保留性神经的根治性全膀胱切除术探讨(附6例报告)

本文报告我科1993.6～1995.2在为6例多发性或浸润性膀胱肿瘤患者行根治性全膀胱切除术中,有意识地保护支配阴茎勃起的性神经,并取得满意的效果。术后6例中有5例恢复了阴茎勃起功能。本文报告6例临床资料及手术方法的同时,结合文献复习着重介绍性神经血管束(Neuro-Vaocular Bundle,NVB)的解剖三维关系,及术中如何识别并有效地保护NVB的体会。     

腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术(附23例报告)

目的探讨腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术的手术方法和临床效果。方法浸润性膀胱癌23例,无远处转移,采用5个trocar,腹腔镜下行膀胱根治性切除术、前列腺切除,下腹正中做7cm切口,取出切除的膀胱、前列腺,尿流改道方式包括17例回肠膀胱术、3例回肠代膀胱术、1例输尿管乙状结肠吻合、2例输尿管皮肤造口。结果手术时间4~10h,平均7.5h。出血量100~800ml,平均311ml,1例输血1000ml,余22例未输血。术后2例麻痹性肠梗阻,经保守治疗痊愈,无其他并发症。术后随访2~32个月,2例因远处转移死亡,21例健在,无瘤生存2~32个月,平均17个月,肾功能正常,B超及IVU检查1例轻度双肾积水。结论腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术安全可行,创伤小,出血少,恢复快。     

保留勃起和射精功能的膀胱全切术10例报告

膀胱前列腺切除术及正位尿流改道术是治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌的常用手段，尽管大大改善了患者的生活质量，但也使大多数患者丧失了勃起和射精功能，对中青年患者来说同时也意味着生育能力的丧失。怎样才能在有效治疗肿瘤的同时又能保护这些重要的生理功能，正逐渐受到临床医师的重视。参考Spin和Colombo报道的方式，自2002年7月-2005年3月，我科开展了保留勃起功能和射精功能的膀胱全切术，有关结果报告如下。     

手助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术(附31例报告)

目的 探讨手助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术的临床应用价值.方法 采用手助腹腔镜行根治性膀胱切除术31例,其中利用手助操作通道的切口行回肠膀胱术24例,原位回肠新膀胱术7例;并观察围手术期的恢复情况及近期疗效.结果 31例手助腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除均获成功,手术时间245～530 min,平均365.7 min;出血量100～500 ml,平均250.9 ml.其中3例需输血,输血率为9.7%.术后进食时间为2～15 d,平均4.3 d.住院时间平均19.7 d(9～83 d).术后6例发生围手术期并发症,占19.4%.31例患者均获随访,平均18个月(1～38个月),2例回肠膀胱切口疝,1例输尿管新膀胱吻合口狭窄.肺部转移及局部复发并全身转移各1例,带瘤生存.肿瘤转移死亡1例,猝死1例.其余27例无瘤存活.结论 手助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术是安全、可行的,尤其在复杂的根治性膀胱切除术中可以减少手术出血,降低手术难度,有效防止并发症的发生.     

男性膀胱癌根治性膀胱切除术的技术改进(附62例报告)

目的:改进男性膀胱癌根治性膀胱切除术的手术技术,减少并发症。方法:改进根治性膀胱切除术,包括顺逆性结合的膀胱前列腺切除、输尿管远端冰冻活检、缝扎背深静脉、保护神经血管束、广泛盆腔淋巴结清扫等。对62例患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:患者平均年龄67岁,膀胱前列腺切除及淋巴清扫的手术时间2.2~3.5h,平均2.5h。术中出血量150~1200ml,平均400ml。62例中7例(11.3%)术中冷冻切片证实输尿管残端有肿瘤细胞浸润或上皮细胞不典型增生。切除淋巴结8~16枚/例,阳性率16.1%(10/62)。本组术后6例有轻度肠梗阻,对症治疗好转;1例切口部分脂肪液化,无肺、盆腔感染,无直肠损伤等并发症,无一例围手术期死亡。随访3~52个月,1例术后5个月骨转移死亡,余均未发现盆腔、吻合口及其他脏器的远处转移。有意保留神经血管束的10例,其中4例有勃起功能;无意保留神经血管束,术后有勃起功能者3例(随访30例)。结论:改进的根治性膀胱切除术可有效根治性切除肿瘤,可减少术中后出血,降低并发症发生率。     

改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术(附9例报告)

目的探讨改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术的临床疗效。方法采用改良全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌9例,均为男性,年龄40～64岁,平均55岁。尿路上皮癌8例,按WHO分级标准,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级3例;腺鳞癌1例。肿瘤多发6例,均为尿路上皮癌,肿瘤最大径1.5～11.0cm。TNM临床分期:T2N0M07例,T3N0M01例,T4N1M01例。结果手术时间210～330min,平均260min。术中出血量200～800ml。输血5例,输血量400～600ml。病理分期:T2aN0M05例,T2bN0M01例,T4aN0M02例,T4N2M01例。9例患者术后均获得随访,随访时间10～64个月。7例无瘤生存,肾功能良好;2例术后2年死亡(1例腺鳞癌者死于全身转移,1例死于意外事故)。所有病例白天控尿均良好,夜间控尿良好5例,剩余尿量0～50ml。1例术后出现上尿路扩张积液、肾功能不全,为两侧输尿管末端粘连所致,经内镜下粘连松解后积液消退,肾功能恢复正常。2例年龄<50岁者,术后6个月有阴茎勃起,服用西地那非片可完成性活动。结论改良根治性全膀胱切除原位新膀胱术是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法之一。     

保留勃起和射精功能的单纯膀胱切除术

目的 :探讨保留勃起和射精功能的单纯膀胱切除术的临床应用价值。　方法 :7例病人平均年龄 2 7岁。其中 ,结核性挛缩膀胱 2例 ,腺性膀胱炎 1例 ,晚期神经源性膀胱 4例 ,均需行全膀胱切除。为保留勃起和射精功能 ,病人做了改良的单纯性膀胱切除 ,保留输精管、精囊、前列腺和双侧神经血管束。　结果 :平均手术时间 5h 4 5min ,术中出血少 ,未发生围手术期并发症。随访 9～ 6 0个月 ,勃起功能良好 ,均有遗精或顺行射精。新膀胱术者无排尿困难 ,可控性膀胱者插管顺利。尿路造影示上尿路功能良好。病人自我评价生活质量满意。　结论 :对希望保留生育和勃起功能的病人 ,保留输精管、精囊、前列腺和双侧神经血管束的单纯膀胱切除术是一种简单、有效、实用的手术方法     

盐酸曲唑酮治疗勃起功能障碍的临床研究(附32例报告)

观察盐酸曲唑酮对勃起功能障碍(ED)患者治疗的有效性和安全性,本组设计ED症状评分表对32例患者进行开放式多中心临床研究,结果获得59.4%的有效率,并发现在勃起时间、性交频率、性交满意度方面用药后均有明显改善,不良反应主要为头晕、嗜睡和口干、疲劳,程度均较轻微.认为在累积更多病例更长时间的观察基础上,本药有望成为治疗ED的选择性用药.     

全膀胱切除术中盆腔神经血管束的保护及对勃起功能的影响

目的:认识海绵体的神经血管束(neurovascular-bundle,NVB)的解剖结构,探讨保留性神经全膀胱切除术的手术技巧。方法:回顾性分析15例行保留NVB的全膀胱切除术患者的临床资料,对15例患者及伴侣于术前、术后采用勃起功能国际问卷5(IIEF-5)调查评估勃起功能状况。12例行开放性保留NVB的全膀胱切除术,3例行腹腔镜保留NVB的全膀胱切除术;其中保留双侧NVB者12例,保留单侧NVB者3例。结果:15例保留NVB的患者术后60.0%(9/15)可获得满意勃起,IIEF-5评分为(18.3±3.7),ED发生率为40.0%(6/15)。结论:熟悉NVB的解剖结构,可以有效地保护勃起神经,对减少医源性阳痿的发生有重要意义。     

膀胱癌膀胱全切术后继发尿道癌22例分析

目的:探讨膀胱癌膀胱全切术后继发尿道癌的原因、诊治及其预防。方法:回顾性分析209例膀胱癌行全膀胱切除术后22例继发尿道癌患者的临床资料。结果:膀胱全切术后继发尿道癌与膀胱原发肿瘤大小、数量、是否复发、部位、病理分级和分期密切相关(P0.05),其中危险因素越多,尿道癌复发率越高。结论:膀胱癌膀胱全切除术后尿道癌发生与尿路上皮源性肿瘤的多中心性和肿瘤种植有一定关系。     

腹腔镜下膀胱全切除——MainzⅡ式膀胱术6例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下膀胱全切除——MainzⅡ式膀胱术的可行性。方法 2005年4月～2009年3月对6例浸润性膀胱癌行腹腔镜下膀胱全切除。下腹部置入5个trocar。先于腹腔镜下分离切除膀胱,并做盆腔淋巴结清扫。女性患者一并切除子宫、附件。再于直肠起始端对系膜缘切开直肠约10 cm,将标本经此开口从肛门取出,女性患者自阴道残端取出。于下腹正中做一15 cm纵切口。再取乙状结肠约10 cm,对系膜缘剖开,切口与直肠切口相连接,将所取直肠和乙状结肠从连接处对折双层缝合成贮尿囊后壁,左右输尿管分别与乙状结肠和直肠吻合,黏膜下潜行2～3 cm。双侧输尿管支架管由直肠引出体外,贮尿囊内放置F26三腔Foley 1根,最后双层缝合前壁建成Mainz贮尿囊。结果 6例腹腔镜下膀胱全切成功,手术时间500～660 min,平均540 min;出血量100～150 ml,平均120 ml。肛管保留7～10 d,双侧输尿管支架管保留14 d。6例随访3～24个月,平均12个月,1例术后有尿失禁,1个月后自行消失,另5例排尿正常;6例均无复发,均无上尿路梗阻及返流。结论腹腔镜下膀胱全切除——MainzⅡ式膀胱术技术简便可行,出血少,并发症少,效果良好,值得推广。     

二次手术腹腔镜全膀胱切除的临床回顾性研究（附18例报告）

目的：探讨腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除回肠膀胱术在膀胱部分切除术后复发的膀胱癌患者治疗中的应用价值。方法：回顾性研究18例二次予术腹腔镜全膀胱切除患者的临床资料,其中男14例,女4例。年龄44～76岁,平均年龄59．1岁,均曾经接受膀胱部分切除手术。在全身麻醉下行解剖性腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除,取下腹正中4～5cm切口取出标本,行回肠膀胱术13例,输尿管皮肤造瘘术5例。结果：手术时间240～360min,平均300min,其中腹腔镜下操作时间120～180min,平均142min。出血量100～1500ml,平均332ml。2例患者因术中出血较多给于输血,术后平均住院天数12．6天。术后随访6～24个月,1例患者术后1个月复查发现输尿管吻合口狭窄,1例患者术后行局部适形放疗,其余患者肾功能均正常,IVU检查未发现输尿管回肠吻合口狭窄或输尿管反流。结论：解剖性腹腔镜下膀胱根治性切除术治疗膀胱部分切除术后复发的膀胱癌患者临床效果满意,操作精确,创伤小,恢复快,安全性好,适于具有较高腹腔镜水平的单位开展。     

Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy: Description of an Evolved Approach to Radical Cystectomy

Background

Although open radical cystectomy (ORC) remains the gold standard of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) continues to gain wider acceptance. In this article, we focus on the steps of RARC, describing our approach, which has been developed over the past 10 yr. Totally intracorporeal RARC aims to offer the benefits of a complete minimally invasive approach while replicating the oncologic outcomes of open surgery.

Objective

We report our outcomes of a totally intracorporeal RARC procedure, describing step by step our technique and highlighting the variations on this standard template of nerve-sparing and female organ–preserving approaches in men and women.

Design, setting, and participants

Between December 2003 and October 2012, a total of 113 patients (94 male and 19 female) underwent totally intracorporeal RARC.

Surgical procedure

We performed RARC, extended pelvic lymph node dissection, and a totally intracorporeal urinary diversion (UD) in all patients. In the accompanying video, we focus on the standard template for RARC, also describing nerve-sparing and female organ–preserving approaches.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Complications and oncologic outcomes are reported, including overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) using Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results and limitations

RARC with intracorporeal UD was performed in 113 patients. Mean age was 64 yr (range: 37–84). Forty-three patients underwent intracorporeal ileal conduit, and 70 had intracorporeal neobladder. On surgical pathology, 48% of patients had ≤pT1 disease, 27% had pT2 disease, 13% had pT3 disease, and 12% had pT4 disease. The mean number of lymph nodes removed was 21 (range: 0–57). Twenty percent of patients had lymph node–positive disease. Positive surgical margins occurred in six cases (5.3%). Median follow-up was 25 mo (range: 3–107). We recorded a total of 70 early complications (0–30 d) in 54 patients (47.8%), with 37 patients (32.7%) having Clavien grade ≥3. Thirty-six late complications (>30 d) were recorded in 30 patients (26.5%), with 20 patients (17.7%) having Clavien grade ≥3. One patient (0.9%) died within 90 days of operation from pulmonary embolism. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, CSS was 81% at 3 yr and 67% at 5 yr.

Conclusions

Our structured approach to RARC has enabled us to develop this complex service while maintaining patient outcomes and complication rates comparable with ORC series. Our results demonstrate acceptable oncologic outcomes and encouraging long-term CSS rates.     

Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy Versus Open Radical Cystectomy in Bladder Cancer Patients: A Multicentre Comparative Effectiveness Study

BackgroundRadical cystectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) and urinary diversion in patients with bladder cancer is known for its high risk of complications. Although open radical cystectomy (ORC) is regarded as the standard treatment, robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is increasingly used in practice, despite the fact that high-quality evidence comparing the effectiveness of both techniques is lacking.ObjectiveTo study the effectiveness of RARC compared with that of ORC, in terms of 90 d complications (Clavien-Dindo), health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and clinical outcomes.Design, setting, and participantsA prospective comparative effectiveness study was conducted in 19 Dutch centres, expert in either ORC or RARC. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 30, 90, and 365 d.InterventionStandard ORC or RARC with PLND, using a standardised perioperative protocol.Outcome measurements and statistical analysisThe primary outcome was any-grade complications after 90 d. Secondary outcomes included HRQOL, complications (minor, major, 30 d, and 365 d), and clinical outcomes. Differences were calculated as risk differences (RDs) between the groups with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential baseline differences by means of propensity score–based inverse probability of treatment weighting.Results and limitationsBetween March 2016 and November 2018, 348 patients were included (n = 168 for ORC, n = 180 for RARC). At 90 d, any-grade complication rates were 63% for ORC and 56% for RARC (RD –6.4%, 95% CI –17 to 4.5). Major complication rates were 15% for ORC and 16% for RARC (RD 0.9%, 95% CI –7.0 to 8.8). Total minor complication rates were 57% for ORC and 49% for RARC (RD –7.6%, 95% CI –19 to 3.6). Analyses showed no statistically significant differences in HRQOL between ORC and RARC. Some differences were found in the secondary outcomes in favour of either RARC or ORC. The major drawback inherent to the design comprises residual confounding.ConclusionsThis multicentre comparative effectiveness study showed no statistically significant differences between ORC and RARC in terms of complications and HRQOL.Patient summaryThis multicentre study did not show differences in overall complication rates, health-related quality of life, mortality, and clinical and oncological outcomes between open and robot-assisted radical cystectomy in bladder cancer patients.