效有待进一步观察。     

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目的 评估吻合器环形痔切除术治疗脱垂性内痔的安全性和实用性。方法 利用特制的环形吻合器对52例Ⅲ、Ⅳ度环形脱垂性内痔进行手术治疗,其中男性24例,女性28例,平均62岁。结果 手术时间平均8min,术后住院时间平均3.5天,98%的病人对手术效果满意。吻合口距齿线距离愈近术后痔块回缩愈明显,但术中吻合口出血的情况愈多,术后肛门部不适的主诉愈多。术后常见的并发症;尿潴留34例（65.4%）,肛门部疼痛42例（80.7%）,大便带血20例（38.5%）,下腹不适及胀痛12例（23.1%）,术后1周左右有排便困难8例（15.4%）,大便次数增多4例（7.7%）,肛门部水肿4例。随访2周至10个月,1例术后4个月复发,无肛门狭窄、大便失禁发生。结论 与传统手术相比吻合器环形痔切除术治疗脱垂性内痔具有手术简单、术后痛苦少、恢复正常生活早、复发率低、并发症少的特点,但远期效果尚待进一步观察。     

PPH治疗症状性环状内痔

目的:探讨利用PPH(经肛门吻合器痔上黏膜环形切除肛垫悬吊)治疗症状性环状内痔的可行性和安全性.方法:应用PPH治疗54例有症状的环形内痔患者,男30例,女24例,平均年龄63岁.痔病史平均11年,其中6例曾接受硬化剂注射,4例曾接受外剥内扎手术.结果:49例患者吻合后内痔立即完全回缩,4例于术后第2天完全回缩,痔出血停止,1例因肛垫严重纤维化未完全回缩,术后第7天行外剥内扎手术.术后尿潴留6例,无肛门疼痛及出血.术后平均住院4 d,随访1周至2个月.术后2周开始痔核萎缩,无大便失禁和复发.结论:PPH治疗症状性环状内痔具有疗效显著、手术简单、术后痛苦少,术后并发症少、恢复正常生活早、住院时间短等特点,并对出口梗阻型便秘症状有效,远期效果尚待进一步观察.     

国产吻合器及双荷包缝合"四点牵引"方法在PPH术中的临床应用(附35例报告)

目的探讨采用国产吻合器及双荷包缝合“四点牵引”方法行痔上粘膜环形切除术（PPH）的临床应用效果。方法利用国产33mm直管型吻合器,对35例Ⅲ、Ⅳ度内痔进行手术治疗。结果35例术后痔块均完全回缩,术后不适症状轻,恢复良好。随访4周～12个月无复发、肛门狭窄或大便失禁及肛周感染发生。术后48h无疼痛24例（68.57%）术后尿潴留9例（25.71%）。结论国产吻合器及双荷包缝合“四点牵引”方法行痔上粘膜环形切除术（PPH）治疗严重脱垂性痔安全有效,明显降低治疗费用,可推广普及。     

21例成人型直肠脱垂的外科治疗

目的探讨成人型直肠脱垂的外科治疗方法。方法回顾分析我院2002年1月至2006年7月收治的21例成人型直肠脱垂患者的临床资料？结果本组21例患者中6例不完全脱垂患者均采用吻合器粘膜环形切除术治疗，15完全脱垂者采用改良的Well术或加用肛门紧缩术治疗，术后平均随访20个月，手术效果满意，无1例复发。结论吻合器直肠粘膜环形切除术对不完全性直肠脱垂而言是一种较好的手术方式，对一般情况较好的I、Ⅱ度完全性直肠脱垂的中老年患者而言，采用改良的Well术治疗能取得良好的效果，Ⅲ度直肠脱垂患者加用肛门紧缩术能缓解症状，减少复发。     

局麻下实施PPH手术60例可行性分析

<正>1998年Longo[1]报道通过直肠下端黏膜及黏膜下层组织环形切除治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ度脱垂内痔的新方法,又称吻合器痔上黏膜环切术(procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoid,PPH),取得满意疗效并在国内外迅速得到推广。但PPH器械价格昂贵,多数需要椎管内麻醉,且术后并发症不少,较大程度上限制了该技术的普及。上海市利群医院于2010年应用肛门周围局部浸润麻醉下实施PPH治疗脱垂性内痔,获得较好的临床效果,     

PPH术术后并发症的预防

1998年Longo[1]报道通过直肠下端黏膜及黏膜下组织环形切除治疗Ⅲ、Ⅳ度脱垂内痔的新方法,称为吻合器痔上黏膜环切钉合术(PPH),或称环形吻合器固定术(SH),并将其列为较传统的Milligan-Morgan(开放式)痔切除术的替代方法,用于症状性内痔的外科治疗[2]。PPH术有着传统手     

脱垂性内痔吻合器治疗的围手术期护理

目的：探讨脱垂性内痔吻合器手术治疗的护理方法。方法：对22例Ⅲ-Ⅳ期脱垂性内痔患者用吻合器（美国强生公司）切除内痔围手术期护理并进行回顾性分析，结果：22例患者手术后除1例患者合并有外痔伴腹内压增高，手术后肛门部脱出物没有完全消失外，其余患者肛门外脱垂症状消失，肛门部坠胀感均消失，术后无并发症发生。结论：脱垂性内痔吻合器切除术避免了传统手术后出现的疼痛，水肿，出血等症状，缩短了住院时间，同时加强围手术期心理护理，肠道准备，出血观察，尿潴留及腹痛的处理，可以使手术引起的痛苦更为减少。     

PPH手术荷包缝合技术的临床探讨(附183例报告)

目的 探讨适合PPH手术的荷包缝合技术.方法 对183例Ⅲ、Ⅳ度环状脱垂性内痔行PPH术,比较分析手术时间、术中下腹部疼痛、切除直肠黏膜宽度、吻合口部位、术中出血、痔核回缩、术后肛门疼痛、术后出血及住院时间.结果 对于Ⅲ度痔,改进荷包缝合后切除直肠黏膜宽度、完整度、痔核回缩明显优于改进前(P<0.05),手术时间、术中下腹疼痛、术中出血、术后疼痛、术后出血、住院时间无显著性差异(P＞0.05);对于Ⅳ痔,双荷包缝合切除直肠黏膜宽度、黏膜环完整度、痔核回缩明显优于单荷包组(P<0.05),但术中出血、术中下腹部疼痛、术后肛门疼痛明显多于单荷包组,手术时间明显长于单荷包组(P<0.05).结论 双荷包缝合与单荷包缝合各有利弊.对于Ⅲ度痔,取用单荷包缝合已达到治疗目的 ,但需掌握荷包缝合技巧.而对于Ⅳ度痔或合并直肠黏膜脱垂者,取用双荷包缝合更合适.     

直肠下端黏膜环切术治疗痔疮的临床观察

目的　探讨经肛镜直肠下端黏膜环切术 (PPH)治疗Ⅲ ,Ⅳ期内痔和混合痔的疗效。方法　回顾性分析 43例Ⅲ ,Ⅳ期内痔和混合痔接受PPH手术患者的临床资料。结果　总有效率 94.3 %。 83 .7%内、外痔回缩。并发尿潴留 61 .2 % ,下腹与肛门部坠胀 65 .1 % ,肛周疼痛 39.5 % ,大便带血 1 1 .6 % ,大便次数增加 1 1 .6%。无尿道 (阴道 )损伤。 35例病人随访 3个月 ,1例便血 ,1例痔块未回缩 ,无肛门狭窄、大便失禁等。结论　PPH手术操作简单 ,手术时间短 ,病人痛苦小 ,术后恢复快 ,近期疗效满意。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.