小儿肾损伤的诊断及治疗

为探讨小儿肾损伤的诊断与治疗特点，总结1986～1996年间诊治的肾损伤34例，年龄2～13岁，致伤原因中以高空坠落和交通事故伤最常见，共26例（76．5％）。合并肝、脾、颅脑损伤及其它损伤者15例（44．11％）。临床表现以血尿、腰腹痛为主，严重者伴有休克。经非手术治愈30例（88．2％），因肾损伤手术治疗者3例。除1例因伴多脏器损伤死于休克外，余者均治愈。小儿肾损伤多为肾挫伤及部分裂伤，损伤程度较轻。B超、IVU检查是了解肾损伤程度简单、方便且较准确的方法。绝大部分病例可经非手术治愈，需手术治疗者较少，需肾切除者更少。     

小儿药物性血尿临床分析及防治对策

目的探讨导致小儿药物性血尿的主要因素,尽早明确诊断与鉴别诊断,及时采取治疗及预防措施。方法208例均行尿常规、离心后镜检等检测。结合患儿用药史、临床特征及相关实验室检查、治疗情况进行分析。结果引起血尿的前3位药物为解热镇痛药79例（38.0%）、抗感染类68例（32.7%）、中草药类26例（12.5%）。病例均有离心镜下血尿,肉眼血尿69例（33.2%）。肾功能不全或急性间质性肾炎临床表现者18例,急性肾衰竭6例,尿毒症2例。除1例死亡,1例转为慢性间质性肾炎外,肉眼血尿24 h内消失28例,其余在8 d内全部消失;镜下血尿3 d内消失89例,〉3-7 d消失92例,其余病例在7个月内消失。随访6个月-2 a血尿无复发。结论小儿药物性血尿若早期发现、及时停药及正确处理并发症,多预后良好。对药物所致肾损害的后果不能忽视,预防是关键。     

特发性高钙尿症15例的观察及治疗

小儿特发高钙尿症是病因不明的尿钙排泄增多的疾病，近年来有关报道日益增多。临床上约占小儿特发性血尿的25％～40％[1]，应及时诊断早期防治。临床资料一、一般资料患儿15例，男周例，女5例，年龄3岁～12岁。诊断标准1．原因不明的血尿尤其反复发作的无痛性血尿oZ．尿钙、尿肌肝比值＞0．21；24h尿钙＞4mg／kgl3．排除由应用钙剂治疗、维生素D中毒、长期用类固醇治疗、恶性肿瘤等因素所引起的继发性高钙尿症。二、临床特点15例患儿均以肉眼血尿或镜下血尿就诊，其中一过性血尿（肉眼）2例，反复发作镜下血尿9例，持续镜下血尿4例。病科2…     

小儿肾损伤

小儿肾损伤较成人多见,这与小儿的局部解剖特点有关,其中主要的是小儿肾脏体积相对较大,缓冲打击力量的肾脂肪囊和腰部肌肉发育不好。肾脏位置较低并伴有尿路梗阻症状的先天性发育异常,很易损伤。作者1962～1973年共治疗150例肾损伤患儿:闭合性损伤147例,开放性损伤仅3例。最多的一组(110例)是10～15岁男孩。肾发育异常者10例:先天性肾积水6例,重复肾2例,马蹄肾1例,盆腔异位先天性联合肾1例。闭合性肾损伤中,从高处掉下或落在硬物上120例,直接打击腰部14例,挤压伤13例。     

小儿闭合性腹部损伤的特点及治疗

目的：探讨小儿闭合性腹部损伤的特点及治疗。方法回顾性分析本院2005年1月至2012年12月收治的237例腹部闭合性损伤患儿的临床资料。结果237例中,224例保守治疗,手术治疗13例,痊愈226例,死亡11例,死亡原因：7例因创伤严重死于失血性休克,3例死于重度颅脑损伤,1例死于多器官功能衰竭。结论小儿具有独特的解剖和生理特点,治疗选择应结合连续监测的生命体征变化、血流动力学指标的监测及动态的影像学检查等做综合评价,对血流动力学稳定的腹部闭合性实质性脏器损伤行非手术治疗已经成为共识,对生命体征和血流动力学指标不平稳,腹部体征明显、B超、CT等检查提示内脏损伤明确的患儿在抢救生命的同时积极手术治疗,对腹部脏器损伤的处理应尽可能保留器官的最大功能。     

紫癜性肾炎患儿的临床与病理表现

目的研究紫癜性肾炎（HSPN）患儿临床表现与病理改变的关系及疾病转归。方法分析42例HSPN患儿的临床和病理改变,其中40例进行血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因检测,并进行随访。结果病理表现Ⅰ级9例,Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ级12例,未见Ⅳ级及Ⅳ级以上病例。临床表现为孤立性血尿、孤立性蛋白尿病理为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,血尿和蛋白尿病理为Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,肾病综合征型病理为Ⅱ、Ⅲ级,且肉眼血尿多见于Ⅱ、Ⅲ级患儿;ACE基因DD型肾脏病理损伤重。结论HSPN临床表现不能预测肾脏病理形态改变,但病理损伤越重蛋白尿越重。肉眼血尿和蛋白尿可作为早期肾活检指征;ACE基因DD型肾脏病理损伤重;近期预后良好。     

无症状肾小球性血尿63例临床与病理

目的探讨小儿无症状肾小球性血尿的临床与病理关系。方法符合条件者行肾穿刺活检进行光镜、电镜和免疫荧光镜检查。结果临床分为持续镜下血尿（A）13例，发作性肉眼血尿（B）6例，A＋B28例，持续肉眼血尿（C）16例。病理以IgA肾病最常见（44．4％）。不同临床表现类型的血尿之病理类型无明显差异，但B之病理以IgA肾病更常见。病变程度似以A＋B和C表现者相对偏重。结论IgA肾病是小儿无症状肾小球性血尿的主要疾病之一。掌握肾治检的适应证对无症状肾小球性血尿患儿进行肾病理检查，对明确诊断、指导治疗、估计预后有重要意义。     

儿童脾脏挫裂伤影像学分级及保守治疗的新认识

目的 虽然美国创伤外科学会在1994年制定脾脏挫裂伤的影像学分级,且已经被广泛应用,但在国内很少有中心对儿童脾挫裂伤进行分级.本文通过回顾性分析儿童创伤性脾破裂伤影像学分级与临床诊治特点,探讨儿童脾挫裂伤影像学分级在临床治疗中的作用,及保守治疗过程中的难点.方法 收集2008年8月至2014年12月复旦大学附属儿科医院收治的急性创伤性脾破裂伤患儿的临床资料,根据影像学资料进行回顾性影像学损伤分级,同时对患儿临床治疗过程中的禁食、抗生素使用、卧床休息等情况进行分析.结果 本组病例共纳入59例,占同期腹部损伤患儿的29.3%(59/201);男41例,女18例;年龄中位数9.5岁(3个月~16岁);跌倒/坠落伤23例,交通伤27例,其他类型损伤9例.影像学分级Ⅰ级5例,Ⅱ级26例,Ⅲ级21例,Ⅳ~Ⅴ级6例,不明确1例.其中25例合并其他脏器损伤.临床治疗包括禁食、绝对卧床、抗生素预防感染等.治疗和随访过程中有49例患儿行2次以上CT检查.59例均行保守治疗,1例中转手术,术后无相应并发症,余58例均保守治疗成功.结论 在严格掌握适应证和密切观察伤情变化的条件下,对儿童创伤性脾损伤行保守治疗较为安全.发病早期行影像学分级可能有助于临床判断病情,减少患儿放射性暴露.     

小儿闭合性肾损伤的治疗(附75例分析)

目的探讨小儿闭合性肾损伤的最佳治疗方案。方法回顾性分析75例小儿闭合性肾损伤临床资料。其中肾被膜下血肿29例,肾实质部分裂伤23例,肾实质完全断裂11例,肾实质碎裂7例,肾蒂伤2例,肾盂输尿管连接处断裂3例。合并其他脏器伤者16例。结果非手术治疗59例,手术治疗16例,切除伤肾11只。74例治愈,死亡1例。结论小儿肾损伤后应尽快判断出肾脏损伤的程度及出血情况,根据病情选择不同的治疗方案;绝大多数闭合性肾损伤可采用非手术治疗。     

泌尿生殖系统疾病

8751200 用光镜与扫描电镜观察小儿血尿红细胞形态/彭竹君…∥实用儿科杂志。—1987,2(2).—73～74 肾小球性血尿36例,其中肉眼血尿24例,镜下血尿12例,年龄1.5～12岁,急性肾小球     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.