作业场所空气中氯乙酸的气相色谱测定方法

报告了空气中氯乙酸的气相色谱测定法,空气中氯乙酸以硅胶管采集,经ＦＦＡＰ－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｒｂ Ｗ ＡＷ－ＤＭＣＳ色谱柱分离,氢火焰离子化检测器检测。方法检测限为６．５ｎｇ（进样量１μｌ）;标准系列各管相对标准偏差４．９％－５．６％,以水作解吸剂,氯乙酸的解吸效率为９７．５％－１０３．５％;穿透容量大于４．９ｍｇ（每２００ｍｇ硅胶）;采集的样品稳定,室温下至少可以保存２周。     

大鼠附睾组织镉中毒及防护机制的研究进展

镉是一种具有慢性毒害的重金属,生殖系统对其毒性最敏感.目前研究认为存在四种关于作用机理的假设:血管系统损伤、酶谱改变、雄性激素失调和脂质过氧化.该文阐述了镉对大鼠附睾组织的毒性作用以及各种可能的防护、拮抗机制.     

稀土元素170铥及其毒性

简述了稀土元素^170铥瓣用途、理化和辐射特性、吸收、代谢、毒性及医学处理。     

脂肪酸合成酶抑制剂对大鼠生长及代谢的影响

目的观察脂肪酸合成酶抑制剂浅蓝菌素对wistar大鼠生长及代谢的影响,探讨浅蓝菌素控制饮食与体重的作用机制。方法腹腔注射浅蓝菌素,测定大鼠体重及摄食的变化,同时测定血清生化指标,在试验结束后分离腹脂,并作病理学检查。结果在给药后连续7 d摄食减少40%左右,与对照组和控制摄食组比较,试验组体重显著降低(P<0.05),腹脂明显降低(P<0.01);而组织无病理学改变。血清三酰甘油下降(P<0.05),血清游离脂肪酸上升(P<0.05),血糖、尿素氮、白蛋白、球蛋白无明显改变。结论浅蓝菌素可明显抑制摄食和控制体重,是一种比较安全和有效的潜在的减肥药物。     

General aspects on biotransformation and elimination of organic compounds in connection with occupational exposure

Summary A general review of the common pathways for biotransformation (metabolism) of foreign organic compounds, i.e. xenobiotics, is presented. Many factors are mentioned that can influence the result of exposure to chemicals and thus the toxicity: Firstly the uptake is often influenced by some factors, e.g. by the work load. Secondly, the type of and capacity for biotransformation is influenced by e.g. genetic background and can be increased by induction of capacity limiting enzymes and decreased by e.g. inhibition. Interferences with other chemicals, drugs and alcohol can cause significant adverse effects. Potential risks that may be linked with biotransformation are discussed, as for example the formation of reactive products, e.g. epoxides which may initiate cancer and allergy. Thirdly, the rate of elimination is influenced by e.g. depots, degree of protein binding, and liver as well as kidney function. Many arguments are presented for analysis of substances or biotransformation products and the use of biochemical limit values. In short, this implies a health control of each individual and his characteristic response.     

谷红注射液对三硝基丙酸致小鼠脑缺氧模型的保护作用观察

目的观察谷红注射液对三硝基丙酸（3-NP）致小鼠脑缺氧模型是否具保护作用。方法建立ICR小鼠3-NP致慢性轻度缺氧模型和急性严重缺氧模型,观察谷红、红花、乙酰谷酰胺药物组的治疗和预防作用;采用水迷宫评价小鼠空间记忆功能,转杆、斜板评价小鼠运动功能。结果谷红注射液低、高剂量组治疗下的慢性轻度缺氧模型小鼠运动功能有明显改善;谷红和乙酰谷酰胺未见对3-NP致急性严重缺氧模型小鼠的运动功能具有保护作用。结论谷红注射液能够对抗3-NP导致的小鼠慢性轻度化学性脑缺氧,对3-NP致小鼠急性严重脑缺氧不具保护作用。     

Measurement of chloral hydrate,trichloroethanol, trichloroacetic acid and monochloroacetic acid in the serum and the urine by gas chromatography

Summary A gas chromatographic method for the determination of trichloroethylene metabolites in the serum and the urine is described.The trichloroethanol glucuronide in the urine was hydrolyzed to trichloroethanol by -glucuronidase. After an extraction with ethyl ether, the extract was dried at 20C, then the residue was extracted with n-hexane and was injected into a gas Chromatograph.Trichloroacetic acid and monochloroacetic acid in the urine were extracted with ethyl ether. After evaporation of the ethyl ether, the acids were methylated with methanolic hydrogen chloride, by heating, and the residue was taken up in n-hexane and was injected into a gas chromatograph. The peak-areas on the gas chromatogram of the trichloroethylene, chloral hydrate and methyl esters of trichloroacetic acid and monochloroacetic acid were measured respectively, using a calibration curve prepared in the same conditions.Procedure for measuring trichloro-compounds in the serum was the same as for that in the urine, except that the ethyl ether extraction of trichloro-compounds was conducted after deproteinization.The serum concentration of trichloro-compounds in the rabbit, after administering trichloroethylene orally, reached the maximum in the following order: trichloroethylene and chloral hydrate > free trichloroethanol, trichloroethanol glucuronide and monochloroacetic acid > trichloroacetic acid. The urinary metabolites of trichloroethylene did so in the following order: free trichloroethanol and monochloroacetic acid > trichloroethanol glucuronide > trichloroacetic acid.Read before the 45th Annual Meeting of Japan Industrial Health Association, Tokyo, April 8, 1972.     

三氯异氰尿酸原药对雄性大鼠生殖毒性研究

目的观察三氯异氰尿酸(TCCA)对雄性大鼠生殖系统的影响。方法选取4、12周龄雄性SD大鼠各24只,按周龄、体质量随机分为3组。分别经口灌胃给予0、96.5、193.0 mg/kg剂量水平的受试物10 d。观察大鼠血清生化和Na+、K+、Ca2+、Cl-离子浓度、睾丸曲细精管直径以及睾丸形态和超微结构的变化,评价附睾内精子数量和活动率。结果实验期间未见大鼠死亡;12周龄193.0 mg/kg组大鼠血清乳酸脱氢酶活力升高,血中Ca2+、Cl-降低(P<0.05)。4、12周龄96.5和193.0 mg/kg组大鼠睾丸曲细精管均变细(P<0.01),12周龄大鼠附睾内精子数及精子活动率降低(P<0.01、P<0.05);4周龄大鼠睾丸生精细胞退化增多,12周龄大鼠睾丸出现支持细胞核空泡化、曲细精管生精细胞层次排列紊乱、坏死脱落等病理改变;4、12周龄193.0 mg/kg组大鼠出现精原细胞核膜不完整、核型不规则、染色质浓染等超微结构改变。结论 TCCA能诱导未成年大鼠和成年大鼠的睾丸毒性,表现为睾丸结构的破坏和生精功能的抑制,其毒性作用机制尚待深入研究。     

Decontamination of Aquatic Vegetable Leaves by Removing Trace Toxic Metals during Pickling Process with Acetic Acid Solution

The heavy-metal content of aquatic plants is mainly dependent upon their ecological system. This study indicated that although the toxic heavy-metal contents could be above the recommended maximum levels depending upon their concentrations in growing water, they can be decontaminated by pickling with 5% acetic acid solution. Almost all Cd, Hg, Ba, or Sb and 99.5% Pb, 96.7% Ag, or 97.1% Al were removed from Water Spinach leaves by soaking in acetic acid solution. For Water-Shield leaves, almost all Cd, Hg, Pb, Ba, or Sb and 95.0% Ag or 96.1% Al were removed. For Watercress leaves, almost all Cd, Hg, Ba, or Sb and 99.0% Pb or 99.7% Ag were removed. For Water Hyacinth leaves, almost all Cd, Ba, or Sb and 99.0% Hg, 98.5% Pb, 95.0% Ag, or 98.7% Al were removed.     

氧化锆牙种植体材料的毒理学研究

目的 研究氧化锆增韧陶瓷(一种新型的牙种植体材料)的临床使用安全。方法 采用急性全身毒性、皮内刺激试验、溶血试验、Ames试验、细胞毒性试验。结果 急性全身毒性试验动物表现未见异常;皮内刺激试验中试验组与阴性对照组无差别;溶血试验的溶血度<5％;Ames试验结果为阴性;细胞毒性试验结果表明该物质无细胞毒性。结论 氧化锆牙种植体材料属无毒、无刺激物质,也不能诱发溶血反应,无致突变作用,并且无细胞毒性,可以安全使用。     

三唑磷原药的急性毒性试验研究

目的了解三唑磷的急性经口、经皮吸入毒性及急性眼刺激,皮肤刺激作用。方法按国家标准GB15670—1995进行。结果三唑磷对雌雄大鼠的急性经口LD50分别为58.4、68.1mg/kg;急性经皮LD50分别为316、430mg/kg;急性吸入LC50>2000mg/kg;急性眼刺激积分指数(I.A.O.I.)最高值为25;眼刺激平均指数(M.I.O.I.)4d为3.5;皮肤刺激强度平均分值为0.75。结论三唑磷经口和经皮毒性属于中等毒,吸入毒性属于低毒,对眼睛有轻度至中度刺激性,对皮肤有轻度刺激性。     

气相色谱法测定水中氯乙酸的研究

[目的 ]建立一种简便、准确、适于基层使用的测定水中氯乙酸方法。 [方法 ]用酸、甲醇酯化氯乙酸 ,15 ?GS填充色谱柱分离 ,电子捕获检测器检测。 [结果 ]氯乙酸最佳酯化条件 :温度 60℃ ,时间 60min ,浓硫酸 0 4ml,甲醇0 8ml。色谱最佳测试条件 :15 ?GS色谱柱分离 ,柱温 10 5℃ ,气化室温度 190℃ ,检测室温度 190℃。该法线性范围较宽 ,一氯乙酸线性范围在 2 5～ 40 0 μg/ml(r=0 993 9) ,三氯乙酸线性范围在 0 2 5～ 1 0 μg/ml(r =0 9940 ) ,回收率在 95 %～ 10 5 %之间 ,CV均小于 5 % ,显示出良好的精密度和准确度。 [结论 ]本法具有快速、灵敏、准确等优点 ,是适于基层使用的一种分析方法     

Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals

There is increasing evidence that health effects of toxic metals differ in prevalence or are manifested differently in men and women. However, the database is small. The present work aims at evaluating gender differences in the health effects of cadmium, nickel, lead, mercury and arsenic. There is a markedly higher prevalence of nickel-induced allergy and hand eczema in women compared to men, mainly due to differences in exposure. Cadmium retention is generally higher in women than in men, and the severe cadmium-induced Itai-itai disease was mainly a woman's disease. Gender differences in susceptibility at lower exposure are uncertain, but recent data indicate that cadmium has estrogenic effects and affect female offspring. Men generally have higher blood lead levels than women. Lead accumulates in bone and increased endogenous lead exposure has been demonstrated during periods of increased bone turnover, particularly in women in pregnancy and menopause. Lead and mercury, in the form of mercury vapor and methylmercury, are easily transferred from the pregnant women to the fetus. Recent data indicate that boys are more susceptible to neurotoxic effects of lead and methylmercury following exposure early in life, while experimental data suggest that females are more susceptible to immunotoxic effects of lead. Certain gender differences in the biotransformation of arsenic by methylation have been reported, and men seem to be more affected by arsenic-related skin effect than women. Experimental studies indicate major gender differences in arsenic-induced cancer. Obviously, research on gender-related differences in health effects caused by metals needs considerable more focus in the future.     

氯乙酸烧伤毒理学研究进展

氯乙酸是一种重要的有机化工原料，对皮肤具有较强的腐蚀性，可经破损皮肤吸收，引起脑、肝、肾、肺、心脏等多种器官损害。该文介绍了氯乙酸烧伤中毒病理、致突变性以及氯乙酸烧伤救治方法。     

硫丹对小鼠睾丸生精细胞毒作用及其机制研究

[目的]探讨硫丹染毒小鼠睾丸生精细胞DNA含量、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、ATP酶以及一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性的变化。[方法]选择40只健康雄性成年昆明种小鼠,随机分成阴性对照组、低剂量、中剂量和高剂量染毒组。每天分别给阴性对照组、低剂量、中剂量和高剂量染毒组灌胃硫丹0、1.75、3.5及7.0mg/kg,连续2周。采用二苯胺法检测DNA含量、比色法观察γ-谷氨酰转移酶、ATP酶以及一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性的变化。[结果]实验期间,高剂量染毒组睾丸和附睾重量与阴性对照组比有显著差异。随着硫丹剂量的增加,睾丸生精细胞DNA降解率、γ-谷氨酰转移酶以及一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性显著上升而Na K -ATPase及Ca2 Mg2 -ATPase活力极显著地降低。[结论]硫丹可引起睾丸生精细胞凋亡。     

Possible preferential metabolism of xylene isomers following occupational exposure to mixed xylenes

Objectives: Solvent exposures commonly involve mixtures of substances or mixtures of isomers of a single solvent. These may be metabolised through common pathways, resulting in the potential for metabolic interactions. These may then lead to accumulation of solvent or metabolic intermediates, some of which may be toxic. This paper describes a pilot study conducted to determine the correlation between airborne xylene isomers and the appearance of methylhippuric acid (MHA) isomers in urine of workers exposed mainly to xylene. The project also aimed to determine whether there is preferential metabolism of any isomer by comparison of the ratios of airborne isomers with the ratios of metabolite isomers appearing in urine. Subjects and methods: A total of 12 workers (11 male, 1 female) were recruited into this study, with 2 of the participants providing samples on more than one occasion. Workers included flooring contractors (5), printers (2), chemical manufacturers (2), histology technicians (2) and one householder using a xylene-based varnish. Subjects were aged between 24 and 48 years (37.6 ± 2.0 years; mean ± SEM). After giving informed consent, workers provided a prework and postwork urine sample on a midweek work day. Samples were stored frozen prior to analysis. Breathing-zone air samples were collected using personal air samplers at 50 ml/min. Solvents were trapped on activated-charcoal sampling tubes. Subjects wore pumps for 18–304 (178 ± 24) min on the same day on which urine samples were collected. Results: Xylene exposures ranged from 1.6 to over 7000 ppm. In all, 7 of 16 measurements exceeded the Australian TWA standard of 80 ppm. Two of the flooring contractors wore respiratory protective equipment (RPE) and the two histopathology technicians used workplace ventilation systems. Total urinary MHA output ranged from 10 to 8000 mmol/mol creatinine, with 6 of 16 samples exceeding the modified biological exposure index of 702 mmol/mol. Correlations between airborne concentrations of individual xylene isomers and their corresponding MHA isomers were poor but improved when workers using RPE were excluded from the analysis. Gradients of the regression lines (millimoles of MHA per mole of creatinine per parts per million of xylene) were 3.2 for o-isomers, 7.0 for p-isomers, and 14.4 for m-isomers. Comparisons of isomer ratios of xylene in air were made with the corresponding ratio of MHA isomers in urine. These revealed higher ratios of m-MHA to other MHA isomers than those of m-xylene to the other xylene isomers. The MHA isomer ratios were expected to be the same as the airborne xylene isomer ratios if there were no preferential elimination of any isomer. m-MHA appeared in urine in a greater proportion than would be predicted from the proportion of m-xylene detected in air. The time course of the appearance of MHA isomers in urine also suggests that interactions were taking place, with m-MHA appearing in high proportion in urine following several days of repeated heavy xylene exposure. On a single moderate exposure, m-MHA appeared initially in high proportion in the first few hours but was undetectable in urine after 18 h. p-MHA was detectable for up to 6 h after exposure, and o-MHA remained detectable after 18 h. Conclusions: This study suggests that excretion of m-MHA in urine is favoured over that of the other isomers following exposure to mixed xylenes. This is independent of airborne xylene isomer composition and suggests that the metabolism of m-xylene occurs preferentially to that of the other isomers. It is not clear at which step in the metabolism of xylene this preference occurs, although other work indicates that the initial oxidation of xylene to methylbenzyl alcohol by cytochrome P450 2E1 occurs at the same rate for each isomer. These findings suggest that there is potential for metabolic interactions between xylene isomers and that these may be the basis for xylene toxicity. Received: 11 May 1998 / Accepted: 15 October 1998     

浸螺杀的毒性和致突变性

灭螺药浸螺杀的ＬＤ５０值为小鼠１１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ（♂）和１２８２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（♀），大鼠２０４２ｍｇ／ｋｇ（♂）和１９５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ（♀），属低毒物质。蓄积毒性实验表明无明显蓄积毒性，使用浓度下对家兔的眼和皮肤无刺激性。Ａｍｅｓ试验和小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验均未见阳性。     

对苯二甲酸遗传毒性研究

对对苯二甲酸（ＴＰＡ）的急性毒性和遗传毒性进行初步研究。结果显示,ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠和ＳＤ大鼠急性经口ＬＤ５０均大于１５０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ;Ａｍｅｓ试验以ＴＡ９７、ＴＡ９８、ＴＡ１００和ＴＡ１０２作为测试菌种,在有无代谢活化系统的情况下,结果均为阴性;ＴＰＡ诱导的昆明种小鼠骨髓微核发生率无明显增加;ＴＰＡ体外诱导的ＣＨＬ细胞染色体畸变率与对照组相比无显著性差异。提示,ＴＰＡ具有致突变活性的可能性极小。     

保健食品氨基酸水解方法的研究

[目的]保健食品组方复杂，氨基酸分析检测有一定困难，样品中蛋白质的水解是整个检验过程中的重要环节，国家标准分析方法中使用的水解方法未能全部满足实际工作需要，保健食品的氨基酸分析需要一种有效可行的水解新技术。[方法]采用大体积试管，抽真空充氮气并密封，低温烘热盐酸水解法，可达到水解率高、安全、样品代表性好、准确度高的目的。[结果]经日常工作中260份样品的分析检验证明本法是复杂样品氨基酸水解的较好方法。[结论]可推荐各有关实验室应用。