正常T细胞表达和分泌的活性调节蛋白（RANTES）及其受体CCR3在OLP中的表达

目的：检测正常T细胞表达和分泌的活性调节蛋白（RANTES）及其受体CCR3在口腔扁平苔藓（OLP）病损中的表达,探讨其在OLP发生发展过程中的作用及意义。方法：sP免疫组化染色检测30例OLP黏膜组织和10例正常口腔黏膜组织中RANTES、CCR3的表达。结果：OLP黏膜组织RANTES、CCR3的表达均高于正常口腔黏膜组织,两者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：与正常口腔黏膜组织相比,OLP组织中RANTES及CCR3表达增多且分布存在差异,提示RANTES及CCR3在OLP的发生发展过程中发挥一定作用。     

趋化因子受体5在唾液腺腺样囊性癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨趋化因子受体5(CCR5)在唾液腺腺样囊性癌的表达及其与临床病理分型和嗜神经性的关系。方法运用免疫组织化学的方法(SP法)检测CCR5在人唾液腺腺样囊性癌标本及正常唾液腺标本中的表达。结果 CCR5在唾液腺腺样囊性癌标本中的阳性表达率为93.8%(30/32),与在正常唾液腺组织的表达有显著性差异(P<0.05)。CCR5在唾液腺腺样囊性癌不同的临床病理分型中的表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。在30例阳性表达的腺样囊性癌标本中,可见嗜神经现象组与未见嗜神经现象组中CCR5的表达有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论 CCR5可能与唾液腺腺样囊性癌的发生相关,其表达水平与腺样囊性癌的临床病理类型无相关性,与侵袭神经有相关性。     

The expression of MCP-1 and CCR2 in induced rats periapical lesions

Objective

Monocyte chemotatic protein-1 (MCP-1) has been found to promote chemotaxis, differentiation, and activation of osteoclasts. The aim of this study is to detect and localize the expressions of MCP-1 and its receptor CCR2 in a rat model of apical periodontitis.

Design

After exposing the pulp of the first mandibular molars, 25 Wistar rats were killed on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Rat jaws containing the first molar were obtained and routinely prepared for histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, enzyme histochemistry and immunofluorescence staining.

Results

Lesions expanded from day 0 to day 28, and stabilized thereafter. Most of the MCP-1-positive cells were inflammatory cells, and their amount increased from day 7 to day 28. Aside from inflammatory cells, CCR2 was also detected in osteoclasts in the lesions. From day 7 to day 14, the number of osteoclasts increased. From day 21 to day 35, fewer osteoclasts could be observed, and the number of osteoclast was negatively correlated with positive MCP-1 expression.

Conclusion

These findings showed that MCP-1/CCR2 could be observed and might possibly be involved in the development of periapical lesions.     

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目的 探讨人头颈鳞癌中CCR7与磷酸化mTOR表达的关系,以及二者与肿瘤生物学行为之间的联系.方法 收集中国医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科2008-2009年收治的78例头颈鳞癌患者术后标本及临床详细资料,行免疫组化染色检测肿瘤原发灶CCR7和磷酸化mTOR表达情况,分析其表达的相关性及其与临床病理学因素间的关系.结果 78例头颈鳞癌原发灶中,CCR7阳性表达48例,磷酸化mTOR阳性表达40例;而10例正常口腔黏膜仅有1例CCR7阳性表达,无一例为磷酸化mTOR阳性表达.CCR7及磷酸化mTOR在头颈鳞癌原发灶与正常口腔黏膜中的表达差异均有统计学意义（均P＜ 0.05）.CCR7及磷酸化mTOR在不同临床分期和有无淋巴结转移患者的表达差异均有统计学意义（均P＜ 0.05）,而在不同年龄和性别患者的表达差异均无统计学意义(均P＞ 0.05).CCR7表达与磷酸化mTOR表达具有相关性(r=0.479,P＜0.05).结论 人头颈鳞癌组织中CCR7和磷酸化mTOR蛋白的高表达均与淋巴结转移和临床TNM分期相关,CCR7表达与磷酸化mTOR表达正相关.     

CCL2和CCR2在唾液腺腺样囊性癌中的表达及意义

目的 研究CCL2和CCR2在唾液腺腺样囊性癌（salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma, SACC）中的表达及其与临床病理特点之间的关系。方法 采用免疫组织化学染色方法检测CCL2、CCR2在60例SACC及12例正常唾液腺组织中的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理特征之间的关系。采用 SPSS 19.0软件包对实验结果进行统计学分析。结果 与正常唾液腺组织相比,CCL2和CCR2在 SACC组织中均呈现高表达,阳性表达率分别为91.7%和88.3%。CCL2和CCR2的表达与肿瘤临床分期、神经侵袭、肿瘤转移显著相关（P<0.05）;与性别、年龄、病理分型无显著相关性（P>0.05）。结论 CCL2、CCR2的表达与SACC的临床病理特征密切相关,检测两者的表达对SACC的诊断和临床病理研究具有重要的参考价值。     

Analysis of gene expression profiles in human periodontal ligament cells under hypoxia: The protective effect of CC chemokine ligand 2 to oxygen shortage

Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells appear to play important functional roles in response to mechanical stress. We hypothesized that hypoxia caused by a deformation of blood vessels and the following ischaemia may play a crucial role in differential gene expression in PDL cells affected by mechanical stress. Gene induction in cultured human PDL cells by hypoxia was analyzed using cDNA array, followed by RT-PCR analysis. Eleven hypoxia-responsive genes were found differentially expressed under low-oxygen conditions in PDL cells. Among them, CCR2, CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) receptor was studied in more detail since little information is available on the role of chemokines in adaptive responses of PDL cells under hypoxia. Here we investigate whether CCR2 mediates the signalling to maintain the homeostasis of PDL cells. We found that cell death of PDL cells was induced under hypoxia with down-regulation of CCL2 mRNA expression. However, the exogenous CCL2 prevented PDL cell death under oxygen shortage with the increment of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) mRNA expression. The present study demonstrated substantial effects of hypoxia on gene expression of CCL2 and CCR2 in PDL cells, indicating that mechanical loading accompanied with mild hypoxia allows PDL cells to elicit adaptive responses with up-regulation of CCR2.     

CCL5/CCR5生物轴在涎腺腺样囊性癌细胞嗜神经侵袭中的作用

目的 探讨CCL5/CCR5生物轴在涎腺腺样囊性癌（SACC）细胞嗜神经侵袭中的作用。方法 应用细胞免疫荧光技术和流式细胞术检测SACC-LM细胞中趋化因子受体CCR5的表达;应用酶联免疫吸附测定（ELISA）法检测周围神经细胞培养上清液中趋化因子CCL5的表达。应用流式细胞术检测CCL5对SACC-LM细胞内F肌动蛋白的作用,并通过划痕和侵袭实验观察趋化因子CCL5和其受体CCR5对SACC-LM细胞运动能力和侵袭能力的作用。结果 SACC-LM细胞高表达趋化因子受体CCR5;周围神经原代培养上清液中趋化因子CCL5质量浓度为（359.2±15.8）、（696.4±22.6） pg·mL^-1;趋化因子CCL5和其受体CCR5结合后对SACC-LM细胞的运动能力和侵袭能力可以产生促进作用。结论 CCL5/CCR5生物轴可能在SACC细胞嗜神经侵袭中起着重要的作用。     

CCR7-CCL21 axis promotes the cervical lymph node metastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma by up-regulating MUC1

This study aims at investigating the potential role of MUC1 in CCR7-CCL21 axis-induced metastasis of tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC).TSCC patients were selected for epidemiologic trends. The expression of CCR7 and MUC1 was detected via immunohistochemistry. SCC15 and CAL27 cells were induced by CCL21 and specific antibody to CCR7. Gene and protein expression was detected using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Migration and invasion capacities of TSCC cells were determined using wound healing and Transwell invasion assays.The male:female ratio of 78 patients was 1.6:1. Metastasis rate of cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) was 42.3%. CLN metastasis significantly correlated with T staging (P = 0.026), clinical staging (P = 0.024), and depth of invasion (DOI, P = 0.001). DOI significantly influenced CLN metastasis (P = 0.033, OR = 10.919) of TSCC, as did CCR7 (P = 0.041) and MUC1 (P = 0.026). The consistency of CCR7 and MUC1 expression was fairly good (Kappa = 0.683, P < 0.001). Reduced survival was significantly associated with higher expression of CCR7 (P = 0.039) and MUC1 (P = 0.030). CCL21 up-regulated MUC1 in SCC15 cells, which was inhibited when CCR7 was blocked. MUC1 positively correlated with TSCC cell migration and invasion.CCR7-CCL21 axis might promote CLN metastasis of TSCC by up-regulating MUC1. CCR7 and MUC1 show promise as potential biomarkers for TSCC treatment.     

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in the survival of cells mediated by chemokine receptor 7 through PI3K/Akt in metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck expresses chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), which activates phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) to promote invasion and survival of SCC cells in the head and neck. We hypothesised that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) may be the downstream molecule of the CCR7-PI3K pathway. Results have shown that interaction between CCR7 and its ligand CCL19 induces the phosphorylation of mTOR and its target p70s6k. This phosphorylation is abolished by inhibition of CCR7 and PI3K/Akt, indicating that mTOR is involved in the CCR7-PI3K cascade. The inhibitors of mTOR and CCR7-PI3K also lead to a significant increase in CCL19-induced death, apoptosis, and cell-cycle arrest of metastatic SCC cells in the head and neck. Taken together, our data indicate the important part played by mTOR in CCR7-induced survival of such SCC cells.     

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??Objective    To study the role of the CCR5 antagonists Maraviroc in the migration??chemotaxis??invasion and proliferation of human salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma. Methods    Scratches??migration??invasion and MTT assays were performed to detect the migration??chemotaxis??invasion and proliferation of SACC-83 and SACC-LM in vitro. Results    Compared with control group, the experimental group which was pretreated by CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc had lower recuperability in cell scratch model. The number of cells which were blocked by inhibitor decreased significantly on the lower surface of the filters which were fixed in methanol in migration and invasion assays. And proliferation experiment results show that the multiplication capacity of SACC-83 and SACC-LM were obviously inhibited by Maraviroc. Conclusion    Maraviroc may be a kind of new targeted anti-tumor drugs and small-molecule antagonists of CCR5 could inhibit the development of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma.     

MCP-1 and CCR2 gene variants in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral Diseases (2011) 18 , 55–59 Aim: We aimed to investigate a possible association of the MCP‐1 and CCR2 polymorphisms with the risk of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: MCP‐1 A2518G and CCR2 V64I gene polymorphisms were performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism, in 129 patients with OSCC and 140 healthy control subjects. Results: Individuals who had G allele and GG genotype of MCP‐1, and 64I allele and wt/64I genotype of CCR2 had increased risk for OSCC (P < 0.05.) In contrast, individuals with CCR2 wt/wt genotype seem to be protected from OSCC (P < 0.01). Haplotype analysis revealed that MCP‐1G: CCR2 64I haplotype frequencies were significantly higher in patients than those of controls (P = 0.001). Conclusions: We can suggest that the G allele of MCP‐1 and 64I allele of CCR2 may be risk factors for OSCC.     

Association of CCL5 and CCR5 Gene Polymorphisms With Periodontitis in Taiwanese

Background: It has been suggested that genetic factors may predispose individuals to periodontal diseases. The present case‐control study aims to test whether the ?403 single nucleotide polymorphism of chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5‐403) and the 32‐bp deletion of CCR5 (CCR5Δ32) polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to chronic and aggressive periodontitis. Methods: Taiwanese participants (N = 213) were grouped into control group (CG), generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP), or chronic periodontitis (CP) groups. DNA samples were obtained from peripheral blood. CCL5‐403, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism, and CCR5Δ32, evaluated by polymerase chain reaction, were compared among the three groups. Results: There was a significant association between type of periodontitis and having allele A or G in the CCL5‐403 polymorphism. GAgP patients were 3.7 times more likely than CP patients and 2.0 times more likely than CG patients to have allele A, instead of allele G, in CCL5‐403. GAgP patients were 3.1 times more likely than CG patients to have AG versus GG genotype. GAgP patients were also 5.0 and 19.8 times more likely than CP patients to have AG and AA genotypes, respectively, compared to GG. For the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism, no association was found between the type of periodontitis and having different genotype or allele distributions among GAgP, CP, or CG patients. Conclusion: The single nucleotide polymorphism of CCL5‐403 G substitution by A may play a role in AgP; however, the CCR5Δ32 polymorphism may not.     

Variation in periodontal referral in 2 regions in theUK

This study investigated the periodontal referral patterns of general dental practitioners (GDPs) in Northern Ireland (NI) and North West England (NWE). A questionnaire dealing with periodontal referral was sent to all 520 GDPs registered in NI and to 274 GDPs in NWE. A usable return was made by 355 (68%) in NI and 189 (70%) in NWE. The NI dentists made significantly more periodontal referrals (median 5, range 0-80) in the year preceding the survey than those in NWE (median 2, range 0-50), p<0.001. Distance was the only factor significantly related to the referral rate in both regions with those who practised more than 25 miles from a specialist referring significantly fewer patients in both regions. In NI, there was a trend towards increased periodontal referral by GDPs who had attended more postgraduate courses; however, in NWE, this was not the case. The GDPs in NWE were significantly less likely than those in NI to refer patients with medical conditions. It is concluded that there is considerable variation in periodontal referral both within and between the 2 regions studied. It is further concluded that in many cases, non-disease factors, such as the accessibility of the specialist service, have powerful effects on the decisions made by dentists and patients in these regions (NI and NWE) in relation to periodontal referral. Much of the variance in referral in North West England, as in Northern Ireland, remains unexplained.     

Trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden

Celeste RK, Nadanovsky P, Fritzell J. Trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 39: 204–212. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Objectives: To describe the dynamics of trends in socioeconomic disparities in oral health in Brazil and Sweden among adults, to assess whether trends follow expected patterns according to the inverse equity hypothesis. Methods: In Sweden, we obtained nationally representative data for the years 1968, 1974, 1981, 1991 and 2000, and in Brazil, for 16 state capitals in 1986 and in 2002. Trends in the prevalence of ‘edentulism’ and of ‘teeth in good conditions’ were described in two groups aged 35–44 with lower and higher economic standards, respectively. Results: There was an annual decline in disparities in ‘edentulism’ of 0.4 percentage points (pp) (95% CI = 0.2–0.7) in Brazil and 0.7pp (95% CI = 0.5–0.9) in Sweden, as a result of improvements in both income groups. Concerning ‘teeth in good conditions’, in Brazil, there was improvement only in the higher income group and absolute disparities have increased (0.5pp annually), while in Sweden, there was a nonsignificant decrease (0.3pp annually) with improvements in both groups. Since 1991 in Sweden and in 2002 in Brazil, our measures of socioeconomic disparities in ‘edentulism’ were not statistically significant. Trends did not differ by sex or dental visit. Conclusions: Despite improvements in both income groups and a decrease in disparities in ‘edentulism’, the poorer group in Brazil has seen no improvement in ‘teeth in good conditions’ and disparities have increased. It appears that Brazil and Sweden reflect different stages of trend for ‘teeth in good conditions’ and the same stages for ‘edentulism’, represented by the inverse equity hypothesis.     

Fluorosis in relation to fluoride levels in water in central Nigeria

Abstract– Objectives : This study was conducted to examine the prevalence of dental fluorosis in relation to fluoride levels in water among children aged 12–15 years in the states of Plateau and Bauchi, Nigeria. Methods : Children ( N =203) were examined using WHO criteria. The children were from two schools and permanent residents of the communities in which the schools are located (Tilden Fulani and Kanadap). Intra-examiner reliability for determining fluorosis scores was 80%. Results : Fluoride levels in the water ranged from 0.0–0.4 mg/L. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in the sample was 51%. Forty-one percent had very mild fluorosis, 7% had mild fluorosis and 3% had moderate to severe fluorosis. The lowest DMFT was observed in the school where the fluoride level of the water ranged between 0.0 and 0.4 mg/L, and in the group with very mild fluorosis. Conclusion : Fluoride levels in water for central Nigeria were appropriate for oral health. In the areas where the children were permanent residents, factors other than the fluoride levels of the water contributed to the severity of dental fluorosis.     

Trends in endodontic claims in Italy

According to the scant data available in the literature, endodontic claims are common among dental professional liability cases and the second most common type of claim. This study aimed to describe the characteristics of endodontic claims in Italy and the most frequently disputed errors, and the discussion below includes consideration of ethical and medico‐legal aspects thereof. We retrospectively analysed 120 technical reports written on cases of professional malpractice in endodontics in the last 5 years. The complainant patients were males in 22.5% of the cases, while females made up the remaining 77.5%. In the dentist sample, male operators were more often involved in litigation cases (80%) than female operators. The most frequently claimed technical errors were: lack of a complete filling of root canal/s (71.7%), the perforation of tooth structure (12.7%), extrusion of sealing materials beyond the apex of the tooth (9.6%) and the fracture of an endodontic instrument (5.9%). In 1.7% of cases it was found that the expert did not make any errors performing the endodontic therapy. In only very few cases (2.7%) no therapy was considered necessary, while the most common therapeutic solution involved in endodontic misconduct was tooth extraction (53.0%). In many cases the dentist preferred to extract the endodontically undertreated tooth and substitute it prosthetically rather than trying to re‐treat it. The discrepancy between the total number of cases examined and those that eventually go to court leads us to believe that the majority of endodontic malpractice cases are resolved in out‐of‐court settlements.