上海市静安区世博保障环境卫生风险评估

目的对上海市静安区世博期间生活饮用水进行风险评估并提出对策。方法采用澳大利亚和新西兰的风险管理标准对静安区生活饮用水进行风险评估。结果饮用水水源污染、管网及二次供水污染、管道分质供水污染等为主要风险。结论应当遵循预防为主、关口前移、事前预防和事后应急并重的原则,进一步加强饮用水风险防控工作,提升应急反应能力,为平安世博保障奠定坚实基础。     

“饮水安全计划”的应用与农村供水水质改善

WHO提出的"饮水安全计划"采用了风险管理方法的原则和概念,是供水单位管理供水安全的有用工具,有助于公共卫生管理机构的监督与管理。通过在供水单位实施"饮水安全计划",能够改善供水水质和保障水质安全,并在供水单位进行规范化管理和确保这些操作实施的严格执行。其组成包括系统评价、确定控制措施和建立系统管理计划3个主要部分,基本思想是安全的饮用水供应依赖于从源水到用户的系统控制,重点强调基于供水过程中的风险评估和风险管理机制。本文通过对饮水安全计划的回顾,主要阐述饮水安全计划的原理和应用,为其实际应用和发挥供水水质保障作用提供方法学指导。     

Human health risk from the chemical composition of drinking water

The maintenance and development of the centralized household underground water supply system in the closed administrative-territorial entity Seversk, Tomsk Region, when the aquifers are inadequately protected and there is a hydrological association of individual aquifers with polluted surface waters require a hygienic estimation based on the use of a risk methodology, including that considering the regional feature of sanitary situation establishment. No risk realization has been ascertained for damage to critical organs and systems in pediatric and adult populations under the population influence of the chemical substances available in drinking water.     

天津市某供水系统水质风险分析

目的对天津市某供水系统水质进行风险评估,为供水系统的水质安全提供保障。方法应用世界卫生组织《水安全计划》中所建立的方法,对天津市某供水系统的水源、水厂、管网及用户的安全性进行风险分析。结果以用户为例描述了风险评估结果,其中有2项危险因素的评定风险值≥40,处于比较高的风险范围;针对上述结果提出了相应的建议和控制措施。结论对供水系统相关环节的水质安全风险进行分析,并制定相应的控制措施,可为供水系统的安全运行提供保障,以便在问题出现时能够快速采取相应的措施和应急预案,尽早排除问题以确保供水安全。     

中国农村供水设施卫生学风险因素分析

目的 了解中国农村供水系统的风险因素.方法 使用\     

GIS-based procedure for site-specific risk assessment of pesticides for aquatic ecosystems

The EU Water Framework Directive states that the management of surface water must be based on a site-specific assessment of water quality, that is dependent on land use. As a result, to develop a robust chemical management policy for aquatic ecosystems, the ecotoxicological risk must be strictly related to the local conditions and characteristics of the system. This paper presents a methodology developed to assess the ecotoxicological risk of pesticides to site-specific aquatic ecosystems. Spatial and relational databases, provisional models and risk indices were integrated into Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to produce maps of exposure, effect and risk at watershed scale. Each active ingredient is characterised by a data set that includes input data as well as results represented by a risk assessment cartography. The aim of this procedure is to perform a site-specific risk assessment by integrating geographical distribution of predicted environmental concentrations (PECs), ecotoxicological effects and the potential/actual quality of the exposed ecosystem. Examples of pesticide risk maps for surface waters in Lombardia Region (Northern Italy) are shown.     

Computational modelling methods for assessing the risks from lead in drinking water

Computational modelling methods have been used to predict the risks from lead in drinking water across a simulated supply zone, for a range of plumbosolvency conditions and a range of extents of occurrence of houses having a lead pipe, on the basis of five risk benchmarking methods. For the worst case modelled (very high plumbosolvency and 90% houses with a lead pipe) the percentage of houses at risk in the simulated zone ranged from 34.1 to 73.3%. In contrast, for a simulated phosphate-treated zone and 10% houses with a lead pipe, the percentage of houses at risk in the simulated zone ranged from 0 to 0.4%. Methods are proposed for using computational modelling for different levels of risk assessment, for both water supply zones and individual houses. These risk assessment methods will inform policy, help to set improvement priorities and facilitate a better understanding of corrective options.     

2015年重庆市农村集中式供水化学污染指标健康风险评价

目的 评估2015年重庆市农村集中式供水中化学污染物对人体健康存在的潜在危害,为风险管理提供科学依据。方法 选择22个区县,每个区县选择70%的乡镇,每个乡镇选择1~2个农村集中式供水监测点,于2015年丰水期采集出厂水水样,按照美国环保署健康风险评价模型对17项化学污染经饮水途径所致的健康风险进行评价。结果 重庆农村集中式供水出厂水年均健康总风险为1.59×10^-6(a^-1),非致癌健康风险占总风险比例不到1%,风险主要来源于水中化学致癌物铬、砷和三氯甲烷,占健康总风险的比例依次为48.5%、45.4%、5.2%;重庆市农村集中式供水出厂水健康风险在国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平范围5×10^-5(a^-1)内,但又略超过瑞典环境保护局规定的最大可接受风险水平1×10^-6(a^-1)。结论 重庆市农村集中式供水出厂水健康总风险超过了瑞典环保局推荐的可接受风险水平,需要引起重视。对于健康总风险超过1×10^-6(a^-1)的农村集中式供水,要继续加强对相应化学污染物的监测和控制。在重庆市农村集中式供水风险管理中,应优先控制的污染指标依次为铬、砷及三氯甲烷指标。     

Quantitative microbial risk assessment to estimate health risks attributable to water supply: can the technique be applied in developing countries with limited data?

In the 3rd edition of its Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (2004) (GDWQ) the World Health Organization (WHO) promotes the use of risk assessment coupled with risk management for the control of water safety in drinking water supplies. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) provides a tool for estimating the disease-burden from pathogenic microorganisms in water using information about the distribution and occurrence of the pathogen or an appropriate surrogate. This information may then be used to inform decisions about appropriate management of the water supply system. Although QMRA has been used to estimate disease burden from water supplies in developed countries, the method has not been evaluated in developing countries where relevant data may be scarce. In this paper, we describe a simplified risk assessment procedure to calculate the disease burden from three reference pathogens--pathogenic Escherichia coli, Cryptosporidium parvum and rotavirus--in water supplies in Kampala, Uganda. The study shows how QMRA can be used in countries with limited data, and that the outcome can provide valuable information for the management of water supplies.     

2005年广西农村饮水安全现状调查

目的了解广西农村居民饮水安全现状及其影响因素,为制定《广西农村饮水安全工程"十一五"规划》提供科学依据。方法于2005年1—4月,采用普查与抽查相结合的方式,以村为单位调查农村饮水状况和供水的基本情况、自来水的普及率和供水设施的运行情况以及农村地区饮用水水源的分布、类型、取水方式、水源污染的状况、水质状况及覆盖人口等。分别于2005年7月(丰水期)和11月(枯水期),由各相关疾病预防控制机构按照GB/T5750—1985《生活饮用水标准检验法》对不同水源类型和取水方式水样进行采集、保存和检验。按照《农村饮用水安全评价指标体系》由自治区级专家组统一对农村饮水安全状况进行综合评价。结果广西农村总人口为4142.40万人,其中,集中式供水覆盖人口为1385.81万人,占农村总人口的33.45%;分散式供水覆盖人口为2756.59万人,占农村总人口的66.55%。广西农村地区有覆盖人口200人以上或日供水量20t以上的乡镇级和村级集中式供水工程14260处,总覆盖人口为1385.81万人,占广西农村人口的33.45%。乡村两级集中式供水工程中有净水设施的1157处,占8.11%;无净水设施(无净化、消毒等设施)的13...     

Evaluation of the effect of drinking water quality on the population's health

The paper presents data on the quality of drinking water used by the population in the Sverdlovsk Region when water is supplied in the centralized and non-centralized fashion. Interaction of the centre with the Russian consumption inspectorates of the Sverdlovsk Region, different designing, scientific, and profit-making organizations concerned has made it possible to define priority measures and lines to improve water supply systems and the technologies for the preparation, transportation, and delivery of qualitative water to the population.     

新疆部队自备水源水质卫生学现状调查

目的了解新疆部队自备水源水质卫生学状况,为进一步加强改水提供依据。方法采用现场调查的方法,水源水质状况采用现场采样,根据GJB651-89《军队战时饮用卫生水标准》检测分析。结果 128个自备水源中以集中供水的有77个,占60.1%,水量充足的有52个,占40.6%,集中式给水水源的卫生防护好于分散式给水水源,采取洁治消毒措施的只占4%,综合评价结果"良好"的占14.8%,可用的56.3%,水质差的28.9%。结论新疆部队水源水质仍亟需改善。建议加强水源卫生管理,对可用水源加强防护,严格落实饮用水消毒制度,加大改水及管水力度。     

Plan for the control of Legionella infections in long-term care facilities: role of environmental monitoring

In accordance with the international and national guidelines, the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy) has established regional guidelines for the surveillance and prevention of legionellosis based on the concept of risk assessment, with particular attention to environmental monitoring. The aim of this study was to verify how environmental surveillance in the context of risk assessment plans could help to guide decisions about preventive strategies against Legionella infections in Long Term Care Facilities (LTCF). In six LTCFs in the city of Bologna (Emilia-Romagna Region) a self-control plan was implemented that included the environmental monitoring of Legionella spp. and the surveillance of hospital-acquired Legionnaires' Disease. At baseline, four hot water systems were colonized by Legionella pneumophila (3 LCTFs) and Legionella londiniensis (1 LCTF). In each establishment specific control measures were adopted based on the characteristics of the system, the virulence of the strain and the level of the contamination. The monitoring, carried out for around two years, was also extended to the ways in which the system and the distal water distribution points were used and maintained with respect to the good practices in operation and management. The adopted actions (shock and/or continuous disinfection treatments) and the implementation of the good practice measures reduced the contamination to acceptable and stable levels. No cases of hospital-acquired legionellosis occurred during the period of study. The environmental surveillance was successful in evaluating the risk and identifying the most suitable preventive strategies.     

抗生素及合成抗菌药物的滥用与危害

  目的  了解浙江省杭州市某区地表水和城市管网水中抗生素的分布特征,评估抗生素对生态和人体的健康风险。   方法  2023年2 — 3月,在富春江流域19个采样点,采集水样,平行采样各2份,共38份。在某区29个采样点,采集相应的市政自来水厂的出厂水和管网末梢水,平行采样各2份,共58份。利用固相萃取 – 超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（SPE-UPLC-MS/MS）分析杭州某区地表水和城市管网水中6 类 52 种抗生素的浓度水平和分布特征,并采用风险熵值法评估水体中抗生素对生态环境和人体健康的潜在风险。   结果  在杭州某区地表水中检出25种抗生素,总抗生素浓度水平为ND～463.66 ng/L。在城市管网水中检出6种抗生素分别为磺胺吡啶（检出浓度ND～0.72 ng/L,检出率93.10%）、磺胺氯哒嗪（检出浓度ND～1.16 ng/L,检出率86.21%）、红霉素（检出浓度ND～0.60 ng/L,检出率6.90%）、克拉霉素（检出浓度ND～0.75 ng/L,检出率27.59%）、罗红霉素（检出浓度ND～0.68 ng/L,检出率34.48%）、脱水红霉素（检出浓度ND～0.96 ng/L,检出率86.21%）。生态风险评估表明,杭州市某区地表水中抗生素的生态风险熵值范围为0～10.56。其中磺胺嘧啶、氧氟沙星、红霉素、克拉霉素和脱水红霉素对该流域生态系统具有较高风险,其余抗生素则处于低风险或无风险暴露状态。人体健康风险评估表明,城市管网末梢水中6种抗生素的人体健康风险熵值为4.45 × 10^–7～1.68 × 10^–4,均 < 0.01,无潜在健康风险。   结论  磺胺嘧啶、氧氟沙星、红霉素、克拉红霉素和脱水红霉素在杭州市某区地表水中具有较高风险,对生活在该水域的敏感水生生物存在潜在的生态风险,应予以关注。城市管网末梢水中仅检出痕量抗生素,不会对人体产生健康风险。     

Water, trachoma and conjunctivitis.

The incidence of eye infections in a community is generally accepted as an indicator of the adequacy of water supply for their needs. However, discrepancies in the published results from various studies seem to challenge this view. We have reanalysed the published data on trachoma in relation to the most relevant indicators of water accessibility, using prevalence ratios as the single parameter for risk assessment. A definite trend emerges from this review: the incidence of infectious conjunctivitis is not sensitive to differences in water accessibility; on the other hand, a reduction in the risk of trachoma is consistently associated with better access to water. This conclusion may support the efforts of WHO and other multilateral and bilateral agencies to sustain the commitment towards the water supply sector beyond the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade.     

上海闵行区城市供水水质健康风险评价

[目的]通过对水源水和出厂水的健康风险评价,阐述闵行区目前城市供水水质状况和对人体健康的影响。[方法]选取2009年上海市闵行区黄浦江和大治河城市供水水源地水和该地区水厂出厂水检测数据,应用环境健康风险评价模型对通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险进行评价。[结果]城市供水水质基因毒物质个人健康年风险以六价铬最大,砷次之,镉最小,六价铬与砷合计占该类年总风险的98．33％,风险值均高于部分机构推荐的最大可接受风险水平1×10^-6／a,而低于国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受值5×10^-5／a;躯体毒物质个人健康年风险按大小顺序依次为氟化物〉铜〉铅〉（硝酸盐、氨氮、铁、锰、汞）〉锌〉氰化物〉硒〉挥发酚,其中氟化物、铜、铅合计占该类年总风险的78％以上,各毒物风险值均远低于国际机构推荐的最大可接受值1×10^-6／a,属于比较安全的范围;水质健康风险以基因毒物质为主,超过年总风险的99％。[结论]闵行区城市供水水质健康风险以基因毒物质六价铬与砷污染物为主,应加以优先检测与控制。     

北京市政供水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳含量分析及健康风险评估

目的 了解南水北调之后北京市市政水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的浓度水平,评估其对人体健康的潜在风险.方法 收集了 2015-2019年北京市出厂水、末梢水和二次供水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的监测数据,利用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价四步法模型对其进行健康风险评估.结果 4 292件监测水样中,三氯甲烷平均浓度为0....     

农村学校饮用水水质风险评估与应急管理体系的建立及其应用研究

目的发现和控制可能影响农村学校师生健康安全的饮水危害因素,预防和控制介水性传染病在农村学校发生和流行。方法通过构建农村学校饮用水水质风险评估与应急管理体系,对存在的健康危害因素进行风险控制与应急管理,并对取得的效果进行评价。结果农村学校饮水水质的高风险指标仅见于微生物指标,实施相应风险控制与应急管理后的2006-2010年,100所农村学校经饮水传播肠道传染病平均发病率(0.56‰)显著低于实施前(3.56‰);全自治区农村学校发生肠道传染病疫情起数年平均发生率为0.620‰,平均发病率8.645/10万,明显低于2005年(实施干预前)1.169‰的发生率,以及18.973/10万的发病率水平。2006-2010年,广西农村学校肠道传染病疫情的发生率和发病率均呈现出下降的趋势(P<0.01)。结论建立饮用水风险评估与应急管理体系对预防和控制介水性传染病在农村学校的发生和流行有重要作用。     

Characterization of the sanitary situation in the Kurgan Region

The aim of this survey was to study the ecological state in the Kurgan Region in the period of 1993 to 2003. The survey showed the west and northwest part of the Kurgan Region to be areas at risk for environment-dependent diseases. The major risk factors included a high pollution of water sources with limited water resources due to the radioactive pollution occurring in the 1940s to the 1950s in some areas of the region; transformation of natural landscapes caused by spring floods and soil erosions among other things.     

Issues on health risk assessment at hazardous waste sites and resource recovery facilities in Region II

This paper examines the issues involved in health risk assessments at hazardous waste sites and resource recovery facilities in Region II and emphasizes the programmatic aspects of the problem and the integration of risk assessment into the permitting process for these facilities. Suggestions for the R&D agenda and policy needs to support a risk assessment strategy in this area are also discussed.