Histological effects of intraputaminal infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in Parkinson disease model macaque monkeys

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent neuroprotection and regeneration molecule for dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. A recent clinical study showed that intraputaminal infusions of GDNF restored the striatal dopaminergic function, resulting in improvement in patients with Parkinson disease. To investigate the efficacy and the safety of this treatment, the histological changes associated with intraputaminal GDNF infusions were investigated in non-human primate models of Parkinson disease. Two types of Parkinson disease model were constructed: unilateral infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin (MPTP) into the internal carotid artery to induce hemiparkinsonism and intermittent systemic injection to induce Parkinson disease. GDNF (50 microg) was infused into the putamen on the day of the first MPTP treatment and 4 weeks later. The monkey brains were examined by immunohistochemistry 2-4 weeks after the second GDNF infusion. Losses of the nigral dopamine neurons were mild (30-50% loss) on the side of GDNF infusion, and moderate (approximately 70% loss) on the side of vehicle infusion in the Parkinson disease model. The dopamine fibers were thick and dense in the striatum around the GDNF infusion sites. Both GDNF- and vehicle-treated monkeys of the hemiparkinsonian model showed severe decrease of dopamine neurons to 10% of the intact side. Although reactive astrocytes proliferated around the GDNF infusion sites, the densities of striatal neurons involving GABAergic and cholinergic neurons were not affected. Intraputaminal infusions of GDNF have beneficial effects in parkinsonian monkeys, but dose control is required according to the severity of the disease. The specificity for dopamine neurons is quite high and there are no serious histological changes.     

Improvement of bilateral motor functions in patients with Parkinson disease through the unilateral intraputaminal infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

OBJECT: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has demonstrated significant antiparkinsonian actions in several animal models and in a recent pilot study in England in which four of five patients received bilateral putaminal delivery. In the present study the authors report on a 6-month unilateral intraputaminal GDNF infusion in 10 patients with advanced Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: Patients with PD in a functionally defined on and off state were evaluated 1 week before and 1 and 4 weeks after intraputaminal catheter implantation in the side contralateral to the most affected side. Each patient was placed on a dose-escalation regimen of GDNF: 3, 10, and 30 microg/day at successive 8-week intervals, followed by a 1-month wash-out period. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) total scores in the on and off states significantly improved 34 and 33%, respectively, at 24 weeks compared with baseline scores (95% confidence interval [CI] 18-47% for off scores and 16-51% for on scores). In addition, UPDRS motor scores in both the on and off states significantly improved by 30% at 24 weeks compared with baseline scores (95% CI 15-48% for off scores and 5-61% for on scores). Improvements occurred bilaterally, as measured by balance and gait and increased speed of hand movements. All significant improvements of motor function continued through the wash-out period. The only observed side effects were transient Lhermitte symptoms in two patients. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of the data in this open-label study demonstrates the safety and potential efficacy of unilateral intraputaminal GDNF infusion. Unilateral administration of the protein resulted in significant, sustained bilateral effects.     

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-supplemented hibernation of fetal ventral mesencephalic neurons for transplantation in Parkinson disease: long-term storage

OBJECT: Transplantation of fetal dopaminergic tissue is being investigated in animal models and clinical trials for its potential as a treatment for advanced Parkinson disease. At the same time, the availability of fetal tissue is limited, making its storage time prior to transplantation a key practical issue. Although it results in a smaller percentage of surviving cells. a longer storage time enables fetal tissue obtained over several days to be pooled for transplantation in a recipient. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) has been shown to improve survival of human dopaminergic tissue that has been stored prior to transplantation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on fetal dopaminergic tissue of GDNF-supplemented hibernation for extended periods of 6 to 15 days. METHODS: The ventral mesencephalon (VM) was harvested in a total of 27 14-day-old rat fetuses, and three VMs were cultured immediately (fresh control group). The remaining 24 VMs were divided sagittally along the midline to yield 48 equal pieces of hemimesencephalon. Twenty-four pieces were stored with GDNF-supplemented hibernation medium for 6, 9, 12, or 15 days, and the 24 "partner" hemimesencephalon pieces were stored in control hibernation medium for the same periods of time. Tissue was cultured for 48 hours and processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity and double-stained with cresyl violet. Cell counts for all cultures and the percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells were obtained. The percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells for the fresh control group was 6.3 +/- 0.5%. The percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells in cultures derived from tissue stored in GDNF-supplemented medium was significantly increased at 6 and 9 days posthibernation compared with the fresh control group and the "partner" groups stored in hibernation medium only. No significant increase in the percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells was observed in the 12- and 15-day groups. CONCLUSIONS: In this study the authors have demonstrated that fetal dopaminergic tissue can be safely stored for up to 9 days in GDNF-supplemented hibernation medium. Furthermore, the percentage of TH-immunoreactive cells is significantly increased after 6 and 9 days of storage in this medium, improving the yield of TH-immunoreactive cells prior to transplantation. These observations have practical clinical implications for collecting fetal dopaminergic cells and improving their survival after transplantation.     

Convective delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the human putamen

OBJECT: The authors conducted an analysis of the distribution of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the human striatum following convection-enhanced delivery. METHODS: Computational examinations of the effects of differing catheters, infusion rates, infusate concentrations, and target placement on distribution were completed based on the protocols of three recent clinical trials. RESULTS: Similar drug distributions around on-target end-hole catheters were predicted in two of the trials (AmgenUT study and Bristol study), although there was slightly deeper penetration for one of the trials (Bristol) due to a higher infusate concentration. However, when positioning uncertainly located catheter tips close to gray-white matter interfaces, backflow could diminish delivery, shunting infusate across the interfaces. For delivery via a multiport catheter at a constant base infusion rate plus a periodic bolus inflow rate (Kentucky study), base inflow alone generated a somewhat smaller distribution volume relative to those in the other trials, was positioned more anteriorly in the putamen, and was somewhat elongated axially; the bolus component extended this putaminal distribution to a larger relative volume but may have been reduced by backflow loss. CONCLUSIONS: Results of these computations indicated that for catheters placed exactly on the intended target, ideal drug distributions were similar for two of the trials (AmgenUT and Bristol) and different in terms of location and extent in the third study (Kentucky); yet the pattern of trial outcomes did not reflect these same groupings. This finding suggests that other factors are at play, widely varying statistical power and the possible effects of not excluding data from patients who experienced large drug losses across gray tissue boundaries due to variation in catheter placement.     

Unilateral intraputamenal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with Parkinson disease: response to 1 year of treatment and 1 year of withdrawal

OBJECT: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) infused unilaterally into the putamen for 6 months has been previously shown to improve significantly motor functions and quality of life measures in 10 patients with Parkinson disease (PD) in a Phase I trial. In the present study the authors report the safety and efficacy of continuous treatment for a minimum of 1 year. After the trial was halted by the drug sponsor, the patients were monitored for an additional 1 year during which the effects of drug withdrawal were evaluated. METHODS: During the extended study period, patients received a 30-microg/day unilateral intraputamenal infusion of GDNF at a basal infusion rate supplemented with pulsed boluses every 6 hours at a convection-enhanced delivery rate to increase tissue penetration of the protein. When the study was stopped, the delivery system was reprogrammed to deliver sterile saline at the basal infusion rate of 2 microl/hour. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) total scores after 1 year of therapy were improved by 42 and 38% in the off- and on-medication states; the motor UPDRS scores were also improved 45 and 39%, respectively. Benefits from treatment were lost by 9 to 12 months after the cessation of GDNF infusion. The UPDRS scores returned to their baseline and the patients required higher levels of conventional antiparkinsonian drugs to treat symptoms. After 11 months of treatment, the delivery system had to be removed in one patient because of risk of infection. Seven patients developed antibodies to GDNF but without evident clinical sequelae. There was no evidence for GDNF-induced cerebellar toxicity, as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and clinical testing. CONCLUSIONS: The unilateral administration of GDNF results in significant, sustained bilateral benefits in patients with PD. These improvements are lost within 9 months of drug withdrawal. Safety concerns with GDNF therapy can be closely monitored and managed.     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对股骨头缺血坏死的保护作用

目的探究胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)对早期激素性股骨头坏死(steroid-induced avascular necrosis of the femoral head,SANFH)的保护作用。方法采用改良技术建立早期激素性股骨头坏死兔模型,随机分成实验组(n=12)和对照组(n=12)。实验组给予髋周臀大肌注射GDNF(8.0μg/只),对照组相同部位注射等体积生理盐水,干预1周。分别于第5、10、15、20天进行股骨头多排螺旋CT、显微CT及苏木素-伊红(HE)染色检测。结果影像学观察示,GDNF注射后第15天开始,实验组股骨头骨小梁逐渐丰富、密集,间距变窄,骨皮质厚度及密度增加;对照组股骨头骨小梁分布稀疏,间距增宽,部分断裂,骨质密度减低。第15、20天,实验组与对照组股骨头骨矿物质密度、组织骨矿物质密度及骨体积分数,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。组织学观察示,实验组股骨头内骨小梁粗大,骨细胞分布广泛,细胞核着色深,脂肪细胞分布较少;对照组骨小梁分布稀疏,形态不完整,部分断裂,骨细胞空陷窝和脂肪细胞增多,骨细胞和造血细胞减少。第15、20天,实验组与对照组股骨头骨细胞空陷窝率分别为:13.3±3.2%、10.6±2.4%和71.0±7.5%、78.6±5.3%,两组比较,实验组骨细胞空陷窝率显著减低(P0.05)。结论 GDNF可通过抑制骨细胞坏死,保持骨小梁的完整性。     

Protective effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on hippocampal neurons after traumatic brain injury in rats

OBJECT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) can protect against hippocampal neuronal death after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to moderate TBI with a controlled cortical impact device while in a state of halothane-induced anesthesia. Then, GDNF or artificial cerebrospinal fluid ([aCSF]; vehicle) was infused into the frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle. In eight brain-injured and eight sham-operated rats, GDNF was infused continuously for 7 days (200 ng/day intracerebroventricularly at a rate of 8.35 ng/0.5 microl/hour). An equal volume of vehicle was infused at the same rate into the remaining eight brain-injured and eight sham-operated rats. Seven days post-injury, all rats were killed. Their brains were sectioned and stained with cresyl violet, and the hippocampal neuronal loss was evaluated in the CA2 and CA3 regions with the aid of microscopy. A parallel set of sections from each brain was subjected to immunoreaction with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; astroglia marker). In the aCSF-treated group, TBI resulted in a significant neuronal loss in the CA2 (60%, p < 0.05) and CA3 regions (68%, p < 0.05) compared with the sham-operated control animals. Compared with control rats infused with aCSF, GDNF infusion significantly decreased the TBI-induced neuronal loss in both the CA2 (58%, p < 0.05) and CA3 regions (51%, p < 0.05). There was no difference in the number of GFAP-positive astroglial cells in the GDNF-infused rats in the TBI and sham-operated groups compared with the respective vehicle-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS: The authors found that GDNF treatment following TBI is neuroprotective.     

蛛网膜下腔灌注胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对损伤脊髓再生及功能恢复的影响

目的：探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）对大鼠脊髓完全性横断后脊髓再生及功能恢复的影响。方法：采用大鼠胸段（T7-T8）脊髓完全横切损伤模型，将SD雌性大鼠随机分为正常组（n=6）、假手术组（n=6）、单纯横断组（n=10）、GDNF治疗组（n=10）。于大鼠脊髓损伤术后不同时间点进行行为学评估。24周时行生物素葡聚糖胺（BDA）顺行示踪处理，取材前行电生理检测。所取脊髓标本作神经中丝（NF-200）、生长相关肽-43（GAP-43）、胶质原纤维生长蛋白（GFAP）免疫组化检查，并应用图像分析系统进行定量分析。结果：行为学评分表明，3周后，GDNF组好于单纯横断组（P〈O．05），术后24周，GDNF组和单纯脊髓横断组中均未记录到SEP波形，BDA示踪也未见伤区及远段蓝染的神经纤维，但GDNF组空泡样变较单纯横断组轻。免疫组化图像分析GDNF组的NF-200和GAP-43染色结果与单纯横断组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）：但GDNF组GFAP染色明显弱于单纯横断组（P〈0．05）。结论：GDNF能一定程度上改善脊髓损伤区及两端的神经细胞功能，但没有功能意义上的神经纤维再生。     

鞘内注射GDNF对神经病理性痛大鼠脊髓背角p38MAPK蛋白表达的影响

目的 评价鞘内注射胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)对神经病理性痛大鼠脊髓背角p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38MAPK)蛋白表达的影响.方法 取鞘内置管成功的健康雄性SD大鼠120只,周龄6周,体重180～200 g,随机分为4组(n=30):对照组(C组)、假手术组(S组)、神经病理性痛组(P组)和GDNF组.采用结扎L5.6脊神经的方法建立大鼠神经病理性痛模型.C组不给予任何处理;S组只暴露脊神经,但不结扎;P组脊神经结扎后鞘内注射生理盐水10μl,隔日1次,连续14 d;GDNF组脊神经结扎后鞘内注射GDNF 2μg,用生理盐水稀释至10μl,隔日1次,连续14 d.分别于脊神经结扎后3、7和14 d时,取10只大鼠,测定机械痛阈,然后处死,取脊髓背角,分别采用免疫组化法和蛋白质印迹法测定p38MAPK蛋白的表达水平.结果 与S组比较,P组和GDNF组机械痛阈降低,脊髓背角p38MAPK蛋白表达上调(P＜0.05或0.01);与P组比较,GDNF组机械痛阈升高,脊髓背角p38MAPK蛋白表达下调(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 鞘内注射GDNF可通过抑制脊髓背角p38MAPK蛋白的表达减轻大鼠神经病理性痛.     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对体外培养小鼠精原干细胞增殖分化作用的影响

目的 探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)对体外培养小鼠精原干细胞(SSC)增殖与分化的影响.方法 雄性昆明小鼠80只.采用Percoll密度梯度分离及差速贴壁法纯化SSC,免疫荧光染色及流式细胞检测方法鉴定.将获取的SSC随机分为实验组和对照组,以支持细胞作为饲养层培养SSC,实验组每5 ml DMEM/F12完全培养液中添加0.02 μg GDNF.酶联仪检测细胞生长情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞生长周期;采用卵泡浆内显微注射(ICSI)技术将精子细胞与卵母细胞结合,观察卵裂细胞数,体外培养3 d后行染色体数量分析.结果 添加GDNF培养的SSC第6、9、12、15天吸光度(A)值分别为0.448±0.028、0.502±0.062、0.556±0.045、0.621±0.072,与对照组0.377±0.053、0.402±0.071、0.432±0.019、0.461±0.037比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);第3、6、9、12、15天SSC DNA合成期(S期)含量分别为20.86、26.34、31.23、37.54、28.02,与对照组1.69、1.73、2.56,4.85,1.82比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);精子细胞与卵母细胞结合后可得到含有20对染色体的配子.结论 ICSI技术可为鉴定SSC体外分化为精子细胞提供较充分的依据;GDNF能促进SSC的体外增殖与分化.     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对脑出血大鼠保护作用的研究

目的探讨胶质细胞源性营养因子(GDNF)对脑出血大鼠的保护作用.为临床研究提供理论依据.方法选用成年SD大鼠制备脑出血模型,克隆胚胎鼠的GDNF基因,构建pcDNA3-GDNF-GFP质粒,注射于大鼠脑出血部位,分别在不同时间点观察对出血后脑组织的影响.结果与对照组相比,GDNF能降低脑出血大鼠的神经缺损评分,降低脑组织含水量和血脑屏障通透性,减小出血后的血肿体积和最大坏死面积,且能增加脑组织GDNF阳性细胞的表达.结论GDNF能改善脑出血大鼠的行为学,减轻脑水肿,促进神经功能的恢复,增加脑组织的抗损伤能力,有一定的治疗意义.     

Promotion of survival and regeneration of nigral dopamine neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease after implantation of embryonal carcinoma-derived neurons genetically engineered to produce glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

OBJECT: The P19 embryonal carcinoma-derived cell line consists of undifferentiated multipotential cells, which irreversibly differentiate into mature neurons after exposure to retinoic acid (RA). In the present study, the authors genetically engineered P19 cells to produce glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and grafted the cells in a rat model that had been rendered parkinsonian. METHODS: Undifferentiated P19 cells were grown in vitro and transduced with GDNF complementary DNA. The level of GDNF released from the transduced cells was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and its neurotrophic activities were assessed by testing the effects on rat embryonic dopamine (DA) neurons in culture. After having been exposed to RA for 48 hours and allowed to differentiate into postmitotic neurons, the GDNF gene-transduced cells were implanted into the midbrain of immunosuppressed rats. A unilateral nigrostriatal lesion was then induced by intrastriatal infusions of 6-hydroxydopamine. Immunohistochemical analyses performed 4 weeks postgrafting revealed that the GDNF-producing cells expressed several neuronal markers without evidence of overgrowth. The grafts expressed GDNF protein and prevented the death of nigral DA neurons. Furthermore, the GDNF-producing cells implanted 4 weeks after nigrostriatal lesions restored the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in injured DA neurons and induced their dendritic sprouting. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the P19 cell line transduced with the GDNF gene can stably secrete functional levels of GDNF, even after being converted to postmitotic neurons. Because it is has been established that GDNF exerts trophic effects on DA neurons, the means currently used to deliver GDNF into the brain could be a viable strategy to prevent the death of nigral DA neurons in cases of Parkinson's disease.     

Expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family members and their receptors in pancreatic cancers

BACKGROUND: The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a member of neurotrophic polypeptide family, which promotes survival and rescue of various neural cells in the central and peripheral nerve systems. We previously reported that GDNF promotes tumor cell invasion in pancreatic cancer cell lines. The purpose of this study was to investigate GDNF family expression and the status of related receptors in actual cancer tissues, and assess correlations with clinicopathologic behavior. METHODS: Immunohistochemical assessment of GDNF, neurturin, persephin, artemin, GDNF family receptor alpha-1 and alpha-2, and RET was performed for 51 cases of surgically resected pancreatic cancer. RESULTS: In all intrapancreatic nerves, GDNF and artermin were expressed strongly. In pancreatic cancer tissues. The expression of RET was stronger than that seen in normal ductal cells and was significantly related to the survival rate after resection (P = .026) and lymphatic invasion (P = .014). Intrapancreatic neural invasion was significantly related to the expression of GDNF (P = .047). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the expression of RET in pancreatic cancer tissues may be a useful prognostic marker and GDNF may play an important role in neural invasion.     

人GDNF基因的腺病毒载体构建及其在人神经干细胞中的表达

目的：观察构建的含人胶质细胞源性生长因子（GDNF）基因腺病毒载体对人神经干细胞的感染及其基因表达情况,为脊髓损伤的基因及神经干细胞治疗提供前期实验依据。方法：从12周龄流产人新鲜胚胎中提取人神经干细胞并进行培养,行Nestin免疫荧光染色进行检验。将全长558bp编码人GDNF的cDNA克隆到重组腺病毒载体质粒,并在人胚肾细胞（HEK293细胞）中包装出含有目的基因hGDNF的腺病毒,然后用该腺病毒感染人神经干细胞,应用荧光显微镜和Western-blot检测病毒感染及外源基因的表达情况,并进行GFAP和Tubulin免疫荧光染色检测神经干细胞向神经细胞分化情况。结果：Nestin免疫荧光染色显示所培养细胞为阳性染色红色,表明其具有神经干细胞性状;感染48h后观察到神经干细胞中有大量的增强绿色荧光蛋白（EGFP）表达,以及hGDNF蛋白高表达;感染后的神经干细胞有长的伪足伸出,呈GFAP和Tubulin染色阳性,表明促进了神经干细胞向神经元的分化。结论：腺病毒对神经干细胞具有较高感染效率,可作为一种良好的基因导入载体,实现外源基因hGDNF在神经干细胞内的有效表达,并可为神经干细胞分化为神经元提供更有利条件。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子慢病毒载体体外转染嗅鞘细胞MOI值的研究

目的 探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)慢病毒载体(lentivirus vector)体外转染嗅鞘细胞(OECs)并能稳定表达目的 蛋白的最佳感染复数(MOI).方法 构建GDNF-lentivirus,体外转染293T细胞,获得高滴度的慢病毒浓缩液,测定病毒滴度达2×108 TU/ml.不同MOI的情况下,GDNF-lentivirus体外转染OECs,Western blot检测GDNF的表达.结果 相差显微镜明视野下动态观察转染后的OECs生长状态良好,荧光显微镜下见大量绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)标记的转染成功的OECs.MOI=100时,OECs的转染率最高,约为75%,MOI=50时约为68%,MOI=10和MOI=1时分别为25%和13%,阴性对照组未见有绿色荧光表达.转染后第5天,收集OECs进行Western blot检测,MOI=100和MOI=50时GDNF表达最强,两者差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),MOI=10表达较少,而MOI=1表达最少,对照组无GDNF表达.结论 GDNF-lentivirus在体外既能高效转染OECs又不影响细胞活性,且转染后的OECs可以长期稳定表达GDNF的适宜MOI为50～100之间.     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰的雪旺细胞对大鼠坐骨神经缺损的修复作用

目的　研究胶质细胞源性神经营养因子 (glialcellline derivesneurotrophicfactor ,GDNF)基因对周围神经断伤后促进轴突再生及神经元的保护作用。方法　应用体外获取的GDNF修饰的雪旺细胞结合细胞外基质凝胶及生物可降解聚乳酸 聚羟基乙酸共聚物管 (polyCDL lactide co glycolide ,PLGA)构建的神经移植复合体 ,修复大鼠坐骨神经的缺损。 2 0只成年Wistar大鼠按桥接物的不同随机分为 4组 ,每组 5只。A组 :细胞外基质凝胶 PLGA管桥接组 ;B组 :雪旺细胞 细胞外基质凝胶 PLGA管桥接组 ;C组 :GDNF基因修饰的雪旺细胞 细胞外基质凝胶 PLGA管桥接组 ;D组 :自体神经桥接组。术后 12周检测运动神经传导速度 ,并进行再生神经的组织形态学观察以及计量学分析。结果　术后 12周 ,坐骨神经的运动神经传导速度 ,轴突数、髓鞘的厚度、神经纤维的直径、神经组织面积的百分比和脊髓前角运动神经元存活率等 ,C组均优于A、B组 (P <0 .0 1) ,而与D组相比无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　雪旺细胞的转基因处理可能弥补单纯细胞移植神经营养因子含量的不足 ,而达到与自体神经移植相似的效果。     

胶质细胞源神经营养因子在胰腺癌神经侵袭中的作用及其机制

目的 探讨胶质细胞源神经营养因子(GDNF)在胰腺癌神经侵袭中的作用及其机制.方法 建立能够模拟胰腺癌细胞沿神经轴突浸润动态过程的体外实验模型——背根神经节细胞(DRG)与Capan-2人胰腺癌细胞株共同培养,并采用显微镜观察、侵袭速率计算、Western blot等方法,探讨胰腺癌细胞神经侵袭的动态过程、GDNF的作用机制以及阻断治疗的效果.结果 胰腺癌细胞、DRG共同培养可促进背根神经节神经突的生长;背根神经节对于胰腺癌细胞具有化学趋化作用,这种作用能够被GDNF抗体和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶通道(MAPK)阻断剂PD98059部分阻断;GDNF 40 μg/L组磷酸化细胞外信号调节激酶(p-ERK)的表达为0.09±0.01、1.85±0.11、1.92±0.06、1.87±0.15,其他3组与0min组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)的表达分别为1.53±0.04、1.53±0.11、1.51±0.09、1.49±0.12,各组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);100 μg/L组p-ERK的表达为0.11±0.13、1.97±0.15、1.89±0.04、1.82±0.13,其他3组与0 min组比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),ERK的表达分别为1.76±0.14、1.76 ±0.16、1.87±0.06、1.79±0.11,各组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).GDNF可上调ERK磷酸化产物p-ERK的表达水平(P＜0.05),而对于ERK的表达则无明显影响(P＞0.05).结论 GDNF具有促胰腺癌细胞增殖分化和化学趋化作用,其作用介导过程有细胞外信号控制激酶Ras-Raf-分裂原活化抑制剂(MEK)-ERK途径的参与.     

Local administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor improves behavioral and histological deficit of neonatal Erb's palsy in rats

OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate from a behavioral and histological viewpoint the effect of local administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on neonatal preganglionic Erb's palsy in rats. METHODS: The Erb's palsy model was produced by transecting the anterior and posterior roots of the left C5-C7 nerves of 7-day-old rats. The rats were divided into GDNF-treated (n = 10) and vehicle-treated groups (n = 11). After we transected the roots, contact in the proximal and distal stumps of the transected nerves was maintained, and the transected point and the entire intraspinal portion of the transected roots were enclosed by Gelfoam soaked with 10 micro g GDNF or saline. The behavioral evaluation consisted of a foot-fault test and a forepaw muscle strength test, all of which were performed from the third to the seventh weeks after the operation. Seven weeks after the operation, all rats were killed, the number of anterior horn cells was counted at C5-C7, and the differences on each side were compared. RESULTS: In the vehicle-treated group, the foot-fault test indicated an abnormality in forelimb function on the root transection side. In the GDNF-treated group, however, significant improvement in forelimb function was observed on the basis of the foot-fault test results obtained in the third to sixth weeks after the operation. In the histological evaluation, the number of anterior horn cells from the side in which the operation took place in the vehicle-treated group was significantly less than that taken from the contralateral side at each segment. In the GDNF-treated group, however, there was no difference in any of the segments, regardless of the side from which they were taken. CONCLUSION: Local administration of GDNF in a neonatal preganglionic Erb's palsy model resulted in significant improvement in deficits on the basis of behavioral and histological evaluations.     

Protective effect of liposome-mediated glial cell line. derived neurotrophic factor gene transfer in vivo on motoneurons following spinal cord injury in rats

IDepartmentofOrthopedicandSpineSurgery ,NanfangHospital,FirstMilitaryMedicalUniversity ,Guangzhou 5 10 5 15 ,China (LuKW ,ChenZYandHouTS) Correspondingauthor:Tel:86 2 0 6 136 0 0 4 6 ,E mail:lukaiwu @sohu .comThisworkwassupportedbyNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina (30 0 0 0 0 4 8)andtheNationalBasicResearchProgram (G 19990 5 4 0 0 0 )ofChina.nrecentyears ,substantialevidencehassuggestedthatearlyadministrationofexogenousneurotrophicfactors (NTFs)intoinjuredregioncanfacilit…