Operative Therapie der Narbenhernie

Secondary ventral hernia or incisional hernia occurs in at least 20?% of cases after laparotomy and most patients are symptomatic. The pathogenesis of incisional hernia is believed to be based on a defect in collagen synthesis indicating the necessity of covering the whole original incision with a non-resorbable, macroporous mesh. These meshes can be used on top of the fascia (onlay), in a retromuscular fashion (sublay) or intraperitoneally (IPOM). The IPOM technique is the preferred procedure during laparoscopic repair of ventral hernias. The clear advantage of the laparoscopic approach is the dramatically reduced rate of wound complications, especially infections. Major defects of the abdominal wall require plastic reconstruction with the component separation technique in both anterior and posterior approaches. The component separation technique must be combined with retromuscular mesh augmentation enabling a recurrence rate of less than 10 % and an acceptable morbidity to be achieved.     

Component separation in the treatment of incisional hernias

Incisional hernia repair following open laparotomy or laparoscopic abdominal surgery is a significant challenge for the general surgeon. Primary suture closure results in high rates of recurrence, and permanent mesh reinforcement is not routinely used in contaminated surgical fields. The use of component separation to allow for low-tension, prosthetic-free incisional hernia repair has improved outcomes in these challenging surgical circumstances.     

Übersicht und aktuelle Trends in der Narbenhernienchirurgie

Incisional hernias occur in 5-10% of patients who have undergone laparotomy and are associated with high morbidity and significant socioeconomic costs. Techniques for reinforcing and/or replacing the abdominal wall with alloplastic meshes have reduced the recurrence rate in comparison to suture techniques from about 40% to less than 10%. A number of mesh types and surgical repair procedures are available, namely the onlay, inlay, sublay, underlay, and intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) techniques. Evolving strategies include precise criteria for incorporating patient body type, risk factors for recurrence, hernia morphology, and the available biomaterials into the planning of the surgical approach. The authors herein present an overview of the current surgical trends, focusing on mesh reinforcement (sublay technique) and mesh replacement (IPOM technique). Additionally, they review a classification of incisional hernias that is self-explanatory, practicable in routine clinical practice, and based on the cornerstones of morphology, hernia size, and risk factors for recurrence. Evidence for the indications and limitations of the main surgical repair techniques are illustrated and discussed.     

Rives-Stoppa incisional hernia repair combined with laparoscopic separation of abdominal wall components: a novel approach to complex abdominal wall closure

Background  

The Rives-Stoppa incisional hernia repair is the gold standard for mesh repair of complex incisional hernias. The risk of infection can be reduced if fascia is closed over the prosthetic mesh. Fascial closure in large defects may require extensive dissection and can result in devascularization of the overlying skin and denervation of the abdominal wall musculature. Laparoscopic components separation minimizes these risks while facilitating anterior fascial closure. The combined technique of Rives-Stoppa repair augmented by laparoscopic separation of abdominal wall components has not previously been reported.     

切口疝腹腔镜IPOM修补七步法操作指南（2022版）

切口疝修补手术近年来逐步得到推广，多年来的经验及临床研究显示腹腔镜下腹腔内网片修补术（IPOM）能有效关闭缺损、减少复发，是治疗切口疝的理想方法。规范化腹腔镜下切口疝的IPOM修补术操作势在必行。本团队经过多年培训实践及临床对比研究，发现七步法遵循学习规律、适合操作者掌握，同时可减少手术并发症。因此，广东省医师协会疝与腹壁外科医师分会组织编写了第1版《切口疝腹腔镜IPOM修补七步法操作指南》，旨在针对疝和腹壁外科领域腹腔镜切口疝IPOM修补手术操作进行规范化和标准化，为疝和腹壁外科医生们规范修补操作、缩短学习曲线、减少术后并发症提供帮助。     

从原发性腹壁疝的含义和特点谈微创术式进展

腹壁疝和原发性腹壁疝有不同的含义，本文原发性腹壁疝是指非手术引起的位于腹前外侧壁和后腹壁的腹外疝（不含腹股沟疝和股疝）。原发性腹壁疝患者无手术切口，更愿意接受微创治疗，其腹壁组织完整，也有利于微创新技术的开展。原发性腹壁疝的疗效显著优于切口疝。目前，微创术式众多，在原发性腹壁疝中可最大程度体现各自的优势。腹腔镜腹腔内补片修补术（IPOM）和微创非腹腔内补片修补术（MINIM）理念不同，技术互补，共同目标是追求微创和腹壁功能重建。MINIM的主要术式是各类腔镜腹膜外修补术（EER），大多从原发性腹壁疝起步，逐步发展并扩大其适应证。另一类术式是腔镜辅助肌前修补术（onlay），在中线位原发性腹壁疝中发挥特有的作用。脐疝、腹直肌分离、原发性耻骨上疝、半月线疝和原发性腰疝等是较常见的原发性腹壁疝，本文逐一讨论，阐述其定义、特点及微创术式的进展。     

Laparoscopically assisted components separation technique for ventral incisional hernia repair

Reconstruction of the abdominal wall to repair ventral hernias continues to pose a challenge to surgeons due to relatively high rates of recurrence and morbidity. In 1990, Ramirez pioneered a technique of components separation of the abdominal wall for ventral hernia repair. Although an effective hernia repair, the mobilization of skin and subcutaneous tissue endangers the blood supply and predisposes midline skin to necrosis. The goal of this study is to determine whether releasing incisions in the transversus abdominis fascia and posterior rectus sheath provide adequate mobilization of the abdominal wall necessary for ventral hernia repair, thus paving the way for a laparoscopic component separation technique. Ten fresh cadavers were used and one side of the abdomen underwent the conventional Ramirez components separation: midline incision, dissection of skin and subcutaneous tissue off the anterior abdominal wall, and incisions in the external oblique aponeurosis and posterior rectus sheath, while the other side received incisions in the transversus abdominis fascia and the posterior rectus sheath with no undermining of the skin. The amount of fascial translation was measured after each incision. Incising only the external oblique aponeurosis produced greater mobilization of the abdominal wall at the level of the umbilicus (P = 0.02) and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS, P = 0.029) than releasing only transversus abdominis fascia. More importantly, there was no statistically significant difference in the amount of release produced by the complete internal-release components separation versus the conventional technique. In order to test the feasibility of performing the procedure laparoscopically, one additional cadaver underwent a laparoscopic transversus abdominis fascia release. The procedure was successful and resulted in comparable amounts of fascial release as the other 10 cadavers. From this study, it appears technically feasible to perform a laparoscopic components separation to repair a ventral hernia and the procedure produces the same amount of release as the conventional open component separation technique.     

A simple technique for trocar site closure after laparoscopic surgery

Hernias have been reported to occur at trocar sites and small anterior wall defect has been casually identified during laparoscopic surgery. The aim of this article is to describe a simple, fast, and cheap technique for the safe closure of trocar sites in laparoscopic surgery. Closure is accomplished with a #0# absorbable suture, which is applied in a pursestring manner using 15 gauge spinal cord needle. This procedure is also suitable for the laparoscopic repair of uncomplicated small hernias or fascial defects of the anterior abdominal wall; a mesh prosthesis in case the defect is > cm(2). This technique allows a secure closure of umbilical or fascial defects of the anterior abdominal wall. It is a useful method for large trocar sites closure and is recommended for small uncomplicated hernias or fascial defects of the anterior abdominal wall. In case of > cm(2) defects the technique could be an optimal laparoscopic alternative for patch tension free repair.     

Small bowel lesion due to spiral tacks after laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh repair for incisional hernia

INTRODUCTIONLaparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair has become a widely accepted operative technique for incisional hernias. However, tack fixation poses the risk of adhesions and injury to the intestine. We report the case of spiral tacks adherent to the small bowel after IPOM repair for incisional hernia.PRESENTATION OF CASE64 years old male patient who underwent laparoscopic IPOM repair for incisional hernia 1 year after open sigmoid resection. A laminated polypropylene mesh was fixed with titanium spiral tacks. 4 years later, elective open cholecystectomy was performed. Two spiral tacks integrated in the seromusular layer of the small bowel were encountered. Tacks were removed and bowel lesions oversewn with interrupted seromuscular stitches.DISCUSSIONAccording to the current literature, complications related to metal spiral tacks in IPOM mesh repair such as intestinal perforation or strangulation ileus seem to be rare. To our knowledge, spiral tacks adherent to the intestine have not yet been published to date. Alternative techniques for mesh fixation are transfascial sutures with single stitches, continuous sutures or fibrin glue, as already used in TAPP and TEP procedures for inguinal hernia repair. The ideal and safest technique for mesh fixation in IPOM repair for incisional hernias remains controversial.CONCLUSIONSpiral tacks used for intraperitoneal mesh fixation can lead to adhesions and bowel lesions. Sutures, absorbable tacks or fibrin glue are alternatives for mesh fixation. Further clinical trials are needed to evaluate the safest technique of laparoscopic IPOM incisional hernia repair.     

Mediane Narbenhernien und koexistente Parastomalhernien

The co-occurrence of incisional and parastomal hernias (PSH) remains a surgical challenge. Standardized treatment guidelines are missing, and the patients concerned require an individualized surgical approach. The laparoscopic techniques can be performed with incised and/or stoma-lateralizing flat meshes with intraperitoneal onlay placement. The purely laparoscopic and laparoscopic-assisted approaches with 3-D meshes offer advantages regarding the complete coverage of the edges of the stomal areas and the option of equilateral or contralateral stoma relocation in cases of PSH, which are difficult to handle due to scarring, adhesions, and large fascial defects >?5 cm with intestinal hernia sac contents. A relevant stoma prolapse can be relocated by tunnel-like preformed 3-D meshes and shortening the stoma bowel. The positive effect on prolapse prevention arises from the dome of the 3-D mesh, which is directed toward the abdominal cavity and tightly fits to the bowel. In cases of large incisional hernias (>?8–10 cm in width) or young patients with higher physical demands, an open abdominal wall reconstruction in sublay technique is required. Component separation techniques that enable tension-free ventral fascial closure should be preferred to mesh-supported defect bridging methods. The modified posterior component separation with transversus abdominis release (TAR) and the minimally invasive anterior component separation are superior to the original Ramirez technique with respect to wound morbidity. By using 3-D textile implants, which were specially designed for parastomal hernia prevention, the stoma can be brought out through the lateral abdominal wall without increased risk of parastomal hernia or prolapse development. An algorithm for surgical treatment, in consideration of the complexity of combined hernias, is introduced for the first time.     

Laparoscopic repair of complex ventral hernia facilitated by pre-operative chemical component relaxation using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botulinum Toxin A</Emphasis>

Purpose

The operative management of complex ventral hernia poses a formidable challenge, despite recent advances in surgical techniques. Recurrence rates after complex ventral hernia repair remain high, and increase with each failed attempt. This study examines the effect of pre-operative abdominal wall chemical component relaxation using Botulinum Toxin A (BTA) to induce temporary flaccid paralysis in order to facilitate laparoscopic repair of large complex ventral hernia.

Methods

This is a prospective evaluation of 27 patients from January 2013 to August 2015 who underwent ultrasound guided BTA injections to the lateral abdominal wall muscles prior to elective complex ventral hernia repair. Non-contrast serial CT imaging was obtained pre- and post-BTA injection to measure change in fascial defect size and abdominal wall muscle thickness and length. Fascial defects were closed and hernias repaired using laparoscopic or laparoscopic-assisted intra-peritoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) techniques.

Results

27 patients received pre-operative BTA injections which were well tolerated with no complications. Comparison of pre-BTA and post-BTA CT imaging demonstrated a significant increase in mean length of the lateral abdominal wall from 15.7 cm pre-BTA to 19.9 cm post-BTA (p < 0.0001), with mean unstretched length gain of 4.2 cm/side (range 0–11.7 cm/side). All hernias were surgically reduced and repaired with mesh, with no early recurrences.

Conclusion

Pre-operative administration of BTA is a safe and effective technique in the pre-operative preparation of patients undergoing elective complex ventral hernia repair. This technique lengthens and relaxes the laterally retracted abdominal muscles and enables laparoscopic closure of large complex ventral hernia.

     

Porcine dermal collagen (Permacol) for abdominal wall reconstruction

OBJECTIVE: A review of Eisenhower Army Medical Center's experience using Permacol (Tissue Science Laboratories, Covington, Georgia) for the repair of abdominal wall defects. METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of patients undergoing abdominal wall reconstruction with Permacol. RESULTS: From July 30, 2003 to February 12, 2005, 9 patients underwent repair of complicated fascial defects with Permacol. Indications for surgery included reoperative incisional hernia repair after removal of a infected mesh (3 patients), reconstruction of a fascial defect after resection of an abdominal wall tumor (2 patients), incisional hernia repair in a patient with a previous abdominal wall infection after a primary incisional hernia repair (1 patient), incisional hernia repair in a patient with an ostomy and an open midline wound (1 patient), emergent repair of incisional hernia with strangulated bowel and multiple intra-abdominal abscesses (1 patient), and excision of infected mesh and drainage of intra-abdominal abscess with synchronous repair of the abdominal wall defect (1 patient). At a median follow-up of 18.2 months, 1 recurrent hernia existed after intentional removal of the Permacol. This patient developed an abdominal wall abscess 7 months after hernia repair secondary to erosion from a suture. Overall, 1 patient developed exposure of the Permacol after a skin dehiscence. The wound was treated with local wound care, and the Permacol was salvaged. Despite the presence of contamination (wound classification II, III, or IV) in 5 of 9 patients (56%), no infectious complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Complex reconstruction of the abdominal wall can be associated with a high complication rate. Placement of a permanent prosthetic mesh in a contaminated field is associated with a high rate of wound infections and subsequent mesh removal. Permacol becomes incorporated by tissue ingrowth and neovascularization. Permacol is a safe and acceptable alternative to prosthetic mesh in the repair of complicated abdominal wall defects.     

腹壁切口疝的治疗进展和面临的挑战

腹壁切口疝是腹部手术后的常见并发症,手术修补是治疗腹壁切口疝的唯一方法,从修补方式分其治疗包括自体组织修补,应用人工补片修补;随着微创技术的普及和发展,应用腹腔镜技术修补切口疝的比例在不断增加。对于特别巨大的腹壁切口疝一直以来对于疝修补是个巨大挑战,目前组织结构分离技术的应用可以治疗大部分患者。人工修补材料的选择和应用是另一巨大挑战,应用人工修补材料治愈了切口疝患者,而与应用人工材料相关的并发症也时有报道,如何选择和恰当的应用人工修补材料,也是疝外科关注的热点问题。     

Repair of recurrent ventral hernias using tissue expansion and porcine acellular dermal matrix

Background

Recurrent ventral hernias are often large and associated with loss of abdominal domain, hindering primary closure. One established intervention for patients with large ventral hernias is the component separation procedure that advances muscle from the lateral abdomen. This technique allows closure without creating tension; however, the relaxing incisions weaken the lateral abdominal wall by altering its natural architecture. We propose an approach to primary midline closure that does not compromise lateral abdominal wall stability and restores the architecture of the abdominal wall while allowing tension-free midline closure.

Methods

In three patients with recurrent ventral hernias who had failed two or more repair attempts, we used a two-stage reconstruction. Bilateral rectangular tissue expanders placed between the external and internal oblique muscles via subcostal incisions were expanded for 6–8 weeks. Second-stage surgery consisted of expander removal and primary closure of the abdominal defect reinforced by an underlay and overlay of noncross-linked intact porcine-derived acellular dermal matrix (PADM; Strattice? Reconstructive Tissue Matrix, LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ, USA).

Results

Primary closure of ventral hernias measuring 8?×?8, 12?×?8, and 8?×?6 cm was achieved with no need for component separation. At follow-up ranging from 10 to 17 months, all patients had structurally intact abdomens with no hernia recurrence and no abdominal wall weakness. All patients have resumed normal daily activities, including returning to work.

Conclusions

Expansion of the external and internal oblique muscles combined with an underlay and overlay of noncross-linked intact PADM allows strong and reliable primary closure of recurrent ventral hernias without the need for component separation. Level of evidence: Level V, therapeutic study     

生物补片一期修复污染状态下的腹壁疝和腹壁缺损

目的：评价生物补片用于污染或感染状态下腹壁缺损一期修复的安全性和有效性。方法 2010年4月以来17例腹壁缺损手术均因肠外瘘或肠造口、切口感染或同时肠道手术等原因而处于感染或污染状态：切口疝6例,腹股沟嵌顿疝1例,肠外瘘8例、直肠癌柱状切除术2例。腹壁缺损范围在(3 cm ×2 cm)～(6 cm×17 cm),均采用...     

Review of technique for combined closed incisional hernia repair and panniculectomy status post-open bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: After open bariatric surgery, many patients develop incisional hernia. Patients who were once morbidly obese provide a unique challenge to hernia repair, given the larger nature of their fascial defects and the concomitant problem of extreme amounts of abdominal wall laxity. We reviewed a technique for surgical repair of incisional hernias combined with panniculectomy. METHODS: A retrospective review of 50 consecutive patients status post-open bariatric surgery who underwent incisional hernia repair with overlay mesh and combined panniculectomy between 2000 and 2003. RESULTS: Hernia repair and panniculectomy were performed 18 months after open bariatric surgery. The patients had an average weight loss of 58.6 kg. Mean follow-up after hernia repair and panniculectomy was 18 months. Patients underwent prefascial hernia repair with plication of the fascial edges followed by midline anchoring of overlay mesh. The averave amount of excess tissue excised via panniculectomy was 3,001 g. The average hospital stay was 4 days. Minor wound problems (eg, suture abscess, seroma) occurred in 20 patients. Seromas were treated with serial aspiration in the office. There were no intra-abdominal complications or recurrences of the incisional hernias. CONCLUSION: Closed hernia repair with prefascial plication and overlay mesh is a safe, effective alternative to traditional incisional hernia repair. It provides adequate hernia repair without recurrence and eliminates intra-abdominal complications. It is our belief that combining the hernia repair and panniculectomy minimizes the risk of hernia recurrence through alleviation of stress on the repair by removing excess abdominal wall tissue.     

复杂腹壁疝治疗相关要点

复杂腹壁疝是指巨大和(或)合并一系列并发症的腹壁疝,这些并发症均会影响治疗腹壁疝的方案和效果.针对不同类型复杂腹壁疝采用对应的个体化治疗措施防治并发症是合理可行的治疗方案.相关要点包括:巨大腹壁疝,术中借助组织分离技术扩大腹腔容积,部分病例需要切除内容物,行主动减容,术后监测腹压,防治腹腔间室综合征;多发腹壁疝,选择性...     

A Randomised Prospective Study to Evaluate Preperitoneal Mesh Repair Versus Onlay Mesh Repair and Laparoscopic IPOM in Incisional Hernia Surgery

Incisional hernia remains a very common postoperative complication. These are encountered with an incidence of up to 20 % following laparotomy. These hernias enlarge over time, making the repair difficult, and serious complications like bowel obstruction, strangulation and enterocutaneous fistula can occur. Hence, elective repair is indicated to avoid these complications. Implantation of a prosthetic mesh is nowadays considered as the standard treatment due to low hernia recurrence. The most common mesh repair techniques used are the onlay repair, sublay repair and laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM). However, it is still not clear which technique among the three is superior. A study consisting of 30 patients who underwent incisional hernia repair by onlay, laparoscopic and preperitoneal mesh repair with abdominoplasty was conducted in the Coimbatore Medical College and Hospital. Of the three groups, the preperitoneal repair with abdominoplasty was found to have better patient compliance and satisfaction with regard to occurrence of complications and appearance of the abdominal wall without laxity in a single sitting.     

Recurrent parastomal hernia and middle incisional hernia: surgical treatment through midline incision with wide prosthetic mesh

Parastomal hernia is a frequent complication of stoma surgery. The results of parastomal hernia repair however are poor, showing an high incidence of postoperative recurrences. In the last years, hernia repair with prosthetic mesh has given better postoperative results. The parastomal hernia, however, is associated with middle incisional hernia. The authors review the problem of surgical repair of parastomal hernia and report a case of recurrent parastomal hernia associated to middle incisional hernia. The technique of surgical repair using, through midline incision, one, wide, prosthetic polypropylene mesh, in sublay position, according to Rives' technique, is described. The mesh has been incised in a trasverse direction for the stoma crossing. At 6 years follow-up the patient does not show postoperative recurrence. According literature and the authors' results, the parastomal hernia might be considered an incisional hernia and, therefore, a sing of diffuse abdominal wall disease. The Rives' surgical technique might be the gold standard for treatment of parastomal hernia, even if not associated to incisional hernia. The more complexity of Rives' technique compared to local fascial mesh repair is compensated by the result of total abdominal wall reinforcement.     

Ventral hernia repair in conjunction with LIPO-ABDOMINOPLASTY in overweight patients: A comprehensive approach

Repair of large midline ventral hernias still represents a challenge for general surgeons. As obesity is a key factor of this type of hernias, usually the patients are presented with abdominal wall laxity, excess skin and subcutaneous fat. Combined procedures has evolved over the last six decades to repair the hernias and to improve the shape of the abdomen, but was associated with high rate of wound complications. The components separation technique for ventral hernia repair was introduced in 1990 by Ramirez et al to avoid mesh repair was associated with a high rate of success. Until recently, the convenience of simultaneously performing ventral hernia repair and abdominal contouring surgery remains controversial. The aim of this study is to present our experience in the integration of the anterior component separation technique for repair of midline wide ventral defects, with the lipoabdominoplasty in selected patients with high body mass index, to achieve a functional abdominal wall repair and to provide a better aesthetic outcome. In this prospective case–control study, 15 adult female multiparous women, all were overweight and obese, presented with midline ventral hernias and abdominal deformity was operated upon where a comprehensive technique in the form of herniorapphy, anterior component separation technique and lipoabdominoplasty were performed. The patients were followed up for 3–6 months period to monitor incidence of complications, hernia recurrence and to assess the aesthetic outcome. All the 15 patients were overweight and obese with BMI ranged between 26.5 and 39.6 kg/m². The mean operative time was 184 ± 28.8 minutes (range 150–240 minutes). The mean postoperative length of hospital stay was 3 days ranging from 1 to 5 days. In addition to the hernia, all the patients suffered from diastasis of recti ranged from 9 to 15 cm in the transverse dimension. No mortality or major complications encountered, no hernia recurrence, only minor complications occurred in four patients (26.8%). Two patients developed seroma which resolved by aspiration, one patient suffered wound infection with partial loss of the umbilicus and one developed superficial skin necrosis at the central area of the flaps which healed uneventfully by secondary intention. All the patients were satisfied with the cosmetic outcome. In conclusion , this comprehensive approach is effective technique for reconstruction of large midline ventral defects and provide a good aesthetic appearance of the anterior and lateral abdomen in appropriately selected obese patients.