左氧氟沙星分散片人体相对生物利用度及生物等效性研究

目的 研究国产左氧氟沙星片剂的相对生物利用度,并且评价该制剂的生物等效性.方法 20名男性健康受试者随机交叉双周期给药,分别口服单剂量左氧氟沙星试验制剂及参比制剂,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,计算两者的药动学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价试验制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服左氧氟沙星200 mg试验和参比制剂的主要药代力学参数,t1/2分别为(11.0±3.2)h和(9.5±2.6)h;Tmax分别为(0.90±0.46)h和(1.3±0.62)h;Cmax分别为(2.7±0.75)μg·mL-1和(2.65±0.70)μg·mL-1; AUC0～T分别为(16.6±3.0)μg·h·mL-1和(16.5±2.6)μg·h·mL-1;AUC0～∞分别为(18.2±3.9)μg·h·mL-1和(19.2±3.5)μg·h·mL-1.按实测值AUC0-T 计算,试验制剂对于参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(100.6±10.2)%.Cmax、AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个药动学参数制剂间均无显著性差异(P>0.05),服药周期对Cmax,AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个参数亦无明显影响(P>0.05),Cmax、AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个药动学参数均存在明显的个体间差异(P<0.05).统计结果显示,AUC0-T的置信区间为100.7%～113.0%,AUC0-∞的置信区间为100.1%～112.2%,Cmax的置信区间为95.0%～115.4%,均符合等效标准;Cmax,AUC0-T和AUC0-∞三个参数的双向t检验结果同样符合等效标准;Tmax经非参检验结果合格.结论 左氧氟沙星分散片试验制剂相对参比制剂生物等效.     

克拉霉素分散片的健康人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究克拉霉素分散片在健康人体的药动学及生物等效性.方法:采用两制剂双周期双交叉前后自身对照试验设计.20名健康志愿者分别口服克拉霉素分散片受试制剂或参比制剂500 mg,采用高效液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS)测定血浆中克拉霉素的浓度,经DAS 2.1软件处理后得药动学数据,并进行等效性检验.结果:受试制剂的t1/2为(3.72±0.42)h,Cmax为(2 350.7±604.2)ng·mL-1,Tmax为(1.48±0.36)h,AUC0-t为(12 425±1 975)ng·h·mL-1;参比制剂的t1/2为(4.22±1.15)h,Cmax为(2 045.0±379.5)ng·mL-1,Tmax为(1.76±0.52)h,AUC0-t为(11 954±2 152)ng·h·mL-1.以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂比较,受试制剂平均相对生物利用度为(101.7±7.3)%,AUC0-t,AUC-∞和Cmax均拒绝生物不等效假设.结论:测定结果经方差分析及双单侧t检验,表明两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的人体药物动力学和生物等效性研究

目的 研究奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊在人体内药动学和生物等效性.方法 健康志愿者20名,随机双交叉单剂量口服通化神源药业有限公司研制的奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊(试验制剂)和海口康元制药有限公司生产的奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊(参比制剂),剂量分别为40 mg,剂间间隔为1周.分别于服药后12 h内多点抽取静脉血,用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定血浆中奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊的浓度.用DAS(Drug And Statistics,version 2.0)药动学程序计算相对生物利用度并评价两种制剂生物等效性.AUC0-12,AUC(0-inf)和Cmax经方差分析和双单侧t检验,Tmax进行秩和检验.结果 单剂量口服奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊试验和参比制剂后,血浆奥美拉唑的Cmax分别为(1 146.77±386.58)ng·mL-1和(1 138.93±360.90)ng·mL-1;Tmax分别为(2.40±0.53 )h和(2.28±0.44)h;AUC(0-12)分别为(4 853.61±1 960.52)ng·h·mL-1和(4743.06±1 740.71)ng·h·mL-1;AUC(0-inf)分别为(5 111.76±2 031.72)ng·h·mL-1和(4 942.71±1 833.39)ng·h·mL-1.AUC(0-12)的90%可信区间为94.6～106.3%,AUC(0-inf)的90%可信区间为96.5～107.2%,Cmax的90%可信区间为95.9～104.3%.结论 试验制剂与参比制剂的人体相对生物利用度为(101.32±14.90)%,试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物学等效性.     

洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性研究

目的:考察两种洛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性.方法:20名健康男性志愿者单剂量口服试验制剂或参比制剂,采用LC/MS/MS法测定全血中药物浓度,用DAS2.1软件计算药代动力学参数.结果:试验制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(4.67±2.34),(5.30±2.62)h;tmax分别为(1.90±0.50),(2.13±0.39)h;Cmax分别为(8.37±0.84),(8.29±1.00)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(32.25±6.49),(32.71±7.59)ng.h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(33.62±6.94),(34.71±8.62)ng·h·mL-1.试验制剂的相对生物利用度F=(99.60±8.30)%.结论:受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

盐酸利托君片在中国健康志愿者体内的生物等效性

目的:研究不同生产厂家生产的利托君片的生物等效性。方法:根据身高体重相近原则,18例健康女性受试者采用双周期两交叉给药方案,分别一次性口服2片(10 mg.片-1)试验盐酸利托君片或参比盐酸利托君片,用LC-MS/MS内标法测定健康受试者血浆中盐酸利托君浓度,采用DAS 2.0.1软件计算药动学参数,并进行2种制剂的生物等效性评价。结果:经药动学参数计算其参比药t1/2=(2.623±1.223)h,Cmax=(12.425±6.891)ng·mL-1,Tmax=(0.769±0.555)h,AUC0~t=(28.416±9.102)ng·h·mL-1,AUC0~∞=(33.199±12.338)ng·h·mL-1;试验制剂t1/2=(2.539±0.670)h,Cmax=(14.475±11.262)ng·mL-1,Tmax=(0.741±0.509)h,AUC0~t=(30.499±11.402)ng·h·mL-1、AUC0~∞=(34.258±12.094)ng·h·mL-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度AUC0~t=(109.6±23.0)%,AUC0~∞=(108.0±26.2)%。结论:受试制剂与参比...     

石杉碱甲缓释片多剂量给药在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究石杉碱甲缓释片(中枢兴奋药)多剂量给药在健康人体的相对生物利用度及生物等效性.方法 采用双周期自身随机交叉试验设计.24名健康受试者多次口服试验制剂或参比制剂,用液相色谱-串联质谱测定血浆中药物浓度,药代动力学参数用DAS软件处理获得.结果 试验制剂石杉碱甲缓释片组与参比制剂石杉碱甲片组的Cmin(ss)分别为(0.54±0.21)和(0.78±0.20)ng·mL-1;Cmax(ss)分别为(1.65±0.45)和(1.83±0.37)ng·mL-1;Css分别为(1.05±0.28)和(1.22±0.28)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.50±1.90)和(1.10±0.40)h;AUC0-t(ss)分别为(30.70±8.20)和(35.10±8.93)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞(ss)分别为(36.90±10.30)和(41.30±11.10)ng·h·mL-1;AUCss分别为(25.30±6.80)和(14.60±3.41)ng·h·mL-1;受试制剂的生物利用度F0-tn为(87.7±11.6)%.受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t和AUC0-∞经对数转换后进行方差分析,2制剂间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).2制剂间tmax有显著差异(P＜0.05),受试制剂tmax明显比参比制剂有所延长,具有缓释的特征.结论 国产石杉碱甲缓释片与石杉碱甲片具有生物等效性,同时受试制剂具有明显的缓释特征.     

苯磺酸氨氯地平片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究苯磺酸氨氯地平片(抗高血压药)的相对生物利用度,并求证该制剂的生物等效性.方法 24名男性健康受试者随机交叉给药,先后口服单剂量试验制剂及参比制剂苯磺酸氨氯地平片剂5 mg,采用LC-MS/MS法测定血药浓度,计算2者的药代动力学参数及相对生物利用度,并评价2制剂的生物等效性.结果 口服试验制剂及参比制剂5 mg的主要药代动力学参数如下:t1/2分别为(47.15±17.28)、(43.22 ± 16.63)h;tmax分别为(5.81±2.09)、(6.38±2.33)h;Cmax分别为(4.77±1.28)、(4.37±1.14)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(176.39±57.95)、(182.55±58.36)ng·mL-1h;AUC0-t分别为(185.65±59.01)、(192.83±62.72)ng·mL-1h;试验制剂对于参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度F值:AUC0-t为(98.1±18.5)%,AUC0-∞为(98.6±20.0)%;tmax经非参数检验无显著性差异,试验制剂的平均生物利用度(AUC0-t、AUC0-∞)均大于98%,2种制剂的Cmax、AUC0-t和AUC0-∞双向单侧t检验和[1-2α]置信区间法的等效性分析均为合格,tmax经非参数秩和检验无显著性差异.结论 2种氨氯地平片剂为生物等效制剂.     

比较氨氯地平和阿托伐他汀复方片与单剂在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 评价氨氯地平/阿托伐他汀复方片剂与同剂量单剂的生物等效性.方法 66位健康男性志愿者随机交叉单次口服1片氨氯地平(5 mg)/阿托伐他汀(40 mg)复方片剂(受试制剂)和同时服用氨氯地平(5 mg)和阿托伐他汀(40mg)各1片(参比制剂);用GC-ECD法和LC-MS/MS法,分别测定药物血浆浓度,WinNonlin非房室模型计算药代动力学参数,SAS程序评价生物等效性.结果 受试制剂(复方)和参比制剂(单剂)的主要药代动力学参数,氨氯地平:tmax分别为6.0和6.0 h;t1/2分别为(39.2±7.6)和(39.7±9.9)h;Cmax分别为(3.0±0.9)和(3.0±0.5)ng·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(145.3±42.1)和(149.8±43.6)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-t分别为(129.3±39.5)和(133.4±37.2)ng·h·mL-1.阿托伐他汀:tmax分别为1.0和0.5 h;t1/2分别为(6.7±1.8)和(6.9±1.8)h;Cmax分别为(18.8±9.8)和(20.2±11.7)ng·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(101.7±35.2)和(97.8±39.2)ng·h·mL-1;AuC0-t分别为(96.7±35.0)和(93.1±39.1)ng·h·mL-1.受试制剂和参比制剂AUC0-t、AUC0-∞和Cmax比值的90%置信区间:氨氯地平:93.3%～100.1%,93.8%～100.6%和95.8%～103.4%;阿托伐他汀:99.2%～111.0%,99.6%～110.6%和81.8%～107.2%.结论 2种制剂为生物等效制剂.     

2种国产辛伐他汀胶囊在健康人体的生物等效性

目的 研究2种国产辛伐他汀胶囊(调血脂药)在健康人体的生物等效性.方法 对入选的20名男性健康受试者随机交叉给药,分别单剂量口服辛伐他汀试验制剂和参比制剂各40 mg;用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血药浓度,用DAS 2.1软件计算药代动力学参数.结果 试验和参比制剂主要药代动力学参数,tmax分别为(1.7±0.6)和(1.8±0.7)h;Cmax分别为(12.23±4.62)和(12.73±4.31)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(4.2±1.6)和(4.1±1.4)h;AUC0-t分别为(42.27±27.61)和(41.81±27.75)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(43.99±28.60)和(43.32±28.47)ng·h·mL-1;受试制剂中辛伐他汀的平均相对生物利用度为(101.8±15.8)%.结论 2种辛伐他汀制剂为生物等效制剂.     

进口与国产利培酮薄膜衣片在健康志愿者的生物等效性

目的 研究利培酮薄膜衣片(抗精神分裂症药)在健康志愿者的药代动力学和生物等效性.方法 23名健康男性志愿者随机交叉、单剂量口服受试制剂(进口)和参比制剂(国产)2 mg后,用HPLC-MS/MS测定血浆中利培酮及9-羟基利培酮浓度,计算主要药代动力学参数,评价2种制剂的生物等效性.结果 受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药代动力学参数,利培酮:AUC0～t分别为(94.76±82.93)和(103.05±117.71)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0～1分别为(96.72±84.52)和(105.19±119.36)ng·h·mL0-1;Cmax分别为(15.91±5.63)和(16.21±11.56)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(1.14±0.73)和(1.15±0.54)h;t1/2分别为(7.32±5.94)和(7.44±6.50)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(106.68±40.21)%.9-羟基利培酮:AUC0-96h分别为(268.56±85.20)和(279.64 ±117.86)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞分别为(282.74±87.46)和(294.28±120.32)ng·h·mL-1;Cmax分别为(10.84±4.69)和(11.11±4.80)ng·mL-1;tmax分别为(3.35±2.32)和(4.48±2.76)h;t1/2分别为(23.18±3.26)和(23.12±4.31)h,受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(101.37±27.23)%.结论 2种制剂具有生物等效性.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Synthesis and anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of gaultherin and its analogs

The synthesis of gaultherin (1) and its analogs was carried out to provide 11 glycosides under phase-transfer catalytic conditions. The activities of all synthesized compounds were evaluated by nitric oxide production inhibitory assay in vitro. Methyl 2-O-(4-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylbenzoate (5f) showed significantly anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects by the evaluation in vivo. Structure–activity relationships within these compounds were discussed.     

Modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty in toxicokinetics and pharmacokinetics

Two important methodological issues within the framework of the variability and uncertainty analysis of toxicokinetic and pharmacokinetic systems are discussed: (i) modelling and simulation of the existing physiologic variability in a population; and (ii) modelling and simulation of variability and uncertainty when there is insufficient or not well defined (e.g. small sample, semiquantitative, qualitative and vague) information available. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are especially suited for separating and characterising the physiologic variability from the overall variability and uncertainty in the system. Monte Carlo sampling should draw from multivariate distributions, which reflect all levels of existing dependencies in the intact organism. The population characteristics should be taken into account. A fuzzy simulation approach is proposed to model variability and uncertainty when there is semiquantitative, qualitative and vague information about the model parameters and their statistical distributions cannot be defined reliably.     

成骨细胞的功能与损伤和骨质疏松的防治

骨质疏松是一种全身性骨骼疾病,导致骨折风险增加。成人的骨量通过破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨形成作用来维持动态平衡,治疗骨质疏松症的理想策略是抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和/或增强成骨细胞的骨形成功能。目前针对保护成骨细胞及增强其功能的骨质疏松疗法相对较少。因此,本文针对成骨细胞相关功能蛋白、各种细胞损伤机制（内质网应激、氧化应激、机械过载、微小RNA和长链非编码RNA的影响等）及骨质疏松的治疗与预防作一综述,以期为针对增强成骨细胞功能的骨质疏松治疗策略提供新思路。     

益生菌与肿瘤防治

益生菌广泛存在于自然界中,通过维持宿主体内菌群平衡、影响肠屏障功能和调节免疫应答等作用,提高宿主健康水平,被公认为"肠道健康卫士".一些益生菌可以增强机体的免疫功能,抑制致癌物质,影响肿瘤细胞的基因表达,对肿瘤具有拮抗作用.大量研究表明,益生菌在未来的肿瘤防治中有很好的应用和发展前景.     

Self-stimulation and amphetamine: Tolerance to d and l isomers and cross tolerance to cocaine and methylphenidate

The effects of the d and l isomers of amphetamine on self-stimulation responding were tested following acute and chronic administration. Tolerance and post-drug depression of responding occurred in tests with both isomers, indicating no role for p-hydroxynorephedrine (PHN) which is one of the metabolites of d-amphetamine. In the second experiment, d-amphetamine, methylphenidate and cocaine all produced quantitatively and qualitatively similar effects on self-stimulation responding following acute administration. Following chronic administration of d-amphetamine, animals showed tolerance to all three drugs, indicating cross-tolerance among them. These data are consistent with an hypothesis that tolerance and post-drug depression following chronic amphetamine treatment are the result of decreases in postsynaptic receptor sensitivity, which would lead to a decreased effectiveness of all three drugs, regardless of their pre-synaptic mechanisms.     

Acamprosate and naltrexone treatment effects on ethanol and sucrose seeking and intake in ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats

Rationale  Two pharmacotherapies are approved for treating alcohol craving (acamprosate and naltrexone), but both have shown mixed findings in animals and humans. Objectives  The present experiments utilized a “reinforcer blocking” approach (i.e., rats were able to consume ethanol during treatment) to better understand the efficacy of these treatments for ethanol seeking and drinking using ethanol-dependent and nondependent rats. Materials and methods  In “nondependent” experiments, drugs (acamprosate 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; naltrexone 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) were administered over 3-week periods prior to operant sessions with a low response requirement to gain access to reinforcers for 20 min. For “dependent” experiments, rats were made dependent in vapor/inhalation chambers. Results  Acamprosate and naltrexone had similar effects on intake in nondependent and dependent rats; neither drug was selective for ethanol over sucrose drinking. In nondependent animals, naltrexone was more efficacious at more doses than acamprosate, and acamprosate’s effects were limited to a dose that also had adverse effects on body weight. Both pharmacotherapies showed more selectivity when examining reinforcer seeking. In nondependent rats, acamprosate and naltrexone had response-attenuating effects in ethanol, but not sucrose, groups. In dependent animals, acamprosate had selective effects limited to a decrease in sucrose seeking. Naltrexone, however, selectively decreased ethanol-seeking in nondependent rats. Conclusions  The naltrexone-induced decreases in seeking suggested a change in incentive motivation which was selective for ethanol in nondependent rats. The “nondependent” paradigm may model early stages of “problem drinking” in humans, and the findings suggest that naltrexone could be a good intervention for this level of alcohol abuse and relapse prevention.     

Antiinfective and encrustation-inhibiting materials--myth and facts

Catheters, urethral and ureteral stents and other urological implants are frequently affected by encrustration and infection due to their permanent contact with urine. Indwelling urinary catheters provide a haven for microorganisms and thus require extensive monitoring. Several surface modification techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of devices including the immobilization of biomolecules, the incorporation of hydrophilic grafts to reduce protein adsorption, the creation of hydrophobic surfaces, the creation of microdomains to regulate cellular and protein adhesion, new polymers and antimicrobial coatings. Physico-chemical explanation to elucidate the mechanism of such encrustation or infection inhibiting materials is still not available. Our series of experiments showed a marked decrease of silver-activity in biological fluids which corresponds with the controversial clinical results obtained with silver coated urinary catheters. Rifampicin/minocycline coated catheters had very low activity against Gram-negative rods, enterococci and Candida spp., the main causing organisms of urinary catheter infection. Surface engineered materials and antimicrobial drug delivery systems will be the next generation of sophisticated urinary catheters and stents, if both efficacy as well as efficiency has been proved clinically.     

Alprazolam and lorazepam single and multiple-dose effects on psychomotor skills and sleep

Summary The effects of alprazolam 0.5 mg and lorazepam 2 mg on cognitive and psychomotor skills were assessed in twelve normal volunteer subjects in a randomised, double-blind, crossover design. Single and multiple dose effects were monitored using a battery of tests comprising critical flicker fusion threshold (CFFT), choice reaction time (CRT), simulated car tracking, and subjective ratings of perceived sedation (LARS) and of sleep behaviour (LSEQ). Compared with placebo baseline scores, treatment with lorazepam 2 mg (both single and multiple doses) resulted in a widespread impairment of CRT, tracking accuracy, and CFFT. Single doses of alprazolam 0.5 mg reduced CFFT with respect to the placebo baseline. Single and multiple dose treatment with both drugs resulted in subjective reports of sedation, a reduction of sleep onset latency, and improved sleep quality. Only lorazepam 2 mg significantly disrupted the integrity of behaviour on waking from sleep. These results suggest important pharmacodynamic differences between the two drugs in the doses used.