胆道镜经T管窦道取石网篮嵌顿12例分析

目的探讨胆道镜经T管窦道取石术中取石网篮嵌顿的原因和对策。 方法回顾性分析湖南省人民医院2017年1月至2019年12月胆道术后经T管窦道取石术中取石网篮嵌顿12例患者资料,统计嵌顿部位结石胆管内径比、结石性质、处理方式、处理结局。 结果12例术中取石网篮嵌顿患者术前T管造影片测量结石直径/胆管狭窄口直径均>1.2 cm,嵌顿结石均为胆色素结石。其中3例通过取石网篮往一侧推进后收网成功、3例使用另外胆道镜进行碎石后取出、6例剪断取石网篮后碎石取出。所有患者均取出取石网篮,其中5例胆道出血,均使用去甲肾上腺素盐水冲洗后止血。 结论需重视胆道镜经T管窦道取石网篮嵌顿,术前T管造影结石胆管内径比可以预测嵌顿可能,碎石有利于避免因强行拔出导致出血,保障手术安全。     

Postoperative T-tube tract choledochoscopy.

One hundred twenty-six patients underwent postoperative fiberoptic T-tube tract choledochoscopy for the management of retained biliary calculi as demonstrated by T-tube cholangiography. Extraction was successful in 94% of patients with retained stones. Thirty-nine patients had more than 1 stone, 20 patients had heptic duct stones, and 14 patients had large stones requiring electrohydraulic lithotripsy or laser fragmentation. Stone removal was not possible in six patients, secondary to either slippage of the T-tube with obliteration of the tract, inability to remove the stones with available instruments, a tortuous tract, or choledochoscope malfunction. Minor complications, most commonly transient fever, occurred in 12 patients. No serious complications or deaths occurred. The advantages of T-tube tract choledochoscopy include direct visualization of the biliary tree, avoidance of radiation exposure, and easy access to hepatic duct stones. This is the preferred method for treating retained biliary calculi in patients with a T-tube in situ.     

术后胆道镜取石1226例体会

目的探讨经T管窦道胆道镜取石的方法及技巧,评价胆道镜在肝内外胆管结石治疗中的价值。方法回顾分析我院1990年3月至2011年9月术后胆道镜取石1226例,结石取净后常规行T管造影。结果共取石2685次,平均2.2次,取石最多次数者为12次。取净1182例,取净率96.4%。除1例为了重新放置T管而扩张窦道时引起出血、2例取石过程中引起窦道破裂外,未发生其它严重并发症。结论术后胆道镜取石,作为胆道结石特别是肝胆管结石治疗环节中不可或缺的一环,在胆道结石治疗中扮演着十分重要的角色。     

Laser lithotripsy for the management of retained stones.

The morbidity of reoperation for retained biliary stones is not significant. Many techniques have been developed to avoid reoperation. This study analyzes T-tube tract choledochoscopy and lithotripsy using a 504-nm pulsed dye laser for treatment of retained stones. A flexible choledochoscope is passed into the biliary tract and laser energy is delivered under endoscopic visualization after passing a 320-microns laser fiber through the instrument channel. Eight patients were treated in nine sessions. The mean number of pulses was 1512.33, delivered at 3 to 5 Hz with an energy of 100 to 120 mJ. In all patients, the biliary tract was cleared. A single patient's treatment was complicated by transient bacteremia. Mean follow-up was 10 months. Choledochoscopic laser lithotripsy is a safe, effective technique that may also play a major role in laparoscopic common duct surgery.     

Experience with the Flexible Fiberoptic Choledochoscope

Despite significant effort on the part of surgeons, the incidence of retained calculi after common duct exploration still remains unacceptably high. It seems likely that the best way to reduce the incidence of retained calculi would be a more complete exploration of the common duct at the time of the initial operation. We report our experience with a flexible fiber optic endoscope used intraoperatively in 52 patients and postoperatively in one case to visualize the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. In addition to visualization of stones, the choledochoscope has a channel through which various instruments can be passed to facilitate stone removal. Flexible choledochoscopy has been performed 53 times in 52 patients between July 1978 and November 1980. In one patient, the choledochoscope was used to explore the bile ducts via the T-tube tract after operation. In 52 patients, the scope was used intraoperatively: a) two patients demonstrated bile duct tumors, b) in 14, stones were not found on exploration. Of these, one had stenosis at the papilla of Vater and one had external compression of the duct by a pancreatic pseudocyst. All of these findings were confirmed by choledochoscopy, c) in 26 patients choledochoscopy confirmed complete surgical removal of all stones, d) in six patients, multiple stones were removed using routine common duct exploration but additional stones were seen with the choledochoscope, e) in three patients no stones were retrieved on routine duct exploration but were seen using the choledochoscope. In groups (d) and (e) the scope facilitated removal of the remaining stones. In eight cases stones were either grasped or crushed using the accessories of the choledochoscope. In one patient calculi were missed both by routine surgical exploration and choledochoscopy. No septic complications were seen in any of these patients.     

Operative choledochoscopy in common bile duct surgery.

Surgical exploration of the common bile duct for gallstones is a common operation but carries a high residual stone rate. Conventional techniques for exploring the bile ducts are blind procedures. The surgeon cannot see what he is doing. Also there has been no reliable method for a postexploratory check of the bile ducts before closure, usually around a T-tube. Operative choledochoscopy allows the surgeon to see stones in the duct, may aid the removal of stones and provides visual postexploratory checks that the common bile duct and the hepatic ducts are clear, that papilla is patent and that no stone is left behind before closure. A personal series of 150 patients had operative choledochoscopy using a flexible fibreoptic choledochoscope. If there was a clear indication on preoperative investigations that the ducts should be explored, an operative cholangiogram was omitted and the choledochoscope used as the exploring instrument. In 127 patients with a diagnosis of gallstone disease, choledochoscopy was used at the primary operation. In 12 patients choledochoscopy was used at a secondary operation for recurrent gallstone disease, and 11 patients had malignant obstruction of the biliary tract. In 70 of the 127 patients, gallstones were found and extracted using the choledochoscope. In 53 patients the ducts were clear, and in 4, other lesions were found: 3 papillomas and one polycystic disease. One hundred and six of the patients had the common bile duct closed primarily with no T-tube drainage. There was no increase in complications and no deaths associated with choledochoscopy or primary closure of the common bile duct.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lithotripsy in the laparoscopic era.

OBJECTIVES: The overall prevalence of gallstones in the United States is between 10% and 15%. Eighty-five percent of common bile duct (CBD) stones can be removed by endoscopic sphincterotomy with basket or balloon extraction, or both. The introduction of mechanical lithotripsy improved the results up to 90%. We present one case of retained CBD stone after 2 failed endoscopic sphincterotomies and balloon/basket extraction treated by electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL). METHODS: A fifty-year-old man underwent ERCP for suppurative cholangitis. Because of the failure of stone extraction, he was taken to the operating room for an open cholecystectomy and CBD exploration. The intraoperative cholangiogram showed contrast flowing into the duodenum. Seven weeks later, the patient presented with mild pancreatitis, and a T-tube cholangiogram revealed a stone impacted in the distal CBD. Percutaneous balloon extraction was again unsuccessful. RESULTS: The patient underwent a single 2.5-hour session of EHL via the T-tube tract. Mild pulmonary edema occurred intraoperatively. Complete clearance of the CBD was obtained without the need for additional ERCP. CONCLUSIONS: EHL is a valid and effective option for difficult retained common bile duct stones after failed ERCP.     

Choledochoscopy. A cost-minimization analysis.

Although choledochoscopy for the prevention of retained bile duct stones has been postulated as cost effective, no economic evaluation exists to substantiate this claim. We performed a cost-minimization analysis on 287 patients who underwent choledochoscopy during operations for biliary tract calculi between 1981 and 1987 to assess the economic impact of choledochoscopy versus noncholedochoscopic alternatives in obtaining a stone-free duct. Common duct exploration was positive for calculi in 75% of patients. Choledochoscopy-detected residual stones after duct exploration in 10% of patients. Residual stones were more frequent after positive (12.5%) than negative (2.7%) duct explorations. retained stones occurred in 4.5% of patients after operation. Sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive values of choledochoscopy were 67%, 100%, and 95%, respectively. Cost-minimization analysis showed that total cost of either selective ($75,250) or routine ($110,450) choledochoscopy significantly exceeded the total cost of obtaining a stone-free duct for patients with retained stones via either extraction through a T-tube tract ($17,545) or by endoscopic papillotomy ($45,675). Because choledochoscopy was not economically competitive with noncholedochoscopic, nonoperative alternatives, reduction of choledochoscopy fees was implemented to economically justify continued use of choledochoscopy. We conclude that choledochoscopy is clinically efficacious in obtaining a stone-free duct, but endorsement of either routine or selective choledochoscopy by cost-minimization analysis requires careful assessment of fee structure to make choledochoscopy competitive economically.     

Experience with percutaneous transhepatic fiberoptic choledochoscopy for retained stones in the biliary tract

Summary Residual choledochal stones in 11 patients and stones in the intrahepatic bile ducts in 5 patients were successfully removed by the use of the fiberoptic choledochoscope (FCH-6T), introduced percutaneously into the intrahepatic biliary tract. The reasons for the use of percutaneous transhepatic extraction were: (1) unsuccessful endoscopic papillotomy; (2) unsuccessful choledochoscopic removal via the T-tube tract; (3) high surgical risk; (4) the presence of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for acute cholangitis and acute pancreatitis. All stones were extracted through the liver or the papilla of Vater after crushing them. All minor complications such as pain, vomiting, or fever resolved without further therapy. Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopy proved safe and effective for the removal of retained choledochal stones and was essential for the treatment of stones in the intrahepatic bile ducts.     

Percutaneous video choledochoscopic treatment of retained biliary stones via dilated T-tube tract

Background: Retained biliary stones is a common clinical problem in patients after surgery for complicated gallstone disease. When postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and endoscopic sphincterotomy are unsuccessful, several percutaneous procedures for stone removal can be applied as alternatives to relaparotomy. These procedures are performed either under fluoroscopic control or with the use of choledochoscopy, but it is also possible to combine these methods. Methods: Since 1994, we have used the percutaneous video choledochoscopic technique for the removal of difficult retained biliary stones via dilated T-tube tract in 17 patients, applying the technique of percutaneous stone extraction used in urology. While waiting for the T-tube tract to mature and after the removal of the T-tube, the dilatation of its tract was 26--30 Fr. Stone removal was carried out using a flexible video choledochoscope and a rigid renoscope under fluoroscopic control, with the aid of Dormia baskets, rigid forceps, and high-pressure irrigation. Results: We performed 23 operative procedures, and the clearance of the biliary ducts was successful in all cases. There were no major complications or deaths. Conclusion: Percutaneous video choledochoscopic--assisted removal of large retained biliary stones via the T-tube tract is a highly effective and safe procedure. Its advantages over other procedures include the ability to visualize the stones and noncalculous filling defects; it also guarantees that the stones can be removed under visual video endoscopic control. It has no problems related to tract or stone size. apd: 21 December 2000     

Choledochoscopy in common bile duct surgery for choledocholithiasis: A must: Eight years experience in 441 consecutive patients

Between 1975 and 1983, 441 choledochoscopy were performed in a series of 451 consecutive patients undergoing surgical common biliary duct exploration for choledocholithiasis. In 127 patients (27.8%), no stones were found. Forty-five cases (10%) of choledocholithiasis missed by surgical and radiologic exploration methods were found by choledochoscopy. Therefore the retained stone rate decreased from 10 per cent to 2 per cent. Fourteen patients (3%) died at surgery, ten of whom (2%) were over 70. Postoperative biliary tract was drained in 98 patients (8%) using external drainage. Biliary tract patency was checked on the tenth postoperative day by the tube cholangiography. When retained stones were not found, T-tube was removed on the 20th day after surgery. When retained stones were found (11 patients, 2%) an endoscopic papillotomy was performed. Choledochoscopy is a significant addition in biliary surgery. It reduces operative mortality and morbidity, decreases retained stone rate, diminishes indications for biliary anastomosis and sphincterotomy, and is easy to perform without specific training. Its extensive and systematic use is advocated when- ever common bile duct patency has to be surgically demonstrated in choledocholithiasis.     

Diagnostic and therapeutic choledochoscopy

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and common bile duct exploration are common surgical procedures for the general surgeon. To successfully remove common bile duct stones, choledochoscopy is an important technique for efficient and effective management. The choledochoscope can be introduced intraoperatively through the cystic duct or directly into the common bile duct and it also can be inserted transhepatically through a T-tube tract and per orally using a therapeutic duodenoscope. All of these methods allow for many options for the surgeon to consider, and one must be familiar with each of these techniques to maximize care. Successful stone extraction with the choledochoscope can be achieved in 75% to 95% of the cases with a morbidity less than 5%. Using this technique, the surgeon can improve the cost benefit of bile duct exploration.     

Intraoperative flexible videocholedochoscopy. An improved technique for evaluating the common duct

At the conclusion of common duct exploration, a T-tube cholangiogram is usually performed. Recently, flexible choledochoscopy has become available to evaluate the interior of the common duct. We compared four cases, using the videocholedochoscope with completion T-tube cholangiography, both in our four patients and historically. We used the Olympus CHF-P20 flexible choledochoscope, which is 4.8 mm in diameter, hooked to an Olympus S-4 videoadapter. We found that flexible choledochoscopy enabled us to evaluate the biliary tree directly from the ampulla to the third branch radicle within the liver. In all cases, the common ducts were normal after stone removal. Both the preexploration and completion T-tube cholangiograms yielded less information. We conclude that flexible choledochoscopy is an improved technique that allows a more thorough evaluation of the common duct, obviates more extensive procedures, i.e., sphincteroplasty, by removing stones through the scope, and negates the need for a completion T-tube cholangiogram. We encourage all biliary tract surgeons to consider this technique for their own use.     

Technic for finding and removing stones from intrahepatic bile ducts

Intrahepatic biliary calculi which were missed by routine common duct exploration were discovered by choledochoscopy in the left hepatic ducts of three patients. Removal of stones was accomplished in two of these patients by using instruments for stone extraction under direct vision with the choledochoscope. The use of a Fogarty balloon catheter threaded through the choledochoscope is particularly recommended.     

Percutaneous flexible choledochoscopy: a simple method for retained common bile duct stone removal

Conventional methods of treatment of retained common bile duct stones found on T tube cholangiography after common bile duct exploration include percutaneous extraction under fluoroscopic control and endoscopic sphincterotomy. Four cases of percutaneous stone extraction under direct vision using the flexible choledochoscope are described. Clearance of the bile ducts was achieved at one sitting in three cases and four sittings in one case. Follow-up tube cholangiography was performed in two cases and confirmed complete clearance. Percutaneous endoscopic stone extraction can be performed by any surgeon with experience of flexible choledochoscopy and offers the advantages of a minimally invasive procedure without the use of specialized equipment.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stone extraction or laparoscopic choledochoscopy and electrohydraulic lithotripsy for management of cholelithiasis with choledocholithiasis

Summary Six hundred twenty-two laparoscopic cholecystectomies were performed at St. Vincent Hospital over a 14-month period. We reviewed the records of 366 of these patients who were referred to the authors. Thirty-six patients had suspected choledocholithiasis. The primary author (M.E.A.) performed 38 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCPs) on these patients for diagnosis and management. Seventeen of the 36 patients had common bile duct stones; 19 patients had negative studies. Of the 17 patients with choledocholithiasis, 15 had successful cannulation of the common bile duct, and, of these, 10 underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy plus endoscopic sphincterotomy and extraction of the common duct stone(s). In one high-risk elderly patient, we extracted the stone from the common duct and left the gallbladder in situ. Two patients failed endoscopic cannulation and underwent open cholecystectomy with common bile duct exploration. Four additional patients, cannulated successfully, had unsuccessful endoscopic stone removal because the stones were too large or were impacted. Two of these patients underwent open cholecystectomy and common duct exploration. The two other patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and choledochoscopy through the cystic duct with the flexible choledochoscope. An electrohydraulic lithotripsy probe was then inserted through the choledochoscope to fragment the stones, and stone fragments were allowed to pass through the previously created sphincterotomy. We believe our data, supported by data in the literature, show that these alternative methods for treating choledocholithiasis are safe and effective and should be considered primary modalities for treating this condition now that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for cholelithiasis.     

Nonoperative removal of giant common bile duct calculi

Endoscopic sphincterotomy has allowed us to extract relatively large stones from the common bile duct as compared with other methods utilizing a T-tube tract or the percutaneous transhepatic route. Twenty-four patients with large stones over 20 mm in diameter were selected and reviewed from a series of 469 sphincterotomy patients. Eleven stones passed into the duodenum spontaneously, the maximal size of which was 30 by 43 mm. Passage occurred within 4 days after sphincterotomy in 27 percent, 5 to 7 days after the procedure in 55 percent, and 8 to 13 days after the procedure in 18 percent and was accompanied by cholangitis in 55 percent of the patients. The small diameter of the stone and common bile duct dilatation down to the distal end seemed to be the factors favoring stone delivery. Five stones were removed using ordinary basket catheters by duodenoscopy; however, the largest one required 28 attempts. More recently, four stones were efficiently extracted after destruction by electrohydraulic or mechanical lithotripsy. Failure of removal in five patients was mainly due to a lack of space around the stone for basket manipulation or occurrence of severe cholangitis. Further refinements in technique in this regard are needed.     

Mechanical lithotripsy of large common bile duct stones using a basket.

Experience with the Olympus basket mechanical lithotriptor (BML-1Q) in crushing large common bile duct stones before their endoscopic removal is reported. From January 1988 to January 1990, 68 patients with common duct stones too large to be extracted by Dormia baskets or balloon catheters after sphincterotomy were treated with the BML system. The largest stones in each patient ranged from 1.0 to 4.9 cm in diameter. Fifty-seven patients required one session of lithotripsy, ten patients two sessions and one patient three sessions; 26 patients required further endoscopic extraction of stone fragments after successful lithotripsy. The stones were successfully crushed by the BML system and the ducts cleared in 55 patients (81 per cent). In 13 patients mechanical lithotripsy failed because the stones could not be engaged in the lithotriptor basket. In one patient the stone was crushed with the Soehendra lithotriptor, six patients were successfully managed by electrohydraulic lithotripsy through a 'mother and baby' endoscope, indwelling stents were inserted in four patients and two patients underwent surgery.     

The importance of postoperative choledochoscopy for management of retained biliarytract stones

From 1974-8, 808 postoperative choledochoscopy procedures, conducted by insertion of choledochofiberscope into the biliary tract through the sinus tract after the T-tube had been removed, were carried out in 292 patients at Teikyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. In this series, 104 with retained biliary tract stones were encountered, and complete removal of stones was successfully carried out in 101, using postoperative choledochoscopy. Any failures of removal of retained biliary tract stones were attributed to improper insertion of the T-tube. The T-tube, of at least 18 French calibers should be inserted into the common bile duct at a right angle so as to obviate a tortuous sinus tract. The follow-up study in cases of complete extraction of the retained biliary tract stones showed that this approach is most effective. Recurrent stone with a silk nidus was found in one patient in whom postoperative choledochoscopy had been performed one year previously. Reoperation was carried out in this particular case. All other patients have remained asymptomatic. Finally, we advise routine use of postoperative choledochoscopy as an adjunct to the T-tube cholangiography, in order to prevent the possibility of retained biliary tract stones. Contents of this paper were read before the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Digestive Disease Week '79 on May 22nd, 1979 in New Orleans, U.S.A.     

Retained common bile duct stones. Endoscopic papillotomy is the preferred approach

In six patients who had undergone cholecystectomy and common bile duct exploration, the postoperative T-tube cholangiogram demonstrated stones. Endoscopic cholangiography demonstrated a normal common bile duct in 2 patients and stones in 4 patients. In the latter group, endoscopic papillotomy and stone extraction were successful.